Assessment of heavy metals Pollution of Chemofacies in The Gachsaran Formationm Gilan e Gharb area, West Kermanshah

Subject Areas : Environmental pollutions (water, soil and air)

Behnam Sekhavati ¹ , Mostafa Yousefirad ² , Mahmoodreza Majidifard ³ , Ali Solgi ⁴ , zahra maleki ⁵

1 - PhD Student, Department of Geology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 - Associate Professor, Department of Geomechanic engineering, Faculty of earth science engineering, Arak University of Technology, Iran. *(Corresponding Author)
3 - Associate Professor, Research Institute for Earth Sciences, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
4 - Associate Professor, Department of Geology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
5 - Assistant Professor, Department of Geology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

Received: 2019-10-25 Accepted : 2020-05-26 Published : 2022-01-21

Keywords: Geochemical, Gachsaran formation, Pollution, Chemofacies, Heavy Metals,

Abstract :

Background and Objective: Distribution of heavy metals in rock units and their pollutants are necessary environmental issues which have high importance. Material and Methodology: Because of not performed environmental geochemical studies of heavy metals in Iran based on chemostratigraphic studies, for this purpose, this study on chemofacies of Gachsaran formation in Kermanshah with the aim of assessing environmental heavy metal pollution was carried out. For determine the concentrations of heavy metals, XRF and ICP mass techniques were used and the amount of metal contamination was investigated using statistical softwares and pollution indices. Findings: The results indicated high concentration of cadmium in sediments of Gachsaran Formation (3.3) ppm which is higher than (0.3) ppm in crust. All three used indices (Igeo, EF ANF CF) showed cadmium contamination in studied sediments but molybdenum, aluminum, cobalt and iron did not showpollution in sediments. Furthermore the values of CF and EF indices showed a similar trend about element contamination in sediments. Discussion and Conclusion: Significant amounts of cadmium in the Gachsaran Formation can be further affected by the dissolution process of rocks and sediments by surface and groundwater, as well as by biological (agricultural and mining) activities and can has non optimal environmental impacts. Therefore, it is necessary to anticipate and make the necessary arrangements in this case. High levels of cadmium in the sequences of the Gachsaran Formation can effected by dissolution, as well as biological activities (agriculture and mining).                                             

References:

1. Pourkhabbaz, HR., Hedayatzadeh, F., Cheraghi, M., Evaluation of the Correlation between Heavy Metals in Chaetomorpha sp. and Water and Sediment in the Pond Drinking Water Treatment Plants in Karoon River Area. Journal of Oceanography, 2016, 7(27):69-78.


2. Gholam Dokht Bandari, M., Rezaie, P., Study of Some Heavy Metal Pollutions in the Hormuz Islands Coastal Sediments and Their Origin. Journal of Oceanography, 2015, 6(22):97-106.


3. Tashakor, M. Yaacob, W.Z.W. Mohamad, H., Serpentine soils, adverse habitat for plants case study at Peninsular. American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2013, 9(1):82-7.


4. Nael, M., H. Khademi, Jalalian,  R. Schulin, M. Kalbasi  and F. Sotohian, Effect of geo-pedological conditions on the distribution and chemical speciation of selected trace elements in forest soils of western Alborz, Iran. Geoderma, 2009, 152:157-170.


5. Karbassi, A.R., Nabi-Bidhendi, Gh.R., Bayati, I., Engineering. Environmental geochemistry of heavy metals in a sediment core off Bushehr, Persian Gulf. Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering 2005. 2(4):255-260.


6. Mojtaba, G. Geochemical and environmental assessment of heavy metals in soils from Gorgan schists. Geological Survey of Iran, 1391; 22 (86): 35-46. (In Persian)


7. Mazhari, S.A. Haghighi, F. Health hazards assessment of heavy metals from irrigation of agricultural soils with urban wastewater in south Sabzevar, Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, 2017, 24 (4): 281-91. (In Persian)


8. Company NIO. Exploration Management, surface geology department. geological map of Sarpol- E Zahab, 2013, 1:50000 SERIES, SHEET NO. 5158I.


