Corpus Stylistics From Theory to Practice
Subject Areas : journal of literary criticism and stylistics research
1 - Department of English, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
Keywords: corpus, corpus stylistics, concordancing lines, concordancer software,
Abstract :
This article is written in order to introduce one of the innovations of the science of linguistics in the last two decades and the application of new technologies in literary stylistics, which is called corpus stylistics. Corpus linguistics itself is the result of the growth and development of Halliday's branch of functional linguistics since the mid-1970s on one hand and the development of computer technologies and digital communication in the last two decades of the 20th century on the other hand. In this way, in the first part of the article, the theoretical foundations of corpus linguistics, the methods and tools needed in applying corpora and presenting some practical examples of corpus analysis in linguistic research have been discussed. While introducing another application of linguistic corpora in literary studies and especially literary stylistics, the article continues with the history of the formation and emergence of corpus stylistics, which has emerged in the past decade, that is, since 2010, and it ends by presenting some examples of stylistic studies of English language fiction literature and practical recommendations to those interested in such research.
References:
• حسینی معصوم، سیدمحمد (1391). کاربرد پیکره‌‌های تک‌زبانه تخصصی برای تعیین معادل‌‌های مناسب در ترجمه. مطالعات زبان و ترجمه (دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی مشهد)، دوره 45 شماره3 صص 65-85.
• ذوالفقار کندری، زهره؛ موسوی میانگاه، طیبه؛ روشن، بلقیس (1398). مقایسه روش‌های کلاسیک و روش‌های مبتنی بر اندازه‌های آماری پیکرهبنیاد در استخراج خودکار واژه‌های پایه علوم پزشکی به روش بسامدی. پژوهش‌نامه آموزش زبان فارسی به غیرفارسی‌زبانان، شماره 8 (1) صص 224-227.
• سپهری، مهرداد (1385). بسامدنگاری و دستاوردهای آن در آموزش. مجله زبان و زبانشناسی. سال دوم، شماره ۲، صص 47-60.
• شمیسا، سیروس (1378). کلیات سبک‌شناسی. چ 5. تهران: فردوس.
• عاصی، مصطفی. (1382). از پیکره زبانی تا زبانشناسی پیکره‌ای. مجموعه مقالات پنجمین کنفرانس زبانشناسی. تهران دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی. صص 484-495.
• غفّاری، محمّد، نجومیان، امیرعلی. (1391). گفتمان غیرمستقیمِ آزاد و اهمیت آن در سبک‌شناسی روایت: بررسی مقابله‌ای داستان‌‌های مدرنیستی و پیشامدرنیستی. نقد زبان و ادبیات خارجی. دوره 5، شماره 1، صص 1-34.
• موسوی، سید حمزه، عموزاده، محمد. (1398). بررسی انگیزه باهم آیی واژگانی بر پایه معناشناسی قالبی: نمونه موردی «دست». زبانشناسی و گویش‌‌های خراسان. دوره 11 شماره 1، صص 193-225.
• References
• Anthony, L. (2024). AntConc (Version 4. 3. 0) [Computer Software]. Tokyo, Japan: Waseda University. Available from https: //www. laurenceanthony. net/software
• Archer, D. and Bousfield, D. (2010). ‘See better, Lear’? See Lear better! A corpus-based pragma-stylistic investigation of Shakespeare’s King Lear. In: B. Busse and D. McIntyre, eds. Language and style. London: Routledge, 183–203.
• Baayen, R. Harald. (2009). "41. Corpus linguistics in morphology: Morphological productivity". Volume 2: An International Handbook, edited by Anke Lüdeling and Merja Kytö, Berlin, New York: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 899-919. https: //doi. org/10. 1515/9783110213881. 2. 899
• Baker. P. (2006). Using Corpora in Discourse Analysis. A&C Black.
• Beikian, A. Esmailnia, S. (2023). Effectiveness of Data-Driven Learning in Reducing Phrasal Verb-related Errors among Intermediate English as a Foreign Language Learners, Iranian Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 12 (1), 1-18.
• Biber, D. 2011. Corpus linguistics and the scientific study of literature: Back to the future? Scientific Study of Literature, 1 (1), 15–23.
• Biber, D., Conrad, S. and Cortes, V. (2004). If you look at. . .: Lexical bundles in university teaching and textbooks. Applied Linguistics, 25 (3), 371–405.
• Biber, D., Conrad, S., Finegan, E., Leech, G. and Johansson, S. (1999 ). Longman grammar of spoken and written English. Harlow: Longman.
• Burrows, J. (1987). Computation into criticism: A study of Jane Austen’s novels and an experiment in method. Oxford: Clarendon.
