Identification of cadmium resistant bacteria and evaluation of their resistance spectrum during quarterly monitoring on the Kor River

Subject Areas : environmental management

Sedigheh Abolahrar ¹ , Farshid Kafilzadeh ² , Mohammad Kargar ³

1 - MSc of Microbiology, Department Of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran.
2 - Associate Professor of Microbiology, Department Of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran.
3 - Associate Professor of Microbiology, Department Of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran.

Received: 2009-06-08 Accepted : 2009-12-08 Published : 2014-09-23

Keywords: Resistant bacteria, Cadmium, Water and Sediment, Monitoring, Kor River,

Abstract :

Introduction: Kor River is a valuable ecologic area and source of water for the Bakhtegan Lake in Fars province, Iran. This river has been contaminated with various waste pollutants including agricultural, industrial, urban and rural. Cadmium is one of the common hazardous heavy metals entering the natural environments.  This study mainly aimed at isolation and identification of the cadmium resistant bacteria, determining the resistance spectrum and investing the growth of opted bacteria against Cd. Additionally, physic-chemical and biological factors have been monitored quarterly. Materials and Methods: Samples were taken from five different stations at Dorudzan dam downstream to the mouth of the river to the Bakhtegan Lake since these areas are believed to contain more contaminants. Two sets of water and sediments samples were taken simultaneously to measure physic-chemical and biological factors and detection of cadmium resistant bacteria. More resistant bacteria were screening through MIC and MBC. Tow opted (G+ and G-) bacteria were studied in batch culture at three different containing harsh conditions by growth kinetic curve.  Results: The presence of cadmium was found to be more dominant in sediments than the water. Serratia marcescens MT015 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ET017 showed maximum cadmium resistance up to six mille molar. P.aeruginosa ET017 and Bacillus OA017 represented proper growth in the harsh conditions. Discussion and Conclusion: The Kor River is a significant ecological area in Fars province, Iran where annual monitoring seems essential. Some indigenous bacteria in this river have represented high ability of cadmium resistance which enabling them to be exploited as valuable agents for                  bio-remediation in bio-filters and "in-situ" form for cadmium contaminated environments. No need of genetically manipulation and wide spectrum of study upon physicochemical, biological and bacterial assessing are advantages of our research. In compare to recent researches, our presented strains demonstrated more resistance to cadmium.

References:

1. Maier RM, Pepper IL, Gerba CP, Environmental Microbiology; San Diego: Academic press; 2000.


2. JohanssonM. A review of risks associated to Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Mercury and Zinc. In: Johansson M, Anheden M, Arrhenius E, Dahl J, Ericson SO, Hinderson A, et al. The market implication of integrated management for heavy metals flows for bioenergy use in the European Union. Appendix A of final report. Sweden: the University of Kalmar; 2002. 115.


3. بیدختی ناصر،رخشنده‌رو غلامرضا. بررسی آلودگی رودخانه‌های کر و سیوند، انتشارات اداره کل محیط زیست استان فارس ، دانشگاه شیراز ،1379.


4. جهانمیری عبدالحسین.مطالعات آلودگی به فلزات سنگین در رودخانه کر، دانشکده مهندسی دفتر همکاری‌های علمی مشاوره‌ای دانشگاه شیراز و  اداره کل حفاظت از محیط زیست استان فارس ، 1374.


5. WHO .Cadmium in drinking- water. Background document for preparation of WHO, Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Geneva, World Health Organization; (WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/80/Rev/1) 2011.

1. Bello IJ, Ijila PO. Exposure to heavy-metal in ICT and electronics equipment: Biochemical and Environmental Implication. Journal of Science and Science Education 2011; 3(1): 78-82.

7. Haq R, Zaidi SK, Shakoori R. Cadmium resistant Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella sp. isolated from industrial effluents and their possible role in cadmium detoxification. Word Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 1999; 15(2): 283-290.


8. Sharma PK, Balkwill DL, Frenkel A, Vairavamurthy MA. A new Klebsiella planticola strain (Cd-1) grows Anaerobically at high cadmium concentration and precipitates cadmium sulfide. Applied and Environmental microbiology  2000; 66(7) 3083-3087.


9. Available from http://www.Agancy for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.cdc.gov/Toxicological profile for cadmium. Accessed September 14, 2012.