9. Muller GJU. Schwermetalle in den sedimenten des Rheins-Veranderungen seit. 1979;79:133-4


10. Abrahim G, Parker RJEm, Assessment of heavy metal enrichment factors and the degree of contamination in marine sediments from Tamaki Estuary, Auckland, New Zealand, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2008, 136(1-3):227-38.


11. Forstner,U.,Ahlf,W.,Calmano,W.,&Kersten,M.(1990).Sediment criteria development,In: sediments and environmental geochemistry.In D.Helling, P.Rothe, U.Forstner, P. Stoffers (Ed.), Springer Verlag.


12. Chester, R. Hughes M.J., A chemical technique for the separation of ferro-manganese minerals, carbonate minerals and adsorbed trace elements from pelagic sediments, Chemical Geology, 1967, 2:249-62.


13. Adamo, P., Arienzo, M., Imperato, M., Naimo D., Nardi, G., Stanzione D., Distribution and partition of heavy metals in surface and sub-surface sediments of Naples city port, Chemosphere, 2005, 61(6):800-9.


14. Reddy, A.R., Chaitanya K.V., Vivekanandan M., Drought-induced responses of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in higher plants, Journal of Plant Physiology, 2004;161(11):1189-202.


15. Adomako, D., Nyarko, B., Dampare, S., Serfor-Armah, Y., Osae, , Fianko, J., Determination of toxic elements in waters and sediments from River Subin in the Ashanti Region of Ghana, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2008, 141(1-3):165-75.


16. Qishlaqi, A., Moore, F., Forghani, G., Impact of untreated wastewater irrigation on soils and crops in Shiraz suburban area, SW Iran, Environ Monit Assess. 2008 Jun;141(1-3):257-73.


17. Paul, S.K., Geochemistry of bottom sediments from a river-estuary-shelf mixing zone on the tropical southwest coast of India, Bulletin of The Geological Survey of Japan, 2001, 52(8):371-82.


18. Clemente, S., Mareggiani, G., Broussalis, A., Martino, V., Ferraro G., Insecticidal effects of Lamiaceae species against stored products insects, Boletín de sanidad vegetal. Plagas, 2003, 421-426.


19. Kabata-Pendias A. Trace elements in soils and plants: CRC press; 2011.


20. Karbassi, A.R, Bayati, A., Bidhendi, GR.N., Evaluation of heavy metal contamination in Shafarood River sediments, Ecology, 2006, 32 (39). (In Persian)


21. Turekian, K.K., Wedepohl, K.H., Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth's crust, GSA Bulletin, 1961, 72 (2): 175–192.


22. Karimi-Nezhad, M.T., Tabatabaii S.M., Gholami, A., Geochemical assessment of steel smelter-impacted urban soils, Ahvaz, Iran, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2015,152:91-109.


23. Mirzaei, M., Solgi, A., Investigation of heavy metal concentrations (cadmium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc) in sediments of Zayandehrood River, Journal of Environmental Health Research. 2016; 1 (4): 251-65. (In Persian)


24. Annabestani, A., Jahantigh, H., Investigating the Challenges of Green Lake Entrepreneurship Development in the Sistan Area, Spatial Planning (Geography), 2018, 8 (4): 1-26. (In Persian)


25. Ravankhah, N., Mirzaei, R., Masoum, S., Evaluation of geoaccumulation index, contamination factor, and principal component analysis for estimating soil contamination, Iranian Journal of Health and Environment, 2015, 8(3):345-56.


26. Qing, Z. Yutong, L. Shenggao Assessment of heavy metal pollution and human health risk in urban soils of steel industrial city (Anshan), Liaoning, Northeast ChinaEcotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 120 (2015), pp. 377-385

1. Sanayei, Y., Ismail, N., Talebi, S., Determination of heavy metals in Zayandeh Rood river, Isfahan-Iran, World Applied Sciences Journal, 2009, Vol.6 No.9 pp.1209-1214.


2. Ghorveh AI, Solhi M, Mohammadi HG, Vazan SJIJABBR. Investigation the concentration of heavy metals in the sediment of Zayandehrood river bed, International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research (IJABBR),2015, Volume 3, Number 1; Page(s) 75 to 81.