exploring the effect of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) on emotion regulation, defense mechanisms, and quality of life of female students with social anxiety

Subject Areas : Tectonostratigraphy

faezeh jahan ¹ , dariush merafzoon ² , sharareh hosseini ³

1 - Assistant Professor of Psychology, Semnan University, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran
2 - Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr Branch, Department of Psychology, Iran
3 - Master of Psychology, Semnan Islamic Azad University

Received: 2018-09-26 Accepted : 2019-02-02 Published : 2018-11-22

Keywords: eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, social anxiety, emotion regulation, defense mechanisms,

Abstract :

The present study aimed at exploring the effect of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) on emotion regulation, defense mechanisms, and quality of life of female students with social anxiety. The research was quasi-experimental following a pretest-posttest control group design. The population of the study consisted of all upper secondary level female students of Karaj city in 2017. Thirty students were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling from among those whose scores were high on the Social Anxiety Questionnaire and were then assigned to an experimental and a control group. The instruments of the study included the Spence Social Anxiety Scale, the Cognitive-Emotion Questionnaire, the Defense Mechanism Rating Scale, and the WHO Quality of Life questionnaire. The data were analyzed using covariance analysis with SPSS v.22. The results indicated a significant difference between the groups in the mean scores of positive and negative cognitive-emotion strategies and the total score of quality of life as well as all of its dimensions (p < 0.05). The results also revealed a significant difference between the groups in the mean scores of mature, immature and neurotic defense mechanisms (p < 0.05).

References:

Alloy LB, Hamilton JL, Hamlat EJ, Abramson LY. (2016). Pubertal Development, Emotion Regulatory Styles, and the Emergence of Sex Differences in Internalizing Disorders and Symptoms in Adolescence. Clin Psychol Sci. 4(5):867-881.

Bergmann, U.R. (1998). Speculation on the neurobiology of EMDR. Traumatology, 4, 1-5.

Brenes GA, Danhauer SC, Lyles MF, Hogan PE & Miller ME. (2015). Telephone-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Telephone-Delivered Nondirective Supportive Therapy for Rural Older Adults With Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA psychiatry. 72(10):1012-20.

Buckner, J.D., Heimberg, R.G., Ecker, A.H., & Vinci, C. (2013). A biopsychosocial model of social anxiety and substance use. Depression and Anxiety, 30(3), 276-284.

Bullis JR, Sauer-Zavala S, Bentley KH, Thompson-Hollands J, Carl JR, Barlow DH. (2015). The unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders: preliminary exploration of effectiveness for group delivery. Behav Modif. 39(2):295-321.

Chen L, Zhang G, Hu M, Liang X. (2015). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing versus cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult posttraumatic stress disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nerv Ment Dis. 203(6):443-51.

Coutinho, J., Ribeiro, E., Ferreirinha, R., & Dias, P. (2010). The Portuguese version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale and its relationship with psychopathological symptoms. Rev Psiq Clin Journal, 37 (4): 145-151.

Dziegielewski, S.F. (2010). DSM-IV-TR in action. New Jersey: John Wily & Sons, Inc.

Garnefski, N., Teerds, J., Kraaij, V., Legerstee, J., & Van den Kommer, T. (2001). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: Differences between males and females. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 603-611.

Ghayyur Kazemi, F., Sepehri Shamloo, Z., Mashhadi, A., and Ghana, Chaman Abad, AS. (2015). Comparison of the effectiveness of meta-cognitive and neurofeedback therapy on reduction of anxiety symptoms in female students with social anxiety disorder. Semnan Clinical Psychology Quarterly. 7 (3): 21-35.

Glover NG, Sylvers PD, Shearer EM, Kane MC, Clasen PC, Epler AJ & et al. (2016). The efficacy of Focused Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in VA primary care. Psychological services. 13(2):156-61.

Gross, J. (2007). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. In: Gross JJ. Handbook of emotion regulation. New York: Guilford Press, 1, 3-24.

Gross, J., & Thompson R.A.  (2007). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. In: Gross JJ. Handbook of emotion regulation. New York: Guilford Press, 1, 3-24.

Goussinsky R, Livne Y. (2016). Coping with interpersonal mistreatment: the role of emotion regulation strategies and supervisor support. J Nurs Manag. 24(8):1109-1118.

Gunter, R.W., & Bodner, G.E. (2009). EMDR works But How? Recent progress in the search for treatment mechanisms. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 3, 161-163.

Gupta MA, Gupta AK. (2002). Use of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of dermatologic disorders. J Cutan Med Surg. 6(5):415-21.

Haghayegh, a. (2006). Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Thesis Master of Clinical Psychology, Isfahan University.

Haljin, R., and Whitburne, S. (2016). Psychological Pathology: Clinical Perspectives on Psychiatric Disorders Based on DSM-5. Volume II First Edition. Yahya Seyyed Mohammadi translation. Tehran: Ravan Publication.

