Investigating the Effects of Salinity Stress Caused By Different Levels of Sodium Chloride (Nacl) and Potassium Chloride (Kcl) On the Growth and Quality of Sport Turfgrass

Subject Areas : Drought in meteorology and agriculture

Elham Danaee ¹ (M.Sc Graduated, Department of Horticulture, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran.)
Amir Doostmohamadi ² (Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran.)

Received: 2023-10-22 Accepted : 2023-12-22 Published : 2023-12-22

Keywords: superoxide dismutase, Calcium chloride, Potassium Chloride, Protein, Peroxidase,

Abstract :

Background and Aim: Grass is one of the most important cover plants in most green spaces, and considering that Iran is considered one of the dry and semi-arid regions of the world, water and soil salinity affects the growth of plants, as a result, using salt-resistant grass is one of the solutions to create green space in these areas. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the salinity tolerance of sport turfgrass caused by sodium chloride and potassium chloride salts. Method: In April, sports grass seeds were planted in an area located in Karaj province in the form of a r randomized complete block design with three replications in plots of 2 m2 (1 x 2 m2) and were cultivated with a density of 40 g m-2. The experimental treatments included sodium chloride and potassium chloride salts with concentrations of zero, 25, 50 and 75 mg l-1. After about 5 weeks of planting the seeds, salt stress was applied for one month through irrigation with salts twice a week and each time with 12 liter of salt solution and then sampling was done to evaluate fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, total chlorophyll, proline, protein and activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes. Results: Data analysis showed that the treatments had a significant effect on the assessed traits. The highest fresh and dry weight of shoots (3.85-4.87 g) and roots (1.46-23.2 g) and total chlorophyll (16.96 mg g-1) were observed in the control, while the highest protein (3.73 μg mg-1) and activity of superoxide dismutase (4.62 enzyme units g-1) and peroxidase (4.12 enzyme units g-1) in 75 mg l-1 sodium chloride treatment and the highest proline content (12/ 8 mg g-1) was observed in 75 mg l-1 potassium chloride treatment, also the lowest fresh and dry weight of aerial parts (2.12-3.08 g) and total chlorophyll (12.53 mg g-1) in 75 mg l-1 potassium chloride treatment and the lowest fresh and dry weight of roots (0.59-0.96 g) were obtained in 75 mg l-1 sodium chloride treatment, and the lowest content of proline (4.48 mg g-1), protein (2.48 μg mg-1) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (3.00 enzyme units g-1) and peroxidase (2.93 enzyme units g-1) were in the control. Conclusion: According to the obtained results, sport turfgrass was able to tolerate stress conditions in 25 and 50 mg l-1 salt stress to some extent by increasing compounds such as proline, protein and antioxidant enzyme activity, but increasing the concentration of salts used, especially potassium chloride salt (75 mg l-1) had the greatest effect in reducing the vegetative traits and increasing the enzyme activity of sport turfgrass.

References:

Abbaszadeh, K., Shirzadian-Khorramabad, R., Sohani, M M., & Hajiahmadi Z. (2023). The effect of salt stress on some morpho-physiological and molecular traits of transgenic Tomato plants of T3 containing cry1Ab Gene. Plant genetic resarch, 9 (2), 15-30. https://doi.org/10.52547/pgr.9.2.2 [In Persian].

Abdeldym, E.A., El-Mogy, M.M., Abdellateaf, H.R., & Atia, M.A. (2020). Genetic characterization, agro-morphological and physiological evaluation of grafted tomato under salinity stress conditions. Agronomy. 10 (12), 1947. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121948

Abdossi, V., Danaee, E. (2019). Effects of some amino acids and organic acids on enzymatic activity and longevity of Dianthus caryophyllus cv. Tessino at pre-harvest stage. Journal of Ornamental Plants, 9(2), 93-104. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.22516433.2019.9.2.2.7

Abedini, M., Garebaghi, M. & Moradkhani, S. (2021). The effect of root and foliar application of selenium on some physiological and biochemical responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under salt stress. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology, 16(62): 95-108. https:// doi.org/10.30495/iper.2021.679526. [In Persian].

Arghavani, M., Savadkoohi, S., & Mortazavi, S. N. (2017). Salinity tolerance of Kentucky bluegrass as affected by Salicylic Acid. Journal of Ornamental Plants, 7(4), 237-245.

Attarzadeh, M., Rahimi, A., & Torabi, B. (2016). Response of chlorophyll, relative water content and protein percentage of Safflower leaves to salinity and foliar Calcium, Potassium and Magnesium applications. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 10(37(1)), 269-282. [In Persian].

Azimian, F., & Roshandel, P. (2016). Physiological and phytochemical changes induced by seed pretreatment with hydrogen peroxide in Artemisia sieberi under salt stress, Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology, 7(1), 1875-1887. https://doi.org/10.30495/ijpp.2016.532427

Bates, L.S., Waldran, R.P., & Teare, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water studies. Plant and Soil, 39, 205-207.

Bradford, M. M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Journal of Analytical Biochemistry, 72, 248- 254. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1976.9999.

Farhangju, S. E., sadatmand, S., Khavarinezhad, R., najafi, F., & Babakhani, B. (2023). Effect of Salicylic Acid on some Morphological and Biochemical Traits of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under salt stress. Journal of Plant Production Research, 30(2), 163-182. https://doi.org/10.22069/jopp.2023.20675.2970. [In Persian].

Farsari, S., Moghaddam, M.,&  Mehdizade, L. (2022). Effect of salicylic acid application on some physiological characteristics and essential oil production of lemon verbena (Lippia citrodora L.) under salinity stress. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology, 17(65): 54-65. https:// doi.org/10.30495/iper.2021.679535. [In Persian].

