Novel Synthesis of Pure and Zinc-doped Tin Dioxide by using Urea-based Solvent
Subject Areas : journal of New Materials
Maryam Tohidi
1
(Department of Nanochemical Engineering/ Faculty of Advanced Technologies/ Shiraz University/ Shiraz/ Iran)
Fatemeh Zahmatkeshani
2
(Department of Nanochemical Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Technologies, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran)
Keywords: Urea, Tin Dioxide, Zinc-doped Tin Dioxide, Calcination,
Abstract :
Tin dioxide (SnO2) and Zn doped SnO2 structures were synthesized by hydrothermal method. In this method, synthesis of metal oxides was done without using any additives only by selection of new precursors in Urea-based solvent. The applied solvent in this work can be used as size and shape directing agent to prevent further particle growth besides solvent role. Also by decomposition of Urea component of the solvent at 200 °C, the medium became alkali and can help to the production of metal oxide. The calcination process was done for the production of SnO2 and Zn-doped SnO2 after synthesis. The obtained products were characterized by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform near IR (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray (EDS) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. By this method, the products with average sizes of 16 and 18 nm were obtained, respectively for SnO2 and Zn-doped SnO2. No peaks of crystalline impurity phase were observed in the XRD pattern. The calculation showed 3.6 e.V. for band gap energy that related to ultraviolet part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Keywords: Tin Dioxide, Zinc-doped Tin Dioxide, Urea, Calcination.
[1] T. Jia, W. Wang, F. Long, Z. Fu, H. Wang, and Q. Zhang, “Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Activity of Zn-Doped SnO2 Hierarchical Architectures Assembled by Nanocones,” J. Phys. Chem. C, vol. 113, pp. 9071–9077, 2009.
[2] Y. Yuan, Z. Iqbal, and J. Lu, “Zn-doped SnO2 nanoparticles: Structural, optical, dielectric and magnetic properties,” Int. J. Mod. Phys. B, vol. 31, p. 1750234, 2017.
[3] H. Mąka, T. Spychaj, and J. Adamus, “Lewis acid type deep eutectic solvents as catalysts for epoxy resin crosslinking,” RSC Adv., vol. 5, no. 101, pp. 82813–82821, 2015.
[4] G. Singh, N. Kohli, and R. C. Singh, “Sensitive and selective ethanol sensor based on Zn-doped SnO2 nanostructures,” J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron., vol. 28, no. 17, pp. 13013–13023, 2017.
[5] H. Wang and A. L. Rogach, “Hierarchical SnO2 Nanostructures: Recent Advances in Design, Synthesis, and Applications,” Chem. Mater., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 123–133, 2013.
[6] Q. Zhao, D. Ju, X. Deng, J. Huang, B. Cao, and X. Xu, “Morphology-modulation of SnO2 hierarchical architectures by Zn doping for glycol gas sensing and photocatalytic applications,” Sci. Rep., vol. 5, pp. 2–10, 2015.
[7] C. Lu, J. Wang, F. Xu, A. Wang, and D. Meng, “Zn-doped SnO2 hierarchical structures formed by a hydrothermal route with remarkably enhanced photocatalytic performance,” Ceram. Int., vol. 44, no. 13, pp. 15145–15152, 2018.
]8[ م. دوازده امامی، ر. معمار زاده و س. جوادپور, “بررسی نانو کامپوزیت لایه نازک PEDOT:PSS/SnO2 به عنوان حسگر گاز CO “ ، نشریه مواد نوین، سال.4، شماره.2، ص 55-66، زمستان 1392.
[9] X. Jia, Y. Liu, X. Wu, and Z. Zhang, “A low temperature situ precipitation route to designing Zn-doped SnO2 photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic performance,” Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 311, pp. 609–613, 2014.
[10] M. V. Dutka et al., “ Defect ferromagnetism in SnO2 :Zn2+ hierarchical nanostructures: correlation between structural, electronic and magnetic properties ,” RSC Adv., vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 4082–4091, 2019.
[11] K. H. R. Xiaoxia Li, “Development of deep eutectic solvents applied in extraction and separation,” J. Sep. Sci., vol. 39, no. 18, pp. 3505–3520, 2016.
[12] R. K. Smith E, Abbott A, “Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and their aplications,” Chem. Rev., vol. 114, pp. 11060–11082, 2014.
[13] M. Tohidi, F. A. Mahyari, and A. Safavi, “A seed-less method for synthesis of ultra-thin gold nanosheets by using a deep eutectic solvent and gum arabic and their electrocatalytic application,” RSC Adv., vol. 5, no. 41, pp. 32744–32754, 2015.
[14] C. D. Gu, H. Zheng, X. L. Wang, and J. P. Tu, “Superior ethanol-sensing behavior based on SnO2 mesocrystals incorporating orthorhombic and tetragonal phases,” RSC Adv., vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 9143–9153, 2015.
[15] C. D. Gu, Y. J. Mai, J. P. Zhou, and J. P. Tu, “SnO2 nanocrystallite: novel synthetic route from deep eutectic solvent and lithium storage performance,” Funct. Mater. Lett., vol. 04, no. 04, pp. 377–381, 2012.
[16] D. Shahabi and H. Tavakol, “One-pot synthesis of quinoline derivatives using choline chloride/tin (II) chloride deep eutectic solvent as a green catalyst,” J. Mol. Liq., vol. 220, pp. 324–328, 2016.
[17] C. H. Rohaida et al., “Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (Fe-Sem) Facility in Bti,” Mater. Charact., 2016.
[18] A. J. D’Alfonso, B. Freitag, D. Klenov, and L. J. Allen, “Atomic-resolution chemical mapping using energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. B - Condens. Matter Mater. Phys., vol. 81, no. 10, pp. 2–5, 2010.
[19] S. Sagadevan and J. Podder, “Investigation on Structural, Surface Morphological and Dielectric Properties of Zn-doped SnO2 Nanoparticles,” Mater. Res., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 420–425, 2016.
[20] N. Shanmugam, T. Sathya, G. Viruthagiri, C. Kalyanasundaram, R. Gobi, and S. Ragupathy, “Photocatalytic degradation of brilliant green using undoped and Zn doped SnO2 nanoparticles under sunlight irradiation,” Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 360, pp. 283–290, 2016.
[21] X. Ge, C. Gu, X. Wang, and J. Tu, “Deep eutectic solvents (DESs)-derived advanced functional materials for energy and environmental applications: Challenges, opportunities, and future vision,” J. Mater. Chem. A, vol. 5, no. 18, pp. 8209–8229, 2017.
_||_
