The assessment of biomasses effect and pyrolysis temperatures on some chemical and physical properties of biochar
Subject Areas :
Agriculture and Environment
neda seyedi
1
,
mehdi ahmadyousefi
2
,
mehdieh amiri neJad
3
,
mahbubeh zahedi far
4
,
Fatemeh Alizadeh
5
,
mahboubeh zahed
6
1 - Assistant Professor of Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran.
2 - Researcher, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran. *(Corresponding Author)
3 - Assistant Professor of Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran.
4 - Associate Professor of Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran.
5 - M.S Graduated in pharmaceutical chemistry from Kerman University of Advanced Industrial and Technological Education, Kerman, Iran.
6 - Ph. D Graduate in Crop Physiology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
Received: 2021-12-04
Accepted : 2022-01-19
Published : 2022-10-23
Keywords:
Biochar and agricultural residues,
Pyrolysis,
Sustainable carbon,
Abstract :
Background and Objective: The processing of organic waste and its return to the soil contributes significantly to sustainable agriculture Biochar is the result of the pyrolysis temperatures of organic waste. The chemical and physical properties of biochar are expressively affected by the properties of the biomass as well as the temperature of the thermocouple process. Knowledge of the properties of prepared biochar is essential for its usage as a soil remediator.
Material and Methodology: In order to select biochar with the highest ion absorption and exchange capacity, a wide range of different pyrolysis temperature were applied to produce biochar from different biomass tissues. A factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications in the research laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture and the Faculty of Science, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran, was done in spring 1400. Treatments included five types of prepared biochar from wheat residues, alfalfa residues, potato residues, sawdust and date palm leaf at temperatures of 300, 400 and 500 ° C. Physical and chemical properties of biochar including acidity (pH), salinity (EC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), bulk density, true density, stable carbon, total nitrogen, porosity, specific surface area, biomass yield and ash content were studied.
Finding: The results showed that with increasing the temperature from 300 to 500 ° C, the amount of biochar yield, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and its apparent density decreased but (pH), salinity (EC), apparent density showed true density, stable carbon, total nitrogen, porosity, specific surface area, yield and ash content in the prepared biochar increased. Also, different properties of biochar are strongly influenced by the nature of raw materials. According to the data, the prepared biochar from alfalfa residues at 500 ° C is recommended as the best available biochar.
Discussion & Conclusion: In the biochar production process, the nature of the raw materials as well as the temperature of the heat-burning process have a great impact on the physical and chemical properties of biochar. Considering the physical and chemical properties for mass and economic production of this material, the prepared biochar from alfalfa residues, sawdust, date leaf, potato residues and wheat residues at 500 ° C can improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil and the efficiency of nutrient uptake from the soil, respectively
References:
Ahmad Yousefi, M., Kamkar, B., Amiri Nezhad, M. and Gharekhloo, J. 2019. Assessment of the effect of different chemical fertilizers, biochar and Trichoderma fungi treatments at mother plant on germination and other hybrid corn KSC 704 seed germination components in maternal growth under accelerated aging test. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Research, 6(1): 133-144. (Journal of Seed Science and Resarch). (In Persian)
Hooker, M., Herron, G., and Pena, P. (1982) Effects of residue burring removal, and incorporation on irrigated cereal crop yields and chemical properties. Soil Sci. 46: 122-126.
Yousefi, M., Shariatmadari, H., and Hajabasi, M.A. 2007. Measurement of some of available organic carbon stocks as an indicator of soil quality. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 42(11): 429-439. (In Persian)
Lehmann, J. 2007. Bio-energy in the black. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 5: 381–387.
Schultz, H. and Bruno, G. 2012. Effects of biochar compared to organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil quality and plant growth in a greenhouse experiment. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 175: 410–422.
Khanmohammadi, Z., Afyuni, M., and Mosaddeghi, M.R. 2015. Effect of pyrolysis temperature on chemical and physical properties of sewage sludge biochar. Waste Management and Research, 33(3):275-283.
Sun, J., Norouzi, O. and Mašek, O., 2021. A state-of-the-art review on algae pyrolysis for bioenergy and biochar production. Bioresource technology, p.126258.