Fazel, F., Gheysari, M., Mohamadian, M., & Etemadi, N. A. (2017). Effect of maximum allowable depletion on irrigation use and plant parameters of grass under subsurface drip irrigation management. Journal of Irrigation Sciences and Engineering, 40(1), 155-165. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.25885952.1396.40.1.13.2 [In Persian].

Garrido, Y., Tudela, JA., Marín, A., Mestre, T., Martínez, V., & Gil, MI. (2014). Physiological, phytochemical and structural changes of multileaf lettuce caused by salt stress. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 94, 1592-1599.

Goldani M, Kamali M., & ghiasabadi, M. (2018). Investigation of mitigated effects of KCl on growth and physiological index in Mustard plant (Parkland and Goldrush) under salinity stress. Journal of Horticultural Science, 32(1), 123-136. https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v32i1.61472 [In Persian].

Hassini, I., Baenas, N., Moreno, D. A., Carvajal, M., Boughanmi, N., & Ballesta, M. (2017). Effects of seed priming, salinity and methyl jasmonate treatment on bioactive composition of Brassica oleracea var. capitata (white and red varieties) sprouts. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 97, 2291–2299. https:// doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8037.

Iraji Mareshk, M. & Moghaddam, M. (2020). Physiological and biochemical responses of Mexican marigold (Tagetes minuta L.) to mycorrhizal fungi application under salinity stress condition. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology, 15(60): 79-94. https:// doi.org/20.1001.1.76712423.1399.15.60.6.5. [In Persian].

Karamian, R., & Ataei Barazande, S. (2013). Effect of salinity on some growth parameters in three Onobrychis species (Fabaceae) in Iran. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology, 5(15), 69-82. [In Persian].

Khodabakhsh, M. & Danaee, E. (2022). The Effect of foliar application of Proline and Glycine-Betaine on growth indices, Proline content and enzymatic activity of aromatic Geranium (Pelargonium Graveolens) under low water stress, Journal of Water and Soil Resources Conservation, 12(1), 125-136. https://doi.org/10.30495/wsrcj.2022.20474 [In Persian].

Kozłowska, M., Bandurska, H., & Bre´s, W. (2021). Response of lawn grasses to salinity stress and protective Potassium effect. Agronomy, 11, 843. https//: doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050843

Mohamadi, M., & karimi, M. (2020). Effect of exogenous melatonin on growth, electrolyte leakage and antioxidant enzyme activity in rosemary under salinity stress. Plant Process and Function, 9 (37), 59-66 [In Persian].

Mostofa, M. G., Hossain, M. A., Siddiqui, M.N., Fujita, M., & Tran, L.-S. P. (2017). Phenotypical, physiological and biochemical analyses provide insight into selenium- induced phytotoxicity in rice plants. Chemosphere. 178: 212-223. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.046

Munns, R., James, R.A., Gilliham, M., Flowers, T.J., & Colmer, T.D. (2016). Tissue tolerance: an essential but elusive trait for salt-tolerant crops. Functional Plant Biology, 43, https//:doi.org/1103-1113. 10.1071/FP16187

Nazarpoor, S., salami, A., & zaidi S. (2020) Evaluating the effect of the salinity stress of different salts of soil salts in Iran on some of the physiological and biochemical responses of Harmala (Peganum harmala L.). Plant Process and Function, 9 (39), 311-329. https:// doi.org/20.1001.1.23222727.1399.9.39.16.5 [In Persian].

Rasouli, M., Hatamzadeh, A., Ghasemnezhad, M., Samizadeh Lahiji, H. (2017). The increase of salinity tolerance in three turf grass species using trinexapac-ethyl. Nova Biologica Reperta, 4 (1), 29-38. https:// doi.org/10.21859/acadpub.nbr.4.1.29 [In Persian].

Saiema, R., Asiya, H., Azooz, M. M., Siddiqi, T. O., & Parvaiz, A. (2013) Salt stress: Causes, types and responses of plants. Ecophysiology and responses of plants under salt stress. Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, 1-24. https:// doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4747-4_1.

Samiei, A., Kafi, M., Jowkar, M., & Shaghaghi, A. (2020). Effect of different irrigation levels on morphological and physiological features of SPORT grass-seed mixture. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology, 12(2), 217-229. https:// doi.org/20.1001.1.20085958.1399.12.41.18.5 [In Persian].

Sarker, U., & Oba, S. (2020). The response of salinity stress-induced A. tricolor to growth, anatomy, physiology, non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants. Frontiers in Plant Science. 16; 11:559876. https:// doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.559876.

Soroori, S., Danaee, E., Hemmati, K., & Ladan Moghadam A. (2021). The metabolic response and enzymatic activity of Calendula officinalis L. to foliar application of Spermidine, Citric Acid and Proline under drought stress and in a Post-Harvest. Journal of Agriculture Science Tecnology, 23(06), 1339-1353. https:// doi.org/20.1001.1.16807073.2021.23.6.6.9.

Tabatabaei, S., Pessarakli, M., & Nourmahnad, N. (2019). Responses of grass (Seashore Paspalum) to rotational management of saline water. Journal of Water and Soil Resources Conservation, 8(3), 1-10. https:// doi.org/20.1001.1.22517480.1398.8.3.1.6 [In Persian].

Turan, S. & Tripathy, B. (2014). Salt-stress induced modulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis during de-etiolation of rice seedlings. Physiologia Plantarum, 153, 477-491. https:// doi.org /10.1111/ppl.12250.