• Burrows, J. (1997). Style. In: E. Copeland and J. McMaster, ed. The Cambridge companion to Jane Austen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, 170–188. Cambridge Collections Online, Cambridge University Press, http: //doi. org/0. 1017/CCOL0521495172
• Burrows, J. (2004). Textual analysis. In: S. Schreibman, R. Siemens and J. Unsworth, eds. A companion to digital humanities. Oxford: Blackwell, 323–348.
• Busse, B. (2010). Speech, writing and thought presentation in a corpus of nineteenth-century English narrative fiction. University of Bern.
• Carter, R. (2010). Methodologies for stylistic analysis: Practices and pedagogies. In: B. Busse and D. McIntyre, eds. Language and style. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 55–68.
• Cheng, W. (2010). What can a corpus tell us about language teaching? In A. O’Keeffe and M. McCarthy, eds. The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. Routledge: Taylor & Francis, 319-332.
• Culpeper, J. (2009). Keyness: Words, parts-of-speech and semantic categories in the character-talk of Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 14 (1), 29–59.
• Dillon, L. G. (2006). Corpus, creativity, and cliché: Where statistics meet aesthetics. Journal of Literary Semantics, 35, 97–103.
• Fischer-Starcke, B., 2009. Keywords and frequent phrases of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 14 (4), 492–523.
• Flowerdew, L. (2012). Corpora and language education. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Glynn, D. , & Robinson, J. A. , eds. (2014). Corpus Methods for Semantics: Quantitative Studies in Polysemy and Synonymy. John Benjamins.
• Hockey, S. (2004). The history of humanities computing. In: S. Schreibman, R. Siemens and J. Unsworth, eds. A companion to digital humanities. Oxford: Blackwell, 3–19.
• Hoey. M. (2007). Lexical priming and literary creativity. In: M. Hoey, M. Mahlberg, M. Stubbs and W. Teubert, Text, discourse and corpora. Theory and analysis. London: Continuum, 7–29.
• Hoover, D. (2007). Corpus stylistics, stylometry, and the styles of Henry James. Style, 41 (2), 174–255.
• Hoover, D. (2013). Quantitative analysis and literary studies. In: R. Siemens and S. Schreibman, eds. A companion to digital literary studies. Oxford: Blackwell, 517–533.
• Hunston, S. (2022). Corpora in Applied Linguistics (2nd edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Jeffries, L. and McIntyre, D. , 2010. Stylistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Kennedy, G. (1998). An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics. London: Longman.
• Kübler, N. and Aston, G. (2010). Using corpora in Translation. In A. O’Keeffe and M. McCarthy, eds. The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. Routledge: Taylor & Francis, 501-515.
• Leech, G. and Short, M. )2007 (. Style in fiction. A linguistic introduction to English fictional prose (2nd edition). Harlow: Pearson Education.
• Louw, W. E. )1993 (. Irony in the text or insincerity in the writer? The diagnostic potential of semantic prosodies. In: M. Baker, G. Francis and E. Tognini-Bonelli, eds. Text and technology: In honour of John Sinclair. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 157–174.
• Louw, W. E. )1997 (. The role of corpora in critical literary appreciation. In: A. Wichman, S. Fligelstone, T. McEnery and G. Knowles, eds. Teaching and language corpora. Harlow: Addison Wesley Longman, 240–251.
• Mahlberg, M. (2005). English general nouns: A corpus theoretical approach. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
• Mahlberg, M. (2007). Clusters, key clusters and local textual functions in Dickens. Corpora, 2 (1), 1–31.
• Mahlberg, M. (2012). Corpus analysis of literary texts. In: C. A. Chapelle, ed. The encyclopedia of applied linguistics. Blackwell.
• Mahlberg, M. (2013). Corpus stylistics and Dickens’s fiction. New York and London: Routledge.
• Mahlberg, M. (2014). Corpus Stylistics. In M. Burke, eds. The Routledge Handbook of Stylistics. Routledge: Taylor & Francis, 378-392.
• Mahlberg, M. and McIntyre, D. (2011). A case for corpus stylistics: Ian Fleming’s Casino Royale. English Text Construction, 4 (2), 204–227.
• Mahlberg, M. and Smith, C. (2010). Corpus approaches to prose fiction: Civility and body language in Pride and Prejudice. In: D. McIntyre and B. Busse, eds. Language and style. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 449–467.
• Marelli, M. (2019). Quantitative Methods in Morphology: Corpora and Other “Big Data” Approaches. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Retrieved 7 Jun. 2024, from https: //oxfordre. com/linguistics/view/10. 1093/acrefore/9780199384655. 001. 0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-602.
