“Physical situations in the practical meditation of the school of Yoga and the Shattariyyah Tariqah with the Emphasizing of Mohammad Ghowth Gwaliari's Jawaher-e Khamseh”

Subject Areas : Sufism

Maliheh Khaleghverdi ¹ , Mahmoud reza Esfandiar ² , jamshid jalali sheyjani ³

1 - Department of Theology and Islamic Studies, Faculty of Humanities, Yadgar Imam Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 - Associate professor of comparative Religion and Mysticism, central Tehran branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Athor)
3 - Associate Professor, Department of Religions and Mysticism, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini(RAH) Shahr-e-Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

Received: 2023-08-05 Accepted : 2023-11-21 Published : 2023-08-23

Keywords: Mohammad Ghowth Gwaliari's Jawaher-e Khamseh, The School of Yoga, Pātanjali's Yoga Sutras, Āsana, Shattariyyah Tariqah,

Abstract :

AbstractThe connection between Islamic and Indian culture is undeniable. Meanwhile, Sufism and Sufi Tariqats have played a major role in creating such a relationship. The comparative researches indicate that there have been effects between Sufism and Indian religions and schools and there is the integration of some rituals and practices among Sufism and especially the Yoga school. Shattariyyah Tariqah in India, especially since the time of Sheikh Mohammad Ghowth-e Gwaliari, has had the most influence and integration with the practical exercises of Yoga. The present research, with an analytical and comparative study in a library method- with an emphasis on one of the most important works of Shattarian Tariqat and practical mysticism namely Jawaher-e Khamseh by Sheikh Mohammad Ghowth Gwaliari- while describing meditation and body various postures (āsanas)- based on the text of the famous sage Patanjali's Yoga Sutras- has investigated its similarities and influences in the Shattariyyah Tariqah and the Yoga school.

References:

• ابوریحان بیرونی (1362ش). تحقیق ماللهند، ج1، ترجمۀ منوچهر صدوقی سها، مؤسسه مطالعات و تحقیقات فرهنگی، تهران.


• سرور لاهوری، غلام (1332-1914). خزینة الاصفیا، کانپور.


• شیرر، آلیستر (1395ش.). هستیِ بی‌کوشش: یوگاسوتره‌های پتنجلی، برگردان به انگلیسی آلیستر شیرر، برگردان به فارسی ع. پاشایی، انتشارات فراروان، تهران.


• عدلی، محمدرضا (پاییز و زمستان ،۱۳۹۹). «کیهان‌شناسی تَنترَه‌ای-پورانه‌ای بر اساس رسالۀ بحر الحیاتِ شیخ محمد غوث گوالیاری»: مجله علمی جاویدان خرد، شماره 83.


• عدلی، محمدرضا (زمستان 1397 و بهار 1398). «مروری بر ادبیات شطاریه»: فصلنامه علمی-تخصصی اطلاعات حکمت و معرفت، سال چهاردهم، شماره 2.


• غوثی شطاری، محمد (2001). گلزار ابرار، چاپ محمد ذکی، پتنه.


• گوالیاری، محمد غوث ([بی‌تا.])، جواهر خمسه، چاپ سنگی، به توصیۀ حاجی محمد نبی و عبدالأحد (تاجران کتب)، [بی‌جا.].


• گوالیاری، محمد غوث (نسخۀ‌ شمارۀ ۶۲۹۸ ). بحرالحیات، کتابخانه‌ گنج‌بخش، اسلام آباد.


• Ahmad, Aziz (1969), an Intellectual History of Islam in India, Edinburgh University Press, Notrh America.


• Ahmad, QaziMoin-uddin (1963). History of the Shattari Silsila, Thesis Submitted for Phd, Department of History, Aligarh Muslim University, New Delhi.


• Arjun Singh, Naorem (2019). Yoga the Way of Life, Blue Rose Publishers, Delhi.


• Bajpai, R. S. (2002). The Splendours and Dimensions of Yoga, Vol.1, Atlantic Publishers & Distri, New Delhi.


• Bhoja Raja (1883). The Yoga Aphorism of Patanjali with the Commentary of Bhoja Raja, English translation by Rajendralala Mitra, Published by The Asian Society of Bengal, Calcutta.


• Dasgupta, S. N. (2005).Yoga Philosophy: In Relation to Other Systems of Indian Thought, Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House, Delhi.


• Digby, Simon (2001). Sufis and soldiers in Awrangzeb’s Deccan: Malfuzat-I Naqshbandiyya, translated from the Persian by Simon Digby, Oxford: Oxford University Press, New Delhi.


• Eliade, Mircea (1975). Patanjali and yoga, Translation of Patañjali et le Yoga, Schocken Books, New York.


• Eliade, Mircea (1993). "Yoga" in: The Encyclopedia of Religion, by Editor in chief: Mircea Eliade, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York.


• Ernst, Carl W. (2008) "Jawāher-e Ḵamsa" in: Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. XIV, Fasc. 6, pp. 608-


• Ernst, Carl W. (2016). Refractions of Islam in India: Situating Sufism and Yoga, SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi.


• Ernst, Carl W. (Apr. 2005). "Situating Sufism and Yoga" in: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 15-


• Jain, Dhananjay (2023). Yoga: Unlocking the Secrets of Preventive Health and Optimal Living, Inence Publications Pvt Ltd, India.


• Kumar Pal, Tarit (2020). Subtle and Physical Aspects of Human Beings, Blue Rose Publishers, India.


• Lapidus, Ira M. (2002). A History of Islamic Societies, Cambridge University Press, U.S.A.


• Omar, Irfan A. (2006). “Sufism and the Growth of Islam in India” in: Encyclopedia of India, Vol.2, Stanley Wolpert (editor in chief), Published by Thomson Gale: a Part of the Thomson Corporation, U.S.A.


• Raja, Hareesh (2000). Prajna Yoga, Prabhat Prakashan, New Delhi.


• Rizvi, S.A.A. (1978). A History of Sufism in India, New Delhi.


• Saraswati, Satyananda (1996). Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha, Yoga Publications Trust, Munger, Bihar-


• Sturgess, Stephen (2014). The Book of Chakras & Subtle Bodies: Gateways to Supreme Consciousness, Watkins Media, London.


• The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: the book of the Spritual man (1912). An interpritation by Charles Johnston, New York.


• Vāchaspati Miśra (1998). Patanjali`s Yoga Sutras with the commentary of Vyāsa and the gloss of Vāchaspati Miśra, Translated by Rāma Prasāda, with an introduction from Rai Bahadur Śrīśa Chandra Vasu, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.


• Vyāsa (1998). Patanjali`s Yoga Sutras with the commentary of Vyāsa and the gloss of Vāchaspati Miśra, Translated by Rāma Prasāda, with an introduction from Rai Bahadur Śrīśa Chandra Vasu, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.


• Worle, Luise and Pfeiff, Erik (2010). Yoga as Therapeutic Exercise: A Practical Guide for Manual Therapists, Elsevier Health Sciences, Amsterdam.