10. McCullough CD, Lund MA, May JM. Microcosm testing of municipal sewage and green waste for full-scale remediation of an acid coal pit lake in Semi-Aridtropical Australia. In: Barnhisle RI, proceeding of the 7^th international conference on acid rock drainage ( ICARD), Lexington, KY, USA, The American society of Mining and Reclamation (ASMAR); 2006.


11. مقدس دانا. تعیین میزان عناصر سرب و کادمیم در آب، رسوبات معلق، رسوبات بستر، ماهی و کفزیان رودخانه هراز] پایان نامه [. تهران: دانشگاه تربیت مدرس ; 1378.


12. یوسفی ذبیح اله، اکبرپور صفیه،ابراهیمی پونه. بررسی جذب دو فلز سنگین کادمیم و مس توسط ماکرو جلبک دریای خزر، مجموعه مقالات نهمین همایش ملی بهداشت محیط; 1385آبان 18-16، اصفهان، ایران. انتشارات دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان 1385.                                             


13. Raja CE, Anbazhagan K, Selvam GS. Isolation and characterization of a metal-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosastrain. World Journal of Microbiology and Technology 2006; 22(6): 577-585.


14. Vullo D, Ceretti HM, Hughes EA, Ramirez S, Zalts A. Indigenous heavy metal multiresistant microbiota of Las Catonas stream, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment  2005; 105(1-3): 81-97.


15. Sinha S, Samir Kumar S, Mukherjee SK. Pseudomonas aeruginosa KUCD1: A possible candidate for cadmium bioremediation. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 2009; 40(3): 655- 662.


16. Ron EZ. Biosensing environmental pollution, Current Opinion in Biotechnology 2007; 18(3): 252- 256.


17. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 21^st. Ed. Washington DC, USA: American Public Health Association and American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation (APHA AWWA WEF); 2005.


18. Amoroso M J, Oliver G, Castro G R. Estimation of growth inhibition by copper and cadmium in heavy metal tolerant actinomycetes. Basic Microbiology 2002; 42(4): 231-237.


19. Titus JA, Pfister R M. Bacteria and cadmium interaction in natural and laboratory model aquatic systems. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxico 1984; 13(3): 271-77.


20. Davies OA, Allison ME, Uyi HS. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in water, sediment and periwinkle (Tympanotonusfuscatusvar radula) from the Elechi Creek, Niger Delta. African Journal of Biotechnology2006; 5(10): 968-973.


21. Caetano M, Madureira MJ, Vale C. Metal remobilization during resuspension of anoxic contaminated sediment: Short-term laboratory study. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 2003; 143(1-4): 23-40.


22. Korfali SI, DaviesBE. Seasonal variations of trace metal chemical forms in bed sediments of Karstic River in Lebanon: implication for self-purification. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 2005; 27(5-6): 885-895.


23. Chen L, Jin T, Huang B, Nordberg G.  Critical exposure level of cadmium for elevated urinary metallothionein: An occupational population study in China.Toxicology and applied pharmacology 2006; 215(1): 93-99.


24. Akcay H,Oguz A, Karapire, Study of heavy metal pollution and speciation in  Buyak Menderes and Gediz river sediments. Water Research 2003; 37(4): 813-822.


25. Cheung KC, Poon BH, Lan CY, Wong MH. Assessment of metal and nutrient concentration in river water and sediment collected from the cities in the Pearl River delta, south China. Chemosphere 2003; 52(9): 1431-1440.


26. Low KS, Lee CK, Liew SC. Sorption of cadmium and lead from aqueous solutions by spent grain. Process biochemistry 2000; 36(1): 59-64.


27. Teitzel GM, Parsek MR. Heavy metal resistance of biofilm and planktonic Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2003. 69(4): 2313-2320.


28. Harrison JJ, Ceri H, Stremick CA, Turner RJ. Biofilm susceptibility to metal toxicity.Environmental Microbiology 2004; 6(12): 1220-1227.


29. Hassen A, saidi N, cherif M, Boudabous A. Effects of heavy metals on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and BacillusThuringiensis. Bioresource Technology 1998; 65(1): 73-82.


30. Richards JW, Krumholz GD, Chval MS, Tisa LS. Heavy metal resistance patterns of Frankiastrains.Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2002; 68(2): 923-927.


31. Davison J. Risk mitigation of genetically modified bacteria and plants designed for bioremediation.Journal of Industrial Microbiology Biotechnology 2005; 32(11-12): 639-650.