Volney's Journal of Travel and Its Impact on Napoleon Bonaparte's Campaign to Egypt

Subject Areas : The Journal of Islamic History and Civilisation

Sayyed Kamal KeshikNevis Razavi ¹ (Ph.D Student of History and Civilization of Islamic Nations, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran)
Abdollah Hemmati Golyan ² (Associate Professor, Department of History and Civilizationof Muslim Nations, Faculty of Theology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran)

Received: 2017-07-18 Accepted : 2017-08-03 Published : 2017-08-23

Keywords: Volney, Napoleon Bonaparte, Travelogue, Egypt,

Abstract :

For understanding the Orient, the journals of travels were the important sources for Europeans. The number of those journals had steadily increased from the eighteenth century in which there is a report of the visit of Constantine Francois de Chassebœuf Volney to Egypt And Syria (1785-1783). In his journal, particularly the Egyptian section, he is mainly aware of the various aspects of the land, including Egyptian rulers, the climate, business, people's lives, and so on. While the information of his journal had an impact on the Napoleon campaign, the researchers such as Edward Saeed emphasized strongly on it. This article gives a review on the Egyptian part of Volney travel journal and prove that the information of that had affected the Napoleon invasion of Egypt. References Ḳurʾān-i Karīm. Abū Ghunaym, ʿAbdallāh Yūsuf, Maṣādir al- Bakrī wa Manhadjuhu al- Djughrāfī, Kuwait,  Dhāt al- Salāsil, 1996/ 1374. Aledavoud, Seyed Ali, “Ḥāfiẓ Ābrū”, Dāirat al- Maārif-i Buzurg-i Islāmī, Kazem Mousavi-Bojnourdi (as supervisor), Vol.20, Tehran, The Centre For The Great Islamic Encyclopedia, 2013/ 1392. Anṣārī Dimashḳī, Shams al- Dīn Muḥammad b. Abī Ṭālib, Nukhbat al- Dahr Fī Adjāib al- Barr wa  al- Baḥr, Trans. Hamid Tabibiyan, Tehran, Asāṭīr, 1382/ 2003. Bakri, Abdallāh b. ʿAbd al ʿAzīz, al- Masālik  wal- mamālik, Revised by Van Leeuwen & André Ferré, Beirut, Dār al- Maghrib al- Islāmī, 1993/ 1371. Ibid, Mudjam Mā Istadjam min Asmā al- Bilād wa al- Mawāḍi, Revised by Muṣṭafa Saḳḳām, Beirut, ʿĀlam al- Kitāb, 1403 AH/ 1982 AD. Ḍabbī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā b. Aḥmad b. ʿAmīra, Bughyat al- Multamis Fī Taʾrīkh Ridjāl Ahl al- Andalus, Madrid, Maṭbaʿat Rūkhas, 1884/ 1262. Dastgerdi, Vahid, “ʿĀdat Ṭabīʾat-i Thānawī Ast”, Armaghān, Vol. 22, No. 8 & 9, October & November 1941/ 1320. Djiyhānī, Abū al- Ḳāsim Aḥmad, Ashkāl al- Ālam, Revised by Firooz Mansouri, Tehran, Āstān-i Ḳuds- i Raḍawī, 1368/ 1989. 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Ṭāhir, al- Bad wa l- Tarīkh, Maktaba al- Thaḳāfa al- Dīnīyya, (Und.). Masʿūdī, Murūdj al-Dhahab wa- Maādin al- Djawhar, Revised by Asʿad Dāghir, Qom, Dār al- Hidjra, 1409 AH/ 1988 AD. Reza, Enayatollah, “Idrīsī, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad”, Dāirat al- Maārif-i Buzurg-i Islāmī, Kazem Mousavi-Bojnourdi(as supervisor), Vol.7, Tehran, The Centre For The Great Islamic Encyclopedia, 1375/ 1996. Ibid, “Abū ʿUbayd Bakrī”, Dāirat al- Maārif-i Buzurg-i Islāmī, Vol.20, Tehran, The Centre For The Great Islamic Encyclopedia, 1372/ 1993. Shoar, Jafar, “Ibn Ḥawḳal”, Dāirat al- Maārif-i Buzurg-i Islāmī, Kazem Mousavi-Bojnourdi(as supervisor), Vol.3, Tehran, The Centre For The Great Islamic Encyclopedia, 1374/ 1995. Al-Suyūṭī, Ḥāfiẓ Djalāl al- Dīn Abd al- Raḥmān, Bughyat Wuāt fī Tabaḳāt al- Lughawiyyīn wa- l- Nuḥāt, Revised by Muḥammad abū l- Faḍl Ibrāhīm, Īsā al- Bābī al- Ḥalabī wa- Shirkā, 1384 AH/ 1964 AD. Ṭabarī, Abū Djaʿfar Muḥammad b. Djarīr, Tarīkh al- Umam wa al- Mulūk, Revised by Muḥammad abū l- Faḍl Ibrāhīm, Beirut, Dār al- Turāth, 1387 AH/ 1967 AD. Tavana, Mina, Iran wa Iraq dar al- Masālik wa al- Mamālik- i Bakrī: Barrisī- yi Intiḳādī, Master's degree Thesis (History & Civilization of Islamic Nations), Younes Farahmand as Supervisor, Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch, Tehran, 2015/ 1394. Yāḳūt Hamawī, Mudjam al- Buldān, Beirut, Dār Ṣādir, 1995/ 1373. Zamakhsharī, Abū al- Ḳāsim Maḥmūd b. ʿUmar, al- Djibāl wa al- Miyāh wa al- Amkina( al- Amkina wa al- Djibāl wa al- Miyāh), Leiden, Brill, 1855/ 1233.                            