Wang, Y., Ma, X., Saleem, M., Yang, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2021). Effects of corn stalk biochar and pyrolysis temperature on wheat seedlings growth and soil properties stressed by herbicide sulfentrazone. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 102208.
Berslin, D., Reshmi, A., Sivaprakash, B., Rajamohan, N. and Kumar, P.S., 2021. Remediation of emerging metal pollutants using environment friendly biochar-Review on applications and mechanism. Chemosphere, p.133384.
Bremner, J.M., and Mulvaney, C.S., 1982. Nitrogen—total. In: Black, C.A.(ed.). Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, The American Society of Agronomy. pp: 595-624.
Chan, K., and Xu, Z. (2009) Biochar: Nutrient Properties and Their Enhancement, in: J. Lehmann, S. Joseph: Biochar for Environmental Management. Science and Technology. Earthscan, London, UK. pp: 67–84.
Guo, Y., and Rockstraw, A. D. (2007). Physicochemical properties of carbons prepared from pecan shell by phosphoric acid activation. Bioresource Tech. 98(8): 1513‐
Claoston, A.W., Samsuri, M.H., Ahmad Husni, M.S. and Mohd, A. (2014). Effects of pyrolysis temperature on the physicochemical properties of empty fruit bunch and rice husk biochars. Waste Management & Research. Vol. 32(4): 331–339.
Glaser, B., Lehmann, J. and Zech, W. (2002). Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal: A review. Biol Fertil Soils. 35: 219–230.
Liang, B., Lehmann, J., Solomon, D., Kinyangi, J., Grossman, J., O'Neill, B., Skjemstad, J.O., Thies, J., Luizão F.J., Petersen, J., and Neves, E.G. 2006. Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 70(5): 1719–1730.
Keiluweit M P, Nico S, Johnson MG. 2010. Dynamic molecular structure of plant biomass-derived black carbon (biochar). Environmental Science and Technology, 44(4): 1247-1253.
Inal, A., Gunes, A., Sahin, O., Taskin, M.B., and Kaya, E.C. 2015. Impacts of biochar and processed poultry manure, applied to a calcareous soil, on the growth of bean and maize. Soil Use Management, 31: 106–113.
Gaskin JC, Steiner. 2008. Effect of low-temperature pyrolysis conditions on biochar for agricultural use. Trans. Asabe, 51(6): 2061-2069.
Sohi, S.P., Krull, E., Lopez-Capel, E., and Bol, R. 2010. A review of biochar and its use and function in soil. Advances in Agronomy, 105: 47-82.
Singh, B., Mei Dolk, M., Shen, Q., and Camps-Arbestain, M. 2017. Biochar pH, electrical conductivity and liming potential. In: Biochar: A Guide to Analytical Methods, Chapter 3, Singh, B., Camps-Arbestain, M., and Lehmann J., (Eds.). Publisher CSIRO, PP. 23-38.
Song, W. and Guo, M. 2012. Quality variations of poultry litter biochar generated at different pyrolysis temperatures. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 94: 138-145.
Flint, A.L., and Flint, L.E. 2002. Particle density. In: Dane, J.H. and Topp, G.C. (Eds.), Methods of soil Analysis- Part 4. Physical Methods- ASA and SSSA Book Series No. 5. Soil Sci, Madison, PP. 299-240.
Blake, G.R., and Hartge, K.H. 1986. Particle density. In: Klute, A. (ed). Methods of soil Analysis- Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods. 2nd Ed. Agron. Monogr, 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI. PP. 377-382.
Herbert, L., Hosek, I., and Kripalani, R. (2012). The characterization and comparison of Biochar produced from a decentralized reactor using forced air and natural draft Pyrolysis. California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. Materials Engineering Department.24-26.
Wang, T, Camps-Arbestain M, Hedley M, Bishop P. 2012. Predicting phosphorus bioavailability from highash biochars. Plant and Soil, 357, 173-187.
Singh, B., Singh B. P., and Cowie, A. L. (2010). Characterisation and evaluation of biochars for their applications a soil amendment, Aust. Soil Res. 39: 1224-1235.
Asif Naeem, M., Khalid, M., Arshad, M., and Ahmad, R. (2014). Yield and nutrient composition of bichar produced from different feedstocks at varying pyrolytic temperatures. Pak. J. Agri. Soil sci.Vol. 51(1): 75-82.
