Inculturation, Spread of Christianity in China

Subject Areas : Christianity

ehsan ghani far ¹ (Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Religion and Mysticism, Central Branch of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran)
MR Adli ² (Department of Religion and Mysticism, Central Branch of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran)
Bakhshali Ghanbari ³ (Islamic Azad University)

Received: 2023-08-31 Accepted : 2023-12-10 Published : 2023-08-23

Keywords: Inculturation, Communications, Missionary, Matteo Ricci, Christendom,

Abstract :

Acculturation is among the basic concepts belong to Communication Science that in terms of history has been used by Christian Missionaries as promotion methods. This term consists of the process in which groups of people with different cultures, bridge communicate together through the constantly, firsthand and interactive manner. Changes are originated in the cultural patterns of one or another group accordingly by performance. Inculturation during the ages changed to a scientific, observable and experimental technique capable to study in theory along method. It contains two methods: Motive and Cultural Diffusion which are accomplished by means of Time, Space, Social Relations, Symbols and Streaming Agreements in societies. Nowadays, human relations whereas analyzing with models. Two Models are mentioned in this paper named VALS and YANKELOVICH. One of the samples in religion development through the Inculturation is the process of Christianity’s spread in China performed by Matteo Ricci in 16 A.D. He used the Immersion method in Chinese culture by learning the language and customs, paved the way for Christendom interaction with China.

References:

• جووت، گارث اس، تبلیغ و ترغیب، مترجم میرعابدینی، فصلنامه رسانه، ش 4، 1372.


• راد نیکنام، سمانه، اشاعه فرهنگ و فرهنگ‌پذیری، تهران، نشریه نمایه پژوهش، 1381،
  ش 23-24.


• ریچی، متیو، چین‌نامه، مترجم زمان، اصفهان، مرکز تحقیقات رایانه ای، 1387.


• ساروخانی، باقر، جامعه‌شناسی ارتباطات، تهران، انتشارات اطلاعات، 1375.


• شعار غفاری، پیروز، تبلیغ سفید، سیاه و خاکستری، تهران، فصلنامه رسانه، 1373.


• کاتلر، فیلیپ، اصول بازاریابی، پارسائیان، تهران، نشر ادبستان،1384.


• محمدیان، محمود، مدیریت تبلیغات، تهران، انتشارات حروفیه، 1382.


• محسنیان راد، مهدی، ارتباط‌شناسی، تهران، نشر سروش، 1378.


• Tan. Mass Communication Theories and Research, Ohio, Grid Publishing inc. Colombus. 1980.


• Courtland. L. & William F. Arens. Contemporary Advertising, Homewood, IL, Irwin. Pub.1992.


• R.F.& P.R.D, Agostino,Stimulus Recognition and the mere Exposure Effect, Germany,Aufbau Verlag. Pub.1992.


• Fernando, Leonard, and G. Gispert-Sauch. Christianity in china & India: Two Thousand Years of Faith, New Delhi: Viking Pub. 2004.


• Laurence et. al. Cross-Cultural Color Comparisons: Global Marketers Beware, Stockholm,International Marketing Review, 1991.


• A. Vocabulaire Technique et Critique de la Philosophie, P.U.F., 5 edition, 1947.


• John, Consumer Behavior, Britain, Macmillan Publishing Co. Third Edition,1993.


• Manikam, Rajah Bhushanam, ed. Christianity and the Asian Revolution. Madras:Diocesan Press, published for Friendship Press, New York, 1995.


• Oddie,Geoffrey. A. Religious conversion Movements in South Asia : Continuities and Change, Richmond: Curzon Press. 1997.


• Pew Research Center, According to a Pew Research Center survey conducted. July 5-17, 2022.


• Robert, Dana L., Christian Mission: How Christianity Became a World Religion, Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.


• Schutte, Josef, Franz, On Jesuit Mission Theory and Practice in East Asia, Valingano’s Mission Principles, Maryknoll, New York, 1980


• Schurhammer, Georg. Francis Xavier: His Life, his Times, 4 vols. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, 1973.


• Walls, Andrew F. The Missionary Movement in Christian History: Studies in Transmission of Faith. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1996


• Francis C.M. The Spirit of Chinese Culture, ,New York.Charles Scribner’s Pub. 1947.


• Weber,E,J. Peasants into Frenchmen : The Modernization of Rural Frame, London, Chatto & Winddus. 1914.


• Wu, Silas H. Dora Yu and Christian Revival in 20th-Century China. Boston: Pishon River Publications, 2002.