The Concentration of Lead and Cadmium in Some Greenhouse Products and its Effect on Human Health
Subject Areas :
ارزیابی پی آمدهای محیط زیستی
Saleh Sanjari
1
(Assistant Professor, Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran. *(Corresponding Author))
Naser Boroomand
2
(Associate Professor, Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran)
Mojtaba Moghbeli
3
(Ph.D Student, Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.)
Received: 2016-04-29
Accepted : 2018-04-24
Published : 2021-10-23
Keywords:
EDI,
Standard,
PTDI,
Heavy Metals,
Greenhouse products,
Abstract :
Background and Objective: Regarding the importance of using the healthy vegetables, it is important to control the concentration of heavy metals in order to provide the health of consumers. Therefore, this study was done with the aim of investigating the evaluation of the risk of heavy metals on human health trough consumption of greenhouse products.Material and Methodology: Samples included eggplants, tomatoes, greenhouse cucumbers and strawberries, were collected randomly from Jiroft greenhouses and the concentration of lead and cadmium in leaves and fruits of these plants were measured. The amount of EDI was defined for each product according to daily consumption.Findings: The average concentration of lead and cadmium in samples were different. The highest and the lowest amount of cadmium respectively belonged to tomatoes and greenhouse cucumbers. The results showed that levels of lead and cadmium in most of the products were more than the standard range recommended by the institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran and the FAO-WHO.Discussion and Conclusions: The results showed that the amount of lead and cadmium exceeded the standard index, However the amount of EDI was less than or equal to PTDI reported by Standards Institute's of Iran. Overall, according to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the consumption of these products has not any negative effects on the consumers' health.
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Samarghandi, M.R., Karimpour, M., Sadri, G.h., 1999. A study of Hamadan vegetables heavy metals irrigated with water polluted to this metals, Iran. Journal of Asrar, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Vol. 1, pp. 45-53. (In Persian)
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_||_
Boisson, J., Ruttens, A., Mench, M., Vangronsveld, J., 1999. Evaluation of hydroxyapatite as a metalimmobilizing soil additive for the remediation of polluted soils. Part 1. Influence of hydroxyapatite onmetal exchange ability in soil, plant growth and plant metal accumulation. Environmental Pollution, Vol. 104, pp. 225–233.
Lame and Leenaers. 1997. International Ash working group, EEA, 1999.
Lindsay W L., 1979. Cemical Equation in soil. John Wiley & Sons, INC. New York.
Romić, M., Hengl, T., Romić, D., Husnjak, S., 2007. Representing soil pollution by heavy metals using continuous limitation scores. Computers & Geosciences, Vol. 33(10), pp. 1316-1326.
Blom, H. A., 1985. Heavy metal contamination of soils. Thesis of PhD, Agricultural University of Norway, pp. 55-58.
Mohajer, R., Salahi, M.H., Mohammadi, J., 2014. Lead and Cadmium Concentration in Agricultural Crops (Lettuce, Cabbage, Beetroot, and Onion) of Isfahan Province, Iran. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment, Vol. 7(1), pp. 1-10. (In Persian)
Tiller, K. G., Mclaughlin, M.J., Roberts, A.H.C., 1999. Environmental impacts of heavy metals in agro ecosystems and amelioration strategies in Oceana. In: Huang PM, Iskander IK, editors. Soils and groundwater pollution and remediation. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press; 1-35.
Cui, Y., Zhu, Y-G., Zhai, R., Huang, Y., Qin, Y., Liang, J., 2005. Exposure to metal mixtures and human health impacts in a contaminated area in Nanning, China. Environment International, Vol. 31(6), pp. 784-90.
Madani, S., Sophianian, A., Mirghafari, N., Khodakarami, L., 2011. Determine the spatial distribution of heavy metals iron, cobalt and vanadium in the surface soils of Hamadan province. Geomatics Conferences, Iran. (In Persian)
Lado, L R., 2008. Heavy metals in European soils: A geostatistical analysis of the FOREGS Geochemical database. Geoderma, Vol. 148, pp. 189-199.
