Combined Application of Pressure-State-Response and Strategic Planning Approaches in Integerated and Problem-Oriented Management f the Makhsaz Watershed in Western Mazandaran, Iran
Subject Areas : Farm water management with the aim of improving irrigation management indicators
Zahra Ebrahimi Gatkash
1
(Ph.D. Student, Department of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran.)
Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi
2
(Professor (Corresponding Author), Department of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran.)
Keywords: integrated watershed management, Quantitative strategic planning matrix, Strategic planning, Watershed adaptive management, conceptual modeling,
Abstract :
Background and Aim: Watershed management projects are designed and implemented to protect primary resources (i.e., water, soil, and vegetation) and sustain production by maintaining soil fertility and agricultural sustainability, so understanding the problems of the watershed is an undeniable necessity for future planning and implementation of natural resources management. Effective management of the country's natural resources and control of their degradation based on explanation and adoption of a coherent structure and framework to properly identify watershed problems and determine the appropriate strategy to determine the implementation of measures as an emerging approach to watershed management is essential. Therefore, in the present study, a model approach of combining pressure-state-response and strategic planning approaches in comprehensive management and problem-oriented watershed management was used.Method: In this study, the PSR conceptual model was used to identify the problem of the Mikhsaz watershed. Appropriate criteria for identifying problems were evaluated in four categories of climatic factors: hydrology, human and. In this regard, the indicators and criteria affecting the river basin were summarized after examining the autocorrelation and alignment between the criteria. Due to the different sources of information, all data were standardized for criteria with positive and negative effects on the health of the region, respectively. The main problems in different parts of the watershed were identified based on the value of each of the factors affecting the class. Qualitative and quantitative strategic analysis has also been used to determine the optimal strategy. In the next stage, the analysis of internal and external factors, after identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, internal and external tables were created and analyzed. Finally, Quantitative Strategic Planning (QSPM) analysis was prepared. Finally, strategies for managing the Makhsaz watershed were presented.Results: The results showed that the main problem of the Mikhsaz watershed is related to the limitation of soil depth, which is exacerbated by changes land-use and increased specific erosion and, increases flood damage. Therefore, with with should be omitted the intervention of human factors, especially land-use change has led to problems. Among the considered criteria, soil depth, land use changes, and special erosion, respectively, had the worst situation with scores of 0.40, 0.51, and 0.53, respectively, which caused disturbances in the performance of the watershed. Focusing on the main and determining problems is of special importance. ST is also a good strategy. Achieving maximum utilization of internal strengths and advantages to deal with and minimize external threats and damage. Also, the result of quantitative strategic planning analysis showed that the should be added first should be omitted priority is given to the strategy of reducing resource degradation and then strategies to reduce temporary and permanent migration, increase household income and strengthen soil and water conservation programs with attractiveness scores of 1.58 and 52.5, respectively. 1, 1.51, and 1.50 are the next priorities. Therefore, with the existing opportunities and strengths, the weaknesses and threats in the study watershed can be overcome.Conclusion: The present study was conducted to identify the problems of the should be added watershed in western Mazandaran using the conceptual model of pressure-state-response (PSR) and determine the optimal strategy for problem management using SWOT analysis. The results showed that the main problems of the Mikhsaz watershed include limited soil depth, land-use changes, and special erosion. Also, the result of quantitative strategic planning analysis showed that first first should be omitted priority is given to the strategy of reducing resource degradation. The results of the study indicate the need for executive measures commensurate with the type and importance of each of the factors affecting the study indicators in the river basin. Therefore, the strategy of using the potential advantages of environmental opportunities should be used to compensate for the weaknesses in the watershed
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_||_Abyaa, H., Nasiri, M., Ebrahimi, M., Movaheda, A. (2015). Strategic planning for tourism industry using SWOT and QSPM. Management Science Letters, 5(3): 295-300
Afkhami, H. (2018). Provide appropriate management strategy using the QSPM-SWOT compilation model with the aim of organizing nomads (Case study: native tribe of ghoud of Arab-Taheri Tabas). Extension and Development of Watershed Management, 6(23): 40-50.
Alizadeh, A. (2006). Relationship between soil, water, plant. Astan Quds Razavi Publications, 470 p. [in Persian]
Bohari, A.M., Wei Hin, C. Fuad, N. (2013). The competitiveness of halal food industry in Malaysia: a SWOT-ICT analysis. Journal of Society and Space, 9(1): 1–9.