Heidari Nasab, L., And Poetry, M. (2011). Factor construction of defense style questionnaire in Iranian non-clinical samples. New psychological research. 6 (21): 77-97.

Jeffries FW, Davis P. (2013). What is the role of eye movements in eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? a review. Behav Cogn Psychother. 41(3):290-300.

Kim CY. Carl Gustav Jung and Granville Stanley Hall on Religious Experience. Journal of religion and health. 2016;55(4):1246-60.

Leer A, Engelhard IM, Lenaert B, Struyf D, Vervliet B, Hermans D. (2017). Eye movement during recall reduces objective memory performance: An extended replication. Behav Res Ther. 92:94-105.

Marques TC, Sarracini KL, Cortellazzi KL, Mialhe FL, de Castro Meneghim M, Pereira AC & et al. (2015). The impact of oral health conditions, socioeconomic status and use of specific substances on quality of life of addicted persons. BMC Oral Health. 20(15): 38-52.

Morozova O, Levina O, Uusküla A & Heimer R. (2015). Comparison of subset selection methods in linear regression in the context of health-related quality of life and substance abuse in Russia. BMC Med Res Methodol. 30(15);15:71-84.

Oh KS, Shin E, Ha J, Shin D, Shin Y, Lim SW. (2016). Early Improvement in One Week Predicts the Treatment Response to Escitalopram in Patients with Social Anxiety Disorder: A Preliminary Study. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 31;14(2):161-7.

Papageorgiou, C., Wells, A. (2013). Depressive rumination; Nature,theory and treatment. New York. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Rio, J. M (2011). motivation and excitement. Yahya Sayed Mohammadi translation. Tehran: Publishing Editors.

Saatcioglu O, Yapici A & Cakmak D. (2008). Quality of life, depression and anxiety in alcohol dependence. Drug Alcohol Rev. 27(1): 83-90.

Sadegh zadeh, m; samani, f. (2011). Prognosis of stress, anxiety and depression of adolescence based on two dimensions of process model and family content. Journal of psychological methods and models. 1 (2), 61-74.

Saduk, BJJ, Saduk, VA, and Roez, p. (2016). Kaplan & Sadook Psychology Summary: Behavioral Sciences  Clinical Psychiatry. Volume II, First Edition. Translation by Farzin Rezaee. Tehran: Arjmand Publications.

Sack M, Zehl S, Otti A, Lahmann C, Henningsen P, Kruse J. (2016). A Comparison of Dual Attention, Eye Movements, and Exposure Only during Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Results from a Randomized Clinical Trial. Psychother Psychosom. 85(6):357-365.

Shast fooladi, Mahtab, and Monshahi, Gholam Reza. (2015). The Effect of Exercise Therapy Training on the Stress of Women with Breast Cancer in Isfahan City. Knowledge and research in applied psychology. 16 (4): 14-22.

Shapiro F. (2014). The role of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in medicine: addressing the psychological and physical symptoms stemming from adverse life experiences. Perm J. 18(1):71-7.

Shapiro, F. (2001). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. Basic Principles, protocols and procedures. pp.128-135.

Shapiro, F. (2007). EMDR, adaptive information processing and case conceptualization. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research and Experimental, 1, 68-87.

Sheikholeslami, R., Berzou, Sh. (2015). Parenting and Responsibility in Teens: The Role of Intermediation in Identity Processing Styles. Journal of psychological methods and models. 19 (1): 97-120.

Shilling, L (2015). Advice Theories (Consultation Perspectives). Translation by Sadeh Khadijah Arian. Tehran: Information Publishing.

Shoaa Kazemi, Mehrangiz and Momeni Javid, Mahraweh (2009). A study on the relationship between quality of life and life expectancy in post-operative cancer patients. Iranian Journal of Breast Diseases. 2 (3): 23-12.

Solomon, R.M., & Shapiro, F. (2008). EMDR and the adaptive information processing model. Journal of EMDR practice and Research, 2, 315-325.

Tombso, CHL, Rodlf, LB,. (2012). Counseling with children. Translated by; Tahorian J. 2nd ed. Tehran: Roshd. pp:188-9.

Tsai CF, Wang SJ, Juang KD & Fuh JL. (2009). Use of the Chinese (Taiwan) version of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) among early adolescents in rural areas: reliability and validity study. J Chin Med Assoc. 72(8):422-29.

Vaillant, G.E.  (2000). Adaptive mental mechanisms; their role in a positive psychology. American psychologist; 55066-66.

Yarmohammadian, A., Reyhani, F., Ghaderi, Z. (2012). The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Defense Mechanism Among Couples on the Eve of Divorce. Journal of Psychological Methods and Models. 7 (2), 47-62.