Investigation of the Effect of Irrigation with Wastewater on Accumulation of Cadmum and Lead in the Soil and Cultivated Vegetables (Case study: Hamedan city)
Subject Areas :
environmental management
Seyed Ali Vaghar
1
,
Eisa Solgi
2
1 - MSc, Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran.
2 - Associate Professor, Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, Hamedan, Iran. *(Corresponding Author)
Received: 2016-09-29
Accepted : 2016-12-07
Published : 2019-04-21
Keywords:
Heavy metals Pb and Cd,
Vegetables,
soil,
Wastewater,
Hamedan,
Abstract :
Background and Objective: Due to the high potential of Hamedan city for agricultural products and subsequentlly effects of urban wastewaters and agricultural activities such as the use of fertilizers and chemical pesticides on soil quality, plant, and human health, performing this research was necessary. This research was done by purpose of investigating the effect of wastewater on accumulation of metals Pb and Cd in soil and vegetables. Method: For this purpose, sampling from soil and vegetables was performed randomly in the city of Hamedan. Sampling was done in an area irrigated with well water and in an area irrigated with wastewater. Vegetable Samples were prepared after washing and drying, powdered and prepared for experiment. Also soil samples after air-drying, sieve, and prepared for experiment. Then samples digested with acid mixture and heavy metals measured by Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Finally obtained data were analyzed by SPSS 20. Findings: Results showed that wastewater had important effect on accumulation of Pb and Cd in soil and vegetables which means concentration of these metals in the soil and vegetables that was irrigated with wastewater was higher than those irrigated with well water. Also this is identified that the concentrations of Pb and Cd in studied vegetables was higher or equal to standards and Cd in the soil of both control and treatment were or equal to standards but Pb were lower than standards. Discussion and Conclusion: Since, in the treatment area, the mean concentration of Cd in scallion vegetable and mean concentration of Pb in leek vegetable is higher than standard. Therefore, in order to prevent creating problems for citizens’ health, irrigation of fields by wastewater must be prevented.
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Gardiner, D.T., Miller, R.W., Badamchian, B., Azzari, A.S., Sisson, D.R. 1995. Effects of repeated sewage sludge applications on plant accumulation of heavy metals. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 55(1):1-6.
Ramos, I., Esteban, E., Lucena, J.J., Garate, A.. 2002. Cadmium uptake and subcellular distribution in plants of lactuca sp. Ca-Mn intraction. J. Plant Science.162(7): 761-767.
Demirezen, D., Aksoy,A., 2006. Heavy metal levels in vegetables in Turkey are within safe limits for Cu, Zn, Ni and exceeded for Cd and Pb. Jourrnal of Food Quality. (29): 252-265.
Golovatiy, S., Savchenk, S. 2002. Metals as contaminants of agricultural land of Belarus. 17th world congress soil sci Bangkok Thailand. 14-21.
Gupta, N., Khan, DK., Santra, SC. 2012. Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables grown in a long term waste water irrigated agricultural land of tropical India. Environ Monit Assess.184: : 6673-82.
Ramesh, H.L., Yoganda Murthy, V.N. 2012. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in green leafy vegetables grown in Bangalore urban district of karnatak. Life science and Technology. 6:40-51.
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Bigdeli, M., Seilsepour,M., 2008. Investiggation of metals accumulation in some vegetables irrigated with weast water in shahre Rey- Iran and toxicological implications. American- Eurasian J. Agric and Environ. Sic. 4(1):86-92.
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Chaw,R., Reves,A.S., 2001. Effect of waste water on menthe piperita and spinaceae oleraceae. Environment Biology. 51: 131-145.
Massa, N., Andreucci, F., Poli, M., Aceto, M., Barbato, R., Berta,G. 2010. Screening for heavy metal accumulators among stautochtonous plants in apolluted sitein Italy. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 73:1988–1997.
Doumett, S., Lamperi, L., Checchini, L., Azzarello, E., Mugnai, S., Mancuso, S., et al., 2008. Heavy metal distribution between contaminated soil and Paulownia tomentosa, in a pilot-scale assisted phytoremediation study, Influence of different complexing agents. Chemosphere.72: 1481–1490.
Cui, Y.J., Zhu, Y.G., Zhai, R.H., Chen, D.Y., Huang, Y.Z., Qiu, Y., et al., 2004. Transfer of metals from soil to vegetables in an area near a smelter in Nanning, China. Environment International. 30: 785– 791.
Muchuweti, M., Birkett, J.W., Chinyanga, E., Zvauya, R., Scrimshaw, M.D., Lester, J.N. 2006. Heavy metal content of vegetables irrigated with mixtures of wastewater and sewage sludge in Zimbabwe: Implications for human health. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment.112: 41–48.
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). 1999. Summary and conclusions. In: 53rd Meeting, Rome. 123-130.
Yang, J., Guo, H., Ma, Y., Wang, Li., Wei, D. and Hua, L. 2010. Genotypic variations in the accumulation of Cd exhibited by different vegetables. Journal of Environmental Sciences.22(8):1246–1252.
Cheraghi, M., Lorestani,B., Ypusefi, N. 2009. Effect of waste water on heavy metal accumulation in hamedan province vegetables. International Journal of Botany. 5(2): 109-193.