Chang, H., Huang, W. (2006). Application of a quantification SWOT analytical method. Mathematical and Computer Modeling, 43: 158-169.
Cude, C.G. (2001). Oregon water quality index a tool for evaluating water quality management effectiveness 1. JAWRAJ. Am. Water Resour. Assoc, 37: 125–137
Cui, J., Allan, A., Lin, D. (2019). SWOT analysis and development strategies for underground pedestrian systems. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 87: 127-133
Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. 84 p. Wondolleck, J.M., Yaffe S.L. (2000). Making collaboration work: lessons from innovation in natural resource management, Island Press, Washington DC. 145 p.
Ding, Y., Wang, W., Cheng, X., Zhao, S. (2008). Ecosystem health assessment in Inner Mongolia region based on remote sensing and GIS. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 37(B1): 1029-1034.
Divsalar, A., Shokri Firoozjah, P. Ferdoosi, S. (2017). Analyzing the strategies of rehabilitation of Shahrood River by SWOT.technique. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 18(4): 43-65 (in Persian).
Ebrahimi, Z., Sadeghi S H R. (2021). Zoning and Health Analysis in Identifying the Problems of Mikhsaz Watershed in West Mazandaran. (2019). 15th National Conference on Watershed Management Science and Engineering of Iran, 6 and 7 November, Sari.
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EPA. United States Environmental Protection Agency, (2010). “Green Infrastructure Case Studies: Municipal Policies for Managing Stormwater with Green Infrastructure”, EPA-841-F-10-004, August 2010, EPA Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds.
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Ganjali S., Ghasemi H., Hosseini Qomi M.M. (2015). Environmental and strategic evaluation of the integrated management plan of Urmia Lake basin; Journal of Wetland Ecobiology, 6 (4): 41-48. [in Persian]
Ghinolfi, D., Hanan, G., Baz, E., Borgonovi, E., Radwan, A., Laurence, O., Sayed, H., De Simone, P., Abdelwadoud, M., Stefani, A., Botros, S., Filipponi, F. (2014). A model for southern mediterranean research institute self-assessment: A SWOT analysis-based approach to promote capacity building at Theodor Bilharz Research Institute in Cairo (Egypt), Arabian Journal of Gastroenterology, 15(3-4): 92-97.
Hamidizaheh, M.R., Aghaei, Meibodi, P. (2017). Investigating the Relationship between Marketing Knowlelge sharing and Developing Competitive Advantage (Case Study: Arak Shazand Petrochemical). Modern Applied Science, 11(2): 8-18.
Hazbavi, Z. (2017). Customiation of Watershed Healh Dynamic Models. PhD Thesis in Watershed Management Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, 112 p. [in Persian]
Hazbavi, Z., Keesstra, S.D., Nunes, J.P., Baartman, J.E.M., Gholamalifard, M., Sadeghi, S.H.R. (2018) b. Health comparative comprehensive assessment of watersheds with different climates. Ecological Indicators, 93: 781–790.
Hazbavi, Z., Parchami, N., Alaei, N., Babaei L. (2020). Evaluation and analysis of the health of Koz Tiraghi watershed in Ardabil province. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation 9 (3): 121-142. [in Persian]
Hazbavi, Z., Sadeghi, S.H.R. (2017). Watershed health characterization using reliability-resilience-vulnerability conceptual framework based on hydrological responses. Land Degradation and Development, 28: 1528–1537.
Hazbavi, Z., Sadeghi, S.H.R., Gholamalifard, M., Davoudirad, A.A. (2020). Watershed health assessment using pressure-state- response (PSR) framework. Land Degradation and Development, 31:3-19.
Hoque, Y.M., Hantush, M.M., Govindaraju, R.S. (2014). On the scaling behavior of reliability–resilience–vulnerability indices in agricultural watersheds. Ecological Indicators, 40:136-146.
Hoque, Y.M., Raj, C., Hantush, M.M., Chaubey, I., Govindaraju, R.S. (2013). How do land-use and climate change affect watershed health? A scenario-based analysis. Water Quality, Exposure and Health, 6(1-2): 19-33.
Hoque, Y.M., Tripathi, S., Hantush, M.M., Govindaraju, R.S. (2012). Watershed reliability, resilience and vulnerability analysis under uncertainty using water quality data. Journal of Environmental Management, 109:101-112.