Farhadi, E., Reyhanitabar, A., and Oustan, Sh. 2018. Impact of pyrolysis temperature and feedstock sources on physiochemical characteristics of biochar. Testis Master of Science Degree in Soil Science Soil Chrmistry and Fertility. Department of Soil Science, university of Tabriz.
Uchimiya, T., and Ohno, Z.He. 2013. Pyrolysis temperature dependent release of dissolved organic carbon from plant, manure, and biorefinery wastes. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis. 104: 1. 84-94.
Wang, Y., Hu, Y., Zhao, X., Wang, S., and Xing, G. 2013. Comparisons of biochar properties from wood material and crop residues at different temperatures and residence time. Energy and Fuels, 27: 10. 5890-5899.
Sun, E.W., Bruun, E., Arthur, L.W., Jonge, P., Moldrup, H., Nielsen, H., and Elsgaard, L. 2014. Effect of biochar on aerobic processes, enzyme activity, and crop yields in two sandy loam soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 50: 7. 1087-1097.
Tsai W.T., Liu S.C., Chen H.R., et al. 2012. Textural and chemical properties of swine-manure-derived biochar pertinent to its potential use as a soil amendment. Chemosphere, 89: 198–203.
Torabian, Sh., Farhangi-Abriz, S., and Rathjen, J. 2018. Biochar and lignite affect H+-ATPase and H+-PPase activities in root tonoplast and nutrient contents of mung bean under salt stress Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 129:1.141-149.
Laird, D.A., Fleming, P., Davis, D.D., Horton, R., Wang, B., and Karlen, D.L. 2010. Impact of biochar amendments on the quality of a typical Midwestern agricultural soil. Geoderma, 158(3): 443–449.
Hwang I, Ouchi Y, Matsuto T. 2007. Characteristics of leachate from pyrolysis residue of sewage sludge. Chemosphere, 68 (10): 1913-1919.
Horne PA, and Williams PT.1996. Influence of temperature on the products from the flash pyrolysis of biomass. Fuel, 75(9): 1051-1059.
Yuan, J. H., Xu, R. K., and Zhang, H. 2010. The forms of alkalis in thebiochar produced from crop residues at different temperatures. Bioresource Technol. 102: 3488–3497.
Thangalazhy-Gopakumar S S, Adhikari, 2010. Physiochemical properties of bio-oil produced at various temperatures from pine wood using an auger reactor. Bioresource Technology, 101(21): 8389-8395.
Demirbaş A. 2001. Biomass resource facilities and biomass conversion processing for fuels and chemicals. Energy Conversion and Management, 42(11): 1357-1378.
Joseph S, Downie A, Munroe P, Crosky A. 2007. Biochar for carbon sequestration, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and enhancement of soil fertility; A review of the materials science. Proceeding of the Australian Combustion Symposium pp. 130-133.
Kwon, S. and Pignatello, J.J. 2005. Effect of natural organic substances on the surface and adsorptive properties of environmental black carbon (char): pseudo pore blockage by model lipid components and its implications for N2-probed surface properties of natural sorbents. Environmental Science and Technology. 39(20):7932-7939.
Sun, K., Ro, K., Guo, M.X., Novak, J., Mashayekhi, H. (2011) Sorption of bisphenol A, 17a–ethinylestradiol and phenanthrene on thermally and hydrothermally produced biochars. Bioresour Technol. 102:5757–5763.
_||_
Ahmad Yousefi, M., Kamkar, B., Amiri Nezhad, M. and Gharekhloo, J. 2019. Assessment of the effect of different chemical fertilizers, biochar and Trichoderma fungi treatments at mother plant on germination and other hybrid corn KSC 704 seed germination components in maternal growth under accelerated aging test. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Research, 6(1): 133-144. (Journal of Seed Science and Resarch). (In Persian)
Hooker, M., Herron, G., and Pena, P. (1982) Effects of residue burring removal, and incorporation on irrigated cereal crop yields and chemical properties. Soil Sci. 46: 122-126.
Yousefi, M., Shariatmadari, H., and Hajabasi, M.A. 2007. Measurement of some of available organic carbon stocks as an indicator of soil quality. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 42(11): 429-439. (In Persian)
Lehmann, J. 2007. Bio-energy in the black. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 5: 381–387.