Yargholi, B., Azimi, A.A., Baghvand, A., Abasi, F., Lyaghat, A., Asadollah Fardi G. 2010. Investigation of Cd adsorption and accumulation from contaminated soil in different parts of root crops. Journal of Water and Wastewater. 20(4):60-70 (In Persian).
Black, C.A., 1965. Methods of soil analysis, Part 2. 2ed, Agronomy Monog. 9, ASA, Madison, WI.
Klute, A.1986. Methods of soil analysis, Part 1, Physical and Mineralogical Methods. 2nd ed., SSSA book series: 5. American Society of Agronomy Inc., Soil Society of Agronomy Inc. 1188 p.
National Iranian Standard No. 9266. 1994. A method for measurment of lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, and iron in foods by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Institute of Standards & Industrial Research of Iran. First Edition (In Persian).
Jackson, M.L., 1973. Soil chemical analysis. Prentice Hall of India Private Ltd, New Delhi.
Khodabandeh, S., Talaei, R., Ghayomi, R. 2000. Accumulation of heavy metals in Caspian Sea and aquatic sediments. Journal of Water and Wastewater.39:38-42 (In Persian).
FAO/WHO., 2001. Food additives and contaminants, Joint Codex Alimentarius Commission, FAO/WHO. Food standards Programme, ALINORM 01/12A.
Lone, M.I., Saleem, S., Mahmood, T., Saifullah, K., Hussain, G. 2003.Heavy metal contents of vegetables irrigated by sewage/Tubewell water. Int.J.Agri.Biol. 5(4): 533-535.
Doyle,P.J., 1998. Survey of literature and experience on the disposal of sewage on land, Available <http://www.ecobody.com/ reports/ sludge/dole_ report_ VpToc.htm/> (Apr. 17, 2007).
Channey, R., Baker, A., Malik, Y., Brown, J. 2001. Phytoremediation of soil metals. J. Current Opinion in Biotech. 36: 115-121.
Okoronkwo, N.E., Igwe, J.C., Onwuchekwa, E.C., 2005. Risk and health implications of polluted soils for crop production. African Journal of Biotech. 4(13): 1521-1524.
Simmons, R.W., Pongsakul,P., 2002. Toward the development of an effective sampling protocol to "rapidly" evaluate the distribution of Cd in contaminated, irrigated rice-based agricultural systems. In: Kheoruenromne I, ed. Transactions of the 17th word congress of soil science, International Union of Soil Science, Bangkok, Vienna.
Tsafe,A.I., Hassan,L,G., Sahabi,D.M., Alhassan,Y., Bala,B,M., 2012. Evaluation of Heavy Metals Uptake and Risk Assessment of Vegetables Grown in Yargalma of Northern Nigeria. J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res. 2(7):6708-6714.
Wu,Y.G., You-ning, X., Jiang-hua ,Z., Si-hai, HU., 2010. Evaluation of ecological risk and primary empirical research on heavy metals in polluted soil over Xiaoqinling gold mining region, Shaanxi, China, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 20, P.P 688-694.
Anthony, G., Kachenko, B.S., 2006. Heavy metals contamination vegetables grown in urban and metal smelter sites in Australia. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution.169: 101-123.
Tiller, K.G., 1989. Heavy metals in soils and their environmental significance advances in soil science. European Journal of Soil Science. 9 (8):113-142.
Gardiner, D.T., Miller, R.W., Badamchian, B., Azzari, A.S., Sisson, D.R. 1995. Effects of repeated sewage sludge applications on plant accumulation of heavy metals. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 55(1):1-6.
Ramos, I., Esteban, E., Lucena, J.J., Garate, A.. 2002. Cadmium uptake and subcellular distribution in plants of lactuca sp. Ca-Mn intraction. J. Plant Science.162(7): 761-767.
Demirezen, D., Aksoy,A., 2006. Heavy metal levels in vegetables in Turkey are within safe limits for Cu, Zn, Ni and exceeded for Cd and Pb. Jourrnal of Food Quality. (29): 252-265.
Golovatiy, S., Savchenk, S. 2002. Metals as contaminants of agricultural land of Belarus. 17th world congress soil sci Bangkok Thailand. 14-21.
Gupta, N., Khan, DK., Santra, SC. 2012. Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables grown in a long term waste water irrigated agricultural land of tropical India. Environ Monit Assess.184: : 6673-82.
Ramesh, H.L., Yoganda Murthy, V.N. 2012. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in green leafy vegetables grown in Bangalore urban district of karnatak. Life science and Technology. 6:40-51.
Zhan, J.X., Shu, Q.L., Yan, L.L., Yong, L.Y. 2012. Health risk assessment of heavy metals for edible part of vegetables grown in sewage irrigated soils in suburans of Baoding City, China. Environ Monit Assess. 184: 3503-3513.
Bigdeli, M., Seilsepour,M., 2008. Investiggation of metals accumulation in some vegetables irrigated with weast water in shahre Rey- Iran and toxicological implications. American- Eurasian J. Agric and Environ. Sic. 4(1):86-92.
Mahmood, A., Naseem Malik, R. 2014. Human health risk assessment of heavy metals via consumption of contaminated vegetables collected from different irrigation sources in Lahore, Pakistan. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 7: 91–99.