• McIntyre, D. (2010). Dialogue and characterization in Quentin Tarantino’s Reservoir Dogs: A corpus stylistic analysis. In: D. McIntyre and B. Busse, eds. Language and style. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 162–182.
• McIntyre, D. and Busse, B. , eds. (2010). Language and style. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
• O'Keeffe, A. , & McCarthy, M. J. (Eds. ). (2022). The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics (2nd ed. ). Routledge. https: //doi. org/10. 4324/9780367076399
• Oveidi, M. , Sepehri, M. , & Shafiee, S. (2022). Differential Effects of Input/Output Tasks on Learning English Collocations by Iranian EFL Learners Through the Corpus-Based Instruction. Journal of Modern Research in English Language Studies, 9 (4), 143-168.
• Rayson, P. (2008) ‘From keywords to key semantic domains’. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 13 (4): 519–549.
• Ruhleman, C. (2010). What can a corpus tell us about pragmatics? In Anne O’Keeffe and Michael McCarthy (2010). The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. Routledge, Taylor & Francis. 288-301.
• Scott, M. (2012). WordSmith Tools version 6. Liverpool: Lexical Analysis Software.
• Sepehri, M. (2015). The effects of data-driven learning on Iranian EFL learners’ writing skills development [Doctoral dissertation, University of Birmingham] University of Birmingham Research Repository. https: //etheses. bham. ac. uk/id/eprint/6267/
• Sinclair, J. , ed. (1987). Looking up. An account of the COBUILD project in lexical computing. London: HarperCollins.
• Sinclair, J. (1998). Corpus evidence in language description, In Gerry Knowles, Tony McEnery, Stephen Fligelstone, Anne Wichman, (Eds. ) Teaching and language corpora. Longman pp. 27-39.
• Sinclair, J. (2004). Trust the text. Language, corpus and discourse. London: Routledge.
• Spitzer, L. (1948). Linguistics and literary history. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Starcke, B. (2006). The phraseology of Jane Austen’s Persuasion: Phraseological units as carriers of meaning. ICAME Journal, 30, 87–104.
• Stubbs, M. (2005). Conrad in the computer: Examples of quantitative stylistics Methods. Language and Literature, 14 (1), 5–24.
• Thornbury, S. (2010). What can a corpus tell us about discourse? In Anne O’Keeffe and Michael McCarthy. The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. Routledge, Taylor & Francis. 270-287.
• Toolan, M. (2009). Narrative progression in the short story: A corpus stylistic approach. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
• Viana, V. , Fausto, F. and Zyngier, S. (2007). Corpus linguistics and literature: A contrastive analysis of Dan Brown and Machado de Assis. In: S. Zyngier, V. Viana and J. Jandre, eds. Textos e leituras: Estudos empíricos de língua e literature. Rio de Janeiro: Publit, 233–256.
• حسینی معصوم، سیدمحمد (1391). کاربرد پیکره‌‌های تک‌زبانه تخصصی برای تعیین معادل‌‌های مناسب در ترجمه. مطالعات زبان و ترجمه (دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی مشهد)، دوره 45 شماره3 صص 65-85.
• ذوالفقار کندری، زهره؛ موسوی میانگاه، طیبه؛ روشن، بلقیس (1398). مقایسه روش‌های کلاسیک و روش‌های مبتنی بر اندازه‌های آماری پیکرهبنیاد در استخراج خودکار واژه‌های پایه علوم پزشکی به روش بسامدی. پژوهش‌نامه آموزش زبان فارسی به غیرفارسی‌زبانان، شماره 8 (1) صص 224-227.
• سپهری، مهرداد (1385). بسامدنگاری و دستاوردهای آن در آموزش. مجله زبان و زبانشناسی. سال دوم، شماره ۲، صص 47-60.
• شمیسا، سیروس (1378). کلیات سبک‌شناسی. چ 5. تهران: فردوس.
• عاصی، مصطفی. (1382). از پیکره زبانی تا زبانشناسی پیکره‌ای. مجموعه مقالات پنجمین کنفرانس زبانشناسی. تهران دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی. صص 484-495.
• غفّاری، محمّد، نجومیان، امیرعلی. (1391). گفتمان غیرمستقیمِ آزاد و اهمیت آن در سبک‌شناسی روایت: بررسی مقابله‌ای داستان‌‌های مدرنیستی و پیشامدرنیستی. نقد زبان و ادبیات خارجی. دوره 5، شماره 1، صص 1-34.
• موسوی، سید حمزه، عموزاده، محمد. (1398). بررسی انگیزه باهم آیی واژگانی بر پایه معناشناسی قالبی: نمونه موردی «دست». زبانشناسی و گویش‌‌های خراسان. دوره 11 شماره 1، صص 193-225.