Schultz, H. and Bruno, G. 2012. Effects of biochar compared to organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil quality and plant growth in a greenhouse experiment. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 175: 410–422.
Khanmohammadi, Z., Afyuni, M., and Mosaddeghi, M.R. 2015. Effect of pyrolysis temperature on chemical and physical properties of sewage sludge biochar. Waste Management and Research, 33(3):275-283.
Sun, J., Norouzi, O. and Mašek, O., 2021. A state-of-the-art review on algae pyrolysis for bioenergy and biochar production. Bioresource technology, p.126258.
Wang, Y., Ma, X., Saleem, M., Yang, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2021). Effects of corn stalk biochar and pyrolysis temperature on wheat seedlings growth and soil properties stressed by herbicide sulfentrazone. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 102208.
Berslin, D., Reshmi, A., Sivaprakash, B., Rajamohan, N. and Kumar, P.S., 2021. Remediation of emerging metal pollutants using environment friendly biochar-Review on applications and mechanism. Chemosphere, p.133384.
Bremner, J.M., and Mulvaney, C.S., 1982. Nitrogen—total. In: Black, C.A.(ed.). Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties, The American Society of Agronomy. pp: 595-624.
Chan, K., and Xu, Z. (2009) Biochar: Nutrient Properties and Their Enhancement, in: J. Lehmann, S. Joseph: Biochar for Environmental Management. Science and Technology. Earthscan, London, UK. pp: 67–84.
Guo, Y., and Rockstraw, A. D. (2007). Physicochemical properties of carbons prepared from pecan shell by phosphoric acid activation. Bioresource Tech. 98(8): 1513‐
Claoston, A.W., Samsuri, M.H., Ahmad Husni, M.S. and Mohd, A. (2014). Effects of pyrolysis temperature on the physicochemical properties of empty fruit bunch and rice husk biochars. Waste Management & Research. Vol. 32(4): 331–339.
Glaser, B., Lehmann, J. and Zech, W. (2002). Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal: A review. Biol Fertil Soils. 35: 219–230.
Liang, B., Lehmann, J., Solomon, D., Kinyangi, J., Grossman, J., O'Neill, B., Skjemstad, J.O., Thies, J., Luizão F.J., Petersen, J., and Neves, E.G. 2006. Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 70(5): 1719–1730.
Keiluweit M P, Nico S, Johnson MG. 2010. Dynamic molecular structure of plant biomass-derived black carbon (biochar). Environmental Science and Technology, 44(4): 1247-1253.
Inal, A., Gunes, A., Sahin, O., Taskin, M.B., and Kaya, E.C. 2015. Impacts of biochar and processed poultry manure, applied to a calcareous soil, on the growth of bean and maize. Soil Use Management, 31: 106–113.
Gaskin JC, Steiner. 2008. Effect of low-temperature pyrolysis conditions on biochar for agricultural use. Trans. Asabe, 51(6): 2061-2069.
Sohi, S.P., Krull, E., Lopez-Capel, E., and Bol, R. 2010. A review of biochar and its use and function in soil. Advances in Agronomy, 105: 47-82.
Singh, B., Mei Dolk, M., Shen, Q., and Camps-Arbestain, M. 2017. Biochar pH, electrical conductivity and liming potential. In: Biochar: A Guide to Analytical Methods, Chapter 3, Singh, B., Camps-Arbestain, M., and Lehmann J., (Eds.). Publisher CSIRO, PP. 23-38.
Song, W. and Guo, M. 2012. Quality variations of poultry litter biochar generated at different pyrolysis temperatures. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 94: 138-145.
Flint, A.L., and Flint, L.E. 2002. Particle density. In: Dane, J.H. and Topp, G.C. (Eds.), Methods of soil Analysis- Part 4. Physical Methods- ASA and SSSA Book Series No. 5. Soil Sci, Madison, PP. 299-240.
Blake, G.R., and Hartge, K.H. 1986. Particle density. In: Klute, A. (ed). Methods of soil Analysis- Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods. 2nd Ed. Agron. Monogr, 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI. PP. 377-382.