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[1]. تاریخ دریافت: 27/4/1396، تاریخ پذیرش: 12/5/1396 

[2]. رایانامه (مسؤول مکاتبات): [e-mail]

[3]. رایانامه:  [e-mail]

[4]. Paul Lukas

[5]. Richard Pococke

[6]. Fredrick Ludwig Norden

[7]. James Bruce

[8]. Richard Dalton

[9]. Siliotti, 37-79.

[10]. Constantin Franҫois de Chassebœuf, Comte de Volney.

[11]. Jean Gaulmier’s L’Ideologue Volney, Slatkine Reprints, 1980; Gilbert Chinard, “Volney et L’Amerique”, Johns Hopkins Press, 1923.

[12]. فعالیت‌های ولنی در زمینه زبان‌شناسی به‌قدری مؤثر بوده که از 1803 جایزه‌ای به یادبود وی برای مطالعات تطبیقی زبان‌شناسی طراحی شده است. نک. Leopld, vol.1a, p.83.

[13]. Sarga, 165-177.

[14]. Raffaele Carbone, “Aspects philosophico-scientifiques et implications politiques des ouvrages géographiques de Volney (1757-1820)”, This paper was presented at the Colóquio internacional Conhecimento e ciência colonial, Fábrica de Braço de Prata, Lisbon, 26th-29th November 2013.

[15]. Henri Besse, “Un homme des Lumières face aux langues du sud de la Méditerranée, ou Volney et sa méthode alfabétique”, Documents pour l’histoire du français langue étrangère ou seconde [En ligne], 28/ 2002, mis en ligne le 31 janvier 2014, consulté le 01 octobre 2016.

[16]. فولنى، س.ف.، ثلاثة أعوام فى مصر و بَرّ الشام، ترجمه إدوارد البستانى وزارة التربیة الوطنیة والفنون، بیروت، 1949م.

[17]. همو، قسطنطین فرنسوا، سوریا و لبنان فى القرن الثامن عشر، ترجمه حبیب السیوفى، صیدا، 1949م.

[18]. نک. الحسنات،2، 32، 461 – 474؛ مراد الدباغ، مصطفی، بلادنا فلسطین، دارالهدی، کفرقرع، 1991م.

[19]. همتی گلیان، 93.

[20]. Said, 81.

[21]. Volney, C.-F. (Constantin-François).

[22]. Craon

[23] .Claude Adrien Helvétius (1715-1771).

[24]. Pierre Jean Georges Cabanis

[25]. Marquis de Condorcet

[26]. Benjamin Franklin

[27]. Hunt, 158-162.

[28]. Michel-Ange-André Le Roux Deshauterayesyes (1724-1795).

[29]. Pouillon, 969.

[30]. religion universelle ou l'origine de tous les cultes.

[31]. Thompson, 199.

[32]. Considérations sur la guerre des Turcs et de la Russie.

[33]. Les Ruines, ou méditations sur les révolutions des empires.

[34]. Corsica

[35] .Jacobin, Société des amis de la Constitution.

انجمن دوستدار قانون اساسی یا حزب ژاکوبن که در انقلاب کبیر فرانسه نقش مهمی داشتند (ماله، ۴۱۰).