• References
• Anthony, L. (2024). AntConc (Version 4. 3. 0) [Computer Software]. Tokyo, Japan: Waseda University. Available from https: //www. laurenceanthony. net/software
• Archer, D. and Bousfield, D. (2010). ‘See better, Lear’? See Lear better! A corpus-based pragma-stylistic investigation of Shakespeare’s King Lear. In: B. Busse and D. McIntyre, eds. Language and style. London: Routledge, 183–203.
• Baayen, R. Harald. (2009). "41. Corpus linguistics in morphology: Morphological productivity". Volume 2: An International Handbook, edited by Anke Lüdeling and Merja Kytö, Berlin, New York: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 899-919. https: //doi. org/10. 1515/9783110213881. 2. 899
• Baker. P. (2006). Using Corpora in Discourse Analysis. A&C Black.
• Beikian, A. Esmailnia, S. (2023). Effectiveness of Data-Driven Learning in Reducing Phrasal Verb-related Errors among Intermediate English as a Foreign Language Learners, Iranian Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 12 (1), 1-18.
• Biber, D. 2011. Corpus linguistics and the scientific study of literature: Back to the future? Scientific Study of Literature, 1 (1), 15–23.
• Biber, D., Conrad, S. and Cortes, V. (2004). If you look at. . .: Lexical bundles in university teaching and textbooks. Applied Linguistics, 25 (3), 371–405.
• Biber, D., Conrad, S., Finegan, E., Leech, G. and Johansson, S. (1999 ). Longman grammar of spoken and written English. Harlow: Longman.
• Burrows, J. (1987). Computation into criticism: A study of Jane Austen’s novels and an experiment in method. Oxford: Clarendon.
• Burrows, J. (1997). Style. In: E. Copeland and J. McMaster, ed. The Cambridge companion to Jane Austen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, 170–188. Cambridge Collections Online, Cambridge University Press, http: //doi. org/0. 1017/CCOL0521495172
• Burrows, J. (2004). Textual analysis. In: S. Schreibman, R. Siemens and J. Unsworth, eds. A companion to digital humanities. Oxford: Blackwell, 323–348.
• Busse, B. (2010). Speech, writing and thought presentation in a corpus of nineteenth-century English narrative fiction. University of Bern.
• Carter, R. (2010). Methodologies for stylistic analysis: Practices and pedagogies. In: B. Busse and D. McIntyre, eds. Language and style. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 55–68.
• Cheng, W. (2010). What can a corpus tell us about language teaching? In A. O’Keeffe and M. McCarthy, eds. The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. Routledge: Taylor & Francis, 319-332.
• Culpeper, J. (2009). Keyness: Words, parts-of-speech and semantic categories in the character-talk of Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 14 (1), 29–59.
• Dillon, L. G. (2006). Corpus, creativity, and cliché: Where statistics meet aesthetics. Journal of Literary Semantics, 35, 97–103.
• Fischer-Starcke, B., 2009. Keywords and frequent phrases of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 14 (4), 492–523.
• Flowerdew, L. (2012). Corpora and language education. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Glynn, D. , & Robinson, J. A. , eds. (2014). Corpus Methods for Semantics: Quantitative Studies in Polysemy and Synonymy. John Benjamins.
• Hockey, S. (2004). The history of humanities computing. In: S. Schreibman, R. Siemens and J. Unsworth, eds. A companion to digital humanities. Oxford: Blackwell, 3–19.
• Hoey. M. (2007). Lexical priming and literary creativity. In: M. Hoey, M. Mahlberg, M. Stubbs and W. Teubert, Text, discourse and corpora. Theory and analysis. London: Continuum, 7–29.
• Hoover, D. (2007). Corpus stylistics, stylometry, and the styles of Henry James. Style, 41 (2), 174–255.
• Hoover, D. (2013). Quantitative analysis and literary studies. In: R. Siemens and S. Schreibman, eds. A companion to digital literary studies. Oxford: Blackwell, 517–533.
• Hunston, S. (2022). Corpora in Applied Linguistics (2nd edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Jeffries, L. and McIntyre, D. , 2010. Stylistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Kennedy, G. (1998). An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics. London: Longman.
• Kübler, N. and Aston, G. (2010). Using corpora in Translation. In A. O’Keeffe and M. McCarthy, eds. The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. Routledge: Taylor & Francis, 501-515.
• Leech, G. and Short, M. )2007 (. Style in fiction. A linguistic introduction to English fictional prose (2nd edition). Harlow: Pearson Education.