Ismaili, A., Abdullahi, K. 2010. Watershed management and soil protection. Mohaghegh Ardabili University Press, 578 p. [in Persian]
Jafari, Sh., Dejkam, S., Alavian, S., Yaghoubzadeh, M., Danehkar, A. (2009). Development of management strategy for the protection of Miankaleh wetland using SWOT analysis. Journal of Wetland Ecobiology, 5 (2): 5-18. [in Persian]
Jat, M.K., Khare, D., Garg, P.K., Shankar, V. (2009). Remote sensing and GIS-based assessment of urbanisation and degradation of watershed health. Urban Water Journal, 6(3):251-263.
Jazi H., Karkabadi Z., Kamyabi S. (2018). Sustainable Development Strategies of Upstream Watershed Cities, Case Study: Garmsar County. Journal of Watershed Engineering and Management, 9 (4): 426-440. [in Persian]
Jin, Y., Yang, W., Sun, T., Yang, Z. and Li, M. (2016). Effects of seashore reclamation activities on the health of wetland ecosystems: a case study in the Yellow River Delta, China. Ocean & Coastal Management, 123: 44-52.
Kahraman, C., Demirel, T. (2007). Prioritization of e-government strategies using a SWOT-AHP analysis: the case of Turkey. European Journal of Information Systems, 16(3): 284-298.
Karami, F., Panahi, H., Confectionery N. (2016). Prioritization of tourism development strategies in Ahar using the SWOT-QSPM model. Geographical Journal of Tourism Development, 5 (18): 21-42. [in Persian]
Keeley, M., Koburger, A., Dolowitz, D., Medearis, D., Nickel, D., Shuster, W. (2013). Business Perspective on the use of green Infrastructure for Stormwater Management in Cleveland and Milwaukee. Media New York: Springer Science, Environmental Managem. DOI 10.1007/s00267-013-0032-x.
Khaledi Darvishan, A., Jafarpour, A., Janizadeh, S., Ebrahimi, Z., Avand, M., Farzi, P,. Jafari, F., Ayobi Ayoblu, S., Katebi Kord, A. (2020). Application of SWOT Analysis in Strategic Watershed Management, In Sadeghi, S.H., Sharifi Moghadam, E., and Mohseni Saravi, M., (Eds). New Approaches in Applied Management of Watershed. 203-227 pp
Leigh, C., Gippel, C.J. (2011). Ecological Healt Assessment of Large Freshwater River, Lake and Reservoirs: study Design Options, Sampling Methods and Key Issues. Australia –china Environment Development Partnership, River Health and Environment Flow in china. International Water Center, Brisbane, August. 43p.
Liang, P., Liming, D., Guijie, Y. (2010). Ecological security assessment of Beijing based on PSR model. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2: 832-841.
Liu, D., Hao, S. (2017). Ecosystem health assessment at county-scale using the pressure-state-response framework on the Loess Plateau, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(1), p.2.
Liyun, W., Weibin, Y., Zhirong, J., Shihong, X., Dongjin, H. (2018). Ecosystem health assessment of Dongshan Island based on its ability to provide ecological services that regulate heavy rainfall. Ecological Indicators, 84:393-403.
Lu, Y., Wang, R., Zhang, Y., Su, H., Wang, P., Jenkins A., Squire, G. (2015). Ecosystem health towards sustainability. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 1(1): 1-15.
Mao, X., Wang, X., Chen, Q., Yin, X. (2014). A PSR-framework-based health assessment of Ulansuhai Lake in China. Management, 23:2093-2102.
Mousavizadeh, S.R., Khorrami, S., Bahreman, M. (2015). Presenting a strategic plan of integrated water resources management by using SWOT in Bushehr Province. International Journal of Operations and Logistics Management, 4(1): 27-42.
Nazari, B., Liaghat, A., Akbari, M.R., Keshavarz, M. (2018). Irrigation water management in Iran: Implications for water use efficiency improvement. Agricultural Water Management, 208 (2018): 7-18.
Nikolaou, I.E., Evangelinos, K.I. (2010). A SWOT analysis of environmental management practices in Greek mining and mineral industry. Resources Policy, 35: 226-234.
Oveisi, E., Barikani, M. (2019). Development of Comprehensive Water Resources Management Plan using SWOT Model. Journal of Mechanics of Continua and Mathematical Sciences. 14(2): 541-553
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