[36]. L'École normale supérieure.

[37]. Académie française

[38]. A View of the Soil and Climate of the United States of America.

[39]. Lachaise

[40] . بدوی، 135.

[41] . عقیقی، 1/ 172.

[42]. Andre du Ryer (1580-1660).

[43] . بدوی، 327.

[44]. Volney, 1/5-6.

[45] . کلود-اتی‌ین ساواری (Claude-Étienne Savary) خاورشناس فرانسوی و یکی از مترجمان قرآن به زبان فرانسوی است.  او در ۲ اکتبر ۱۷۴۹ در شهر ویتره فرانسه، به دنیا آمد و تحصیلاتش را در همان‌جا پی گرفت. در سال ۱۷۷۶ به مصر سفر کرد و این سفر تا سال ۱۷۸۱ به درازا انجامید و مدتی در اسکندریه، رشید و قاهره ماند و در همان‌جا بود که زیر نظر مسلمانان، ترجمه قرآن را آغاز کرد. به مدت دو سال نیز به یونان سفر کرد و در رودس و کاندیا ماند. ترجمه قرآن او در ۱۷۸۳ منتشر شد. وی در ۴ فوریه ۱۷۸۸ درگذشت. 109 Michaud,.

[46]. Ibid, 19, 22.

[47]. Spieth, 49.

[48]. Pouillon, 553.

[49]. francois rene de chateaubriand (1768-1848).

[50]. Ibid, 203.

[51]. Gerard Nerval (1808-1855).

[52]. Ibid, 718.

[53]. Jean-louis asselin de cherville (1772-1822).

[54]. Ibid, 25.

[55]. La Corse

[56]. Gaulmier, 253-254.

[57]. Auxonne

[58]. Asprey, 50.

[59]. Bonaparte, 3/25.

[60]. Cole, 45.

[61]. Roberts, 33.

[62]. Commission des Sciences et des Arts, Established on 16 March 1798.

[63]. Erin, 342.

[64]. Horatio Nelson (1758-1805).

[65]. جبرتی، 2/410.

[66]. McLynn, 179.

[67]. McLynn, 189; Roberts, xx; Dwyer, 442.

[68]. Volney, 4-17.

[69]. Ibid, 214-216.

[70]. Ibid, 192-194.

[71]. Charles-Louis Balzac, (1752-1820) نقاش و معمار.

[72]. Louis Alexandre de Corancez, (1770-1832) نقشه بردار.

[73]. Dominique Testevuide, (1735-1798) مهندس جغرافیا.

[74]. Volney, 17-20.

[75]. Ibid, 192.

[76]. Ibid, 203.

[77]. Ibid, 53.

[78]. Carsten Niebuhr (1733-1815).

[79]. Volney, 55.

[80]. Volney, 61-62.

[81]. جبرتى، 2/189.

[82]. Volney, 67-90.

[83]. Ibid, 69.

[84]. Antoine-Vincent Arnault (1766-1834).

[85]. François-Auguste Parseval-Grandmaison (1759-1834).

[86]. Dominique Vivant Denon (1747-1825).

[87]. جبرتی، 2/235.

[88]. Barthélemy d'Herbelot de Molainville, (1625-1695).

[89]. Volney, 90-104.

[90]. جبرتی، 2/ 234.

[91]. Volney, 105.

[92]. جبرتی، 2/182و 188.

[93]. Volney, 150-175.

[94]. Ibid, 262.

[95]. جبرتی، 2/ 179-181.

[96]. جبرتی (2/214) از وابستگی حیات و آبادانی مصر به  آب راه میان دریای سیاه و دریای سرخ سخن گفته است.

[97]. جبرتی، 2/ 218.

[98]. Volney, 217-234.

[99]. Édouard, 368.

[100]. Volney, 61.

[101]. Ibid, 240-244.

[102]. Malthus, 131.

[103]. Volney ,164.

[104]. Ibid, 127.

[105]. جبرتی، 2،/182-184.

[106]. Malthus, 123.

[107]. جبرتی، 2/235.

[108]. Smith, 234.

[109]. Keith, 104, 108, 116, 118, 134, 168, 217.

[110]. Smith, 1810, 117-119.

[111]. جبرتی، 2/ 189.

[112]. Singham, 203.

[113]. Volney, 497.

[114]. Ibid, 370.

[115]. Singham, 203.

[116]. Volney, 481.

[117]. جبرتی، 2/ 193، 221، 235.

[118]. Singham, 204.