• Louw, W. E. )1993 (. Irony in the text or insincerity in the writer? The diagnostic potential of semantic prosodies. In: M. Baker, G. Francis and E. Tognini-Bonelli, eds. Text and technology: In honour of John Sinclair. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 157–174.
• Louw, W. E. )1997 (. The role of corpora in critical literary appreciation. In: A. Wichman, S. Fligelstone, T. McEnery and G. Knowles, eds. Teaching and language corpora. Harlow: Addison Wesley Longman, 240–251.
• Mahlberg, M. (2005). English general nouns: A corpus theoretical approach. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
• Mahlberg, M. (2007). Clusters, key clusters and local textual functions in Dickens. Corpora, 2 (1), 1–31.
• Mahlberg, M. (2012). Corpus analysis of literary texts. In: C. A. Chapelle, ed. The encyclopedia of applied linguistics. Blackwell.
• Mahlberg, M. (2013). Corpus stylistics and Dickens’s fiction. New York and London: Routledge.
• Mahlberg, M. (2014). Corpus Stylistics. In M. Burke, eds. The Routledge Handbook of Stylistics. Routledge: Taylor & Francis, 378-392.
• Mahlberg, M. and McIntyre, D. (2011). A case for corpus stylistics: Ian Fleming’s Casino Royale. English Text Construction, 4 (2), 204–227.
• Mahlberg, M. and Smith, C. (2010). Corpus approaches to prose fiction: Civility and body language in Pride and Prejudice. In: D. McIntyre and B. Busse, eds. Language and style. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 449–467.
• Marelli, M. (2019). Quantitative Methods in Morphology: Corpora and Other “Big Data” Approaches. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Retrieved 7 Jun. 2024, from https: //oxfordre. com/linguistics/view/10. 1093/acrefore/9780199384655. 001. 0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-602.
• McIntyre, D. (2010). Dialogue and characterization in Quentin Tarantino’s Reservoir Dogs: A corpus stylistic analysis. In: D. McIntyre and B. Busse, eds. Language and style. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 162–182.
• McIntyre, D. and Busse, B. , eds. (2010). Language and style. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
• O'Keeffe, A. , & McCarthy, M. J. (Eds. ). (2022). The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics (2nd ed. ). Routledge. https: //doi. org/10. 4324/9780367076399
• Oveidi, M. , Sepehri, M. , & Shafiee, S. (2022). Differential Effects of Input/Output Tasks on Learning English Collocations by Iranian EFL Learners Through the Corpus-Based Instruction. Journal of Modern Research in English Language Studies, 9 (4), 143-168.
• Rayson, P. (2008) ‘From keywords to key semantic domains’. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 13 (4): 519–549.
• Ruhleman, C. (2010). What can a corpus tell us about pragmatics? In Anne O’Keeffe and Michael McCarthy (2010). The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. Routledge, Taylor & Francis. 288-301.
• Scott, M. (2012). WordSmith Tools version 6. Liverpool: Lexical Analysis Software.
• Sepehri, M. (2015). The effects of data-driven learning on Iranian EFL learners’ writing skills development [Doctoral dissertation, University of Birmingham] University of Birmingham Research Repository. https: //etheses. bham. ac. uk/id/eprint/6267/
• Sinclair, J. , ed. (1987). Looking up. An account of the COBUILD project in lexical computing. London: HarperCollins.
• Sinclair, J. (1998). Corpus evidence in language description, In Gerry Knowles, Tony McEnery, Stephen Fligelstone, Anne Wichman, (Eds. ) Teaching and language corpora. Longman pp. 27-39.
• Sinclair, J. (2004). Trust the text. Language, corpus and discourse. London: Routledge.
• Spitzer, L. (1948). Linguistics and literary history. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Starcke, B. (2006). The phraseology of Jane Austen’s Persuasion: Phraseological units as carriers of meaning. ICAME Journal, 30, 87–104.
• Stubbs, M. (2005). Conrad in the computer: Examples of quantitative stylistics Methods. Language and Literature, 14 (1), 5–24.
• Thornbury, S. (2010). What can a corpus tell us about discourse? In Anne O’Keeffe and Michael McCarthy. The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. Routledge, Taylor & Francis. 270-287.
• Toolan, M. (2009). Narrative progression in the short story: A corpus stylistic approach. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
• Viana, V. , Fausto, F. and Zyngier, S. (2007). Corpus linguistics and literature: A contrastive analysis of Dan Brown and Machado de Assis. In: S. Zyngier, V. Viana and J. Jandre, eds. Textos e leituras: Estudos empíricos de língua e literature. Rio de Janeiro: Publit, 233–256.