Herbert, L., Hosek, I., and Kripalani, R. (2012). The characterization and comparison of Biochar produced from a decentralized reactor using forced air and natural draft Pyrolysis. California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. Materials Engineering Department.24-26.
Wang, T, Camps-Arbestain M, Hedley M, Bishop P. 2012. Predicting phosphorus bioavailability from highash biochars. Plant and Soil, 357, 173-187.
Singh, B., Singh B. P., and Cowie, A. L. (2010). Characterisation and evaluation of biochars for their applications a soil amendment, Aust. Soil Res. 39: 1224-1235.
Asif Naeem, M., Khalid, M., Arshad, M., and Ahmad, R. (2014). Yield and nutrient composition of bichar produced from different feedstocks at varying pyrolytic temperatures. Pak. J. Agri. Soil sci.Vol. 51(1): 75-82.
Farhadi, E., Reyhanitabar, A., and Oustan, Sh. 2018. Impact of pyrolysis temperature and feedstock sources on physiochemical characteristics of biochar. Testis Master of Science Degree in Soil Science Soil Chrmistry and Fertility. Department of Soil Science, university of Tabriz.
Uchimiya, T., and Ohno, Z.He. 2013. Pyrolysis temperature dependent release of dissolved organic carbon from plant, manure, and biorefinery wastes. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis. 104: 1. 84-94.
Wang, Y., Hu, Y., Zhao, X., Wang, S., and Xing, G. 2013. Comparisons of biochar properties from wood material and crop residues at different temperatures and residence time. Energy and Fuels, 27: 10. 5890-5899.
Sun, E.W., Bruun, E., Arthur, L.W., Jonge, P., Moldrup, H., Nielsen, H., and Elsgaard, L. 2014. Effect of biochar on aerobic processes, enzyme activity, and crop yields in two sandy loam soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 50: 7. 1087-1097.
Tsai W.T., Liu S.C., Chen H.R., et al. 2012. Textural and chemical properties of swine-manure-derived biochar pertinent to its potential use as a soil amendment. Chemosphere, 89: 198–203.
Torabian, Sh., Farhangi-Abriz, S., and Rathjen, J. 2018. Biochar and lignite affect H+-ATPase and H+-PPase activities in root tonoplast and nutrient contents of mung bean under salt stress Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 129:1.141-149.
Laird, D.A., Fleming, P., Davis, D.D., Horton, R., Wang, B., and Karlen, D.L. 2010. Impact of biochar amendments on the quality of a typical Midwestern agricultural soil. Geoderma, 158(3): 443–449.
Hwang I, Ouchi Y, Matsuto T. 2007. Characteristics of leachate from pyrolysis residue of sewage sludge. Chemosphere, 68 (10): 1913-1919.
Horne PA, and Williams PT.1996. Influence of temperature on the products from the flash pyrolysis of biomass. Fuel, 75(9): 1051-1059.
Yuan, J. H., Xu, R. K., and Zhang, H. 2010. The forms of alkalis in thebiochar produced from crop residues at different temperatures. Bioresource Technol. 102: 3488–3497.
Thangalazhy-Gopakumar S S, Adhikari, 2010. Physiochemical properties of bio-oil produced at various temperatures from pine wood using an auger reactor. Bioresource Technology, 101(21): 8389-8395.
Demirbaş A. 2001. Biomass resource facilities and biomass conversion processing for fuels and chemicals. Energy Conversion and Management, 42(11): 1357-1378.
Joseph S, Downie A, Munroe P, Crosky A. 2007. Biochar for carbon sequestration, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and enhancement of soil fertility; A review of the materials science. Proceeding of the Australian Combustion Symposium pp. 130-133.
Kwon, S. and Pignatello, J.J. 2005. Effect of natural organic substances on the surface and adsorptive properties of environmental black carbon (char): pseudo pore blockage by model lipid components and its implications for N2-probed surface properties of natural sorbents. Environmental Science and Technology. 39(20):7932-7939.
Sun, K., Ro, K., Guo, M.X., Novak, J., Mashayekhi, H. (2011) Sorption of bisphenol A, 17a–ethinylestradiol and phenanthrene on thermally and hydrothermally produced biochars. Bioresour Technol. 102:5757–5763.