World Health Organization (WHO)., 2003. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. 3rd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Zagrodzki, P., Zamorska, L., Borowski, P.. 2003. Metal (Cu, Zn, Fe, Pb) concentrations in human placentas. Central European Journal of Public Health, Vol. 11(4), pp. 11-18.
Türkdoğan, M.K., Kilicel, F., Kara, K., Tuncer, I., Uygan, I., 2003. Heavy metals in soil, vegetables and fruits in the endemic upper gastrointestinal cancer region of Turkey.Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, Vol. 13(3), pp. 175-79.
Waalkes, M.P., 2003. Review cadmium carcinogenesis. Mutation Research, Vol. 533, pp. 107–120.
Alloway, B.J., 1995. Heavy Metals in Soils. 2nd ed.Glasgow: Blackie Academic and Professional, pp. 23-28.
Fu, J., Zhou, Q., Liu, J., Liu, W., Wang, T., Zhang, Q., 2008. High levels of heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa L.) from a typical E-waste recycling area in southeast China and its potential risk to human health. Chemosphere, Vol. 71(7), pp. 1269–75.
Nriagu, J.O., Pacyna, J.M., 1988. Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and soils bytrace metals. Nature, Vol. 333, pp. 134-39.
Radwan, M.A., Salama, A.K., 2006. Market basket survey for some heavy metals in Egyptian fruits and vegetables. Food and Chemical Toxicology, Vol. 44(8), pp. 1273-78.
Nazemi, S., Asgari, A.R., Rae,i M., 2010. Survey the amount of heavy metals in cultural vegetables in suburbs of Shahroud. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment, Vo. 3(2), pp. 195-202. (In Persian)
Emami, A., 1997. Methods of plant analysis. Soil and Water Research Institute, technical publication No. 982, Tehran, Iran, 128p. (In Persian)
Song, B., Lei, M., Chen, T., Zheng, Y., Xie, Y., Li, X., 2009. Assessing the health risk of heavy metals in vegetables to the general population in Beijing, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol. 21(12), pp. 1702-09.
Bigdeli, M., Seilsepour, M., 2008. Investigation of metals accumulation in some vegetables irrigated with waste water in Shahre Rey-Iran and toxicological implications. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Vol. 4(1), pp. 86-92.
Amini, M., Afyuni, M., Khademi, H., Abbaspour, K.C., Schulin, R., 2005. Mapping risk of cadmium and lead contaminationto human health in soils of Central Iran. Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 347(1-3), pp. 64-77.
Sharma, R.K., Agrawal, M., Marshall, F.M., 2008. Heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) contamination of vegetables in urban India: a case study in Varanasi. Environmental Pollution, Vol. 154(2), pp. 254-63.
Wang, Q.C., Ma, Z.W., 2004. Heavy metals in chemical fertilizer and environmental risks. Rural Eco-Environment, Vol. 20(2), pp. 62–64.
Jalali, M., Khanlari, Z.V., 2008. Cadmium availability in calcareous soils of agricultural lands in Hamadan, western Iran. Soil and Sediment Contamination: an International Journal, Vol. 17(3), pp. 256–68.
Fytianos, K., Katsianis, G., Triantafyllou, P., Zachariadis, G., 2001. Accumulation of heavy metals in vegetables grown in an industrial area in relation to soil. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 67(3), pp. 23-30.
Samarghandi, M.R., Karimpour, M., Sadri, G.h., 1999. A study of Hamadan vegetables heavy metals irrigated with water polluted to this metals, Iran. Journal of Asrar, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Vol. 1, pp. 45-53. (In Persian)
McBride, M.B., 2003. Toxic metals in sewage sludgeamended soils: has promotion of beneficial use discounted the risks? Advances in Environment Research, Vol. 8(1), pp. 5-19.
