Evaluation of Sub Lethal Concentration Toxicity of Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) on Some of Hematology and Immunology Indices in Goldfish (Carassius Auratus)
Subject Areas : Environmental ToxicologySafoura Abarghouei 1 , Seyed Aliakbar Hedayati 2 , Rasoul Ghorbani 3 , Hamed Paknejad 4 , Tahere Bagheri 5
1 - Graduated in Aquatic Ecology-, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. *(Corresponding Author)
2 - Associate Professor, Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
3 - Professor, Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
4 - Associate Professor, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
5 - Offshore Water Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Chabahar, Iran
Keywords: Pollution, silver nitrate, Toxicology, Carassius auratus, hematology,
Abstract :
Background and Objective: Todays, due to the antibacterial properties, silver compounds are used in various industries. The effects of non-essential heavy metals such as silver are irreversible in aquatics body. In the present study, the sub lethal effects of silver nitrate were investigated on hematological and immunological indices of goldfish (Carassius auratus) as a model in the Cyprinid fishes. Method: 105 Fish were randomly assigned to in 15 fiberglass tanks (Per tanks 400 liters). 12 tank for different concentrations of silver nitrate and 3 tank for control groups. Each treatment was separately exposed to effective concentrations of silver nitrate 0.01, 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 ppm and for hematological and biochemical test, 9 fish were randomly selected from each treatment. Findings: The results showed that different concentrations of silver nitrate affected (reduce) blood erythrocyte (P>0.05) but did not affect blood leukocyte. Discussion and Conclusion: These resultsmay be due to the resistance of the Goldfish compared to others and blood erythrocyte indices can be used as a suitable biomarker of silver pollution.
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- Tarbali, Bavar, et al."The effect of silver nitrate on the activity of horseradish peroxidase enzyme", Feyz Scientific Research Journal, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, (2012) .pp 713-714 (In persian).
- Boenigk, Jens, et al. "Effects of silver nitrate and silver nanoparticles on a planktonic community: general trends after short-term exposure." PloS one 9.4 (2014): e95340.
- Chambers, Cecil W., Charles M. Proctor, and Paul W. Kabler. "Bactericidal effect of low concentrations of silver." Journal‐American Water Works Association 54.2 (1962): 208-216.
- Moyer, C.A., Brentano, L., Gravens, D.L., Margraf, H.W. and Monafo, W.W. " Treatment of large human burns with 0.5% silver nitrate solution." Arch Surg 90 (1965): 812–867.
- Gong, Ping, et al. "Preparation and antibacterial activity of Fe3O4@ Ag nanoparticles." Nanotechnology 18.28 (2007): 285604.
- Davies, P. H., J. P. Goettl Jr, and J. R. Sinley. "Toxicity of silver to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)." Water Research 12.2 (1978): 113-117.
- Shahsavani, Davar, et al. "The effect of anionic detergent (shampoo) on blood parameters of pond fish (Carassius auratus) "(2003). Research and construction (In Persian).
- Bhagwant, S., and M. Bhikajee. "Induction of hypochromic macrocytic anaemia in Oreochromis hybrid (cichlidae) exposed to 100mg/l (sublethal dose) of aluminium." University of Mauritius Research Journal 5 (2000): 9-20.
- Lee, L. E. J., S. J. Caldwell, and J. Gibbons. "Development of a cell line from skin of goldfish, Carassius auratus, and effects of ascorbic acid on collagen deposition." The Histochemical journal 29.1 (1997): 31-43.
- Mojabi, A., "Veterinary clinical biochemistry". Noorbakhsh Press, Tehran, Iran, (2000). 477, 479. (In Persian).
- Hedatati A, et al. "Aquatic Toxicology", University of Gorgan, first edition (2013), pp. 70-76 (In Persian).
- Lusková, V., K. Halacka, and S. Lusk. "Dynamics of the haemogram in the nase, Chondrostoma nasus." Folia Zoologica 44 (1995): 69-74.
- Stoskopf, M. K. "Clinical pathology." Fish medicine (1993): 113-131.
- CiCiK, Bedii, and Kenan ENGiN. "The effects of cadmium on levels of glucose in serum and glycogen reserves in the liver and muscle tissues of Cyprinus carpio (L., 1758)." Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 29.1 (2005): 113-117.
- US Environmental Protection Agency. "Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater and marine organisms." EPA‐821‐R‐02‐012 (2002).
- Rabitto, I. S., et al. "Effects of dietary Pb (II) and tributyltin on neotropical fish, Hoplias malabaricus: histopathological and biochemical findings." Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 60.2 (2005): 147-156.
- Hogstrand, Christer, and Chris M. Wood. "Toward a better understanding of the bioavailability, physiology, and toxicity of silver in fish: implications for water quality criteria."
- Campbell, Peter GC, et al. "Metal bioavailability to phytoplankton—applicability of the biotic ligand model." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 133.1-2 (2002): 189-206.
- Mueller, Nicole C., and Bernd Nowack. "Exposure modeling of engineered nanoparticles in the environment." Environmental science & technology 42.12 (2008): 4447-4453.
- Boenigk, Jens, et al. "Effects of silver nitrate and silver nanoparticles on a planktonic community: general trends after short-term exposure." PloS one 9.4 (2014): e95340.
- Navarro, Enrique, et al. "Toxicity of silver nanoparticles to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." Environmental science & technology 42.23 (2008): 8959-8964.
- Martins, J., L. Oliva Teles, and V. Vasconcelos. "Assays with Daphnia magna and Danio rerio as alert systems in aquatic toxicology." EnvironmentInternational 33.3 (2007): 414-425.
- Nadafi, K., et al. "Evaluation of toxicity of oxidized and titanium oxide nanoparticles using bioassay by Escherichia coli ATCC35218 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. " Journal of Health and Environment, Scientific Research Quarterly of Iranian Scientific Association of Environmental Health. (2011) Volume 4, Number 2. 171 p.(In Persian)
- Molinero, A., and J. Gonzalez. "Comparative effects of MS 222 and 2-phenoxyethanol on gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) during confinement." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 111.3 (1995): 405-414.
- Shaluei, Fardin, et al. "Physiological responses of great sturgeon (Huso huso) to different concentrations of 2-phenoxyethanol as an anesthetic." Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 38.6 (2012): 1627-1634.
- Casillas, Edmundo, and Lynwood S. Smith. "Effect of stress on blood coagulation and haematology in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)." Journal of Fish Biology 10.5 (1977): 481-491.
- Adams, S. Marshall. Biological indicators of aquatic ecosystem stress. American Fisheries Society,) 2002(.
- Rezaei Zarchi. S. "The effect of titanium oxide nanoparticles on the amount of blood cells and liver enzymes in the blood of Wistar rats", Scientific Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences,(2011) Yazd, pp. 626-618 (In persian).
- Chen, Zhen, et al. "Acute toxicological effects of copper nanoparticles in vivo." Toxicology letters 163.2 (2006): 109-120.
