Assessment of Air Pollutants and Determination of Air Quality Index in Zahedan

Subject Areas : environmental management

Farideh Atabi ¹ (Associate Prof., Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. * ( Corresponding Author))
Mohammad Erfani ² (M.Sc. in Environmental Pollutants, Graduate School of Environment and Energy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.)
Edris Bazrafshan ³ (Assistant Professor, Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Science, Zahedan, Iran.)

Received: 2010-12-31 Accepted : 2011-12-20 Published : 2016-11-21

Keywords: air pollutants, Air Quality Index (AQI), Zahedan City, PM2.5,

Abstract :

Background and Objective: Air pollution issue is one of the most important environmental challenges in any country. In Zahedan, moderately, the air in 70 days of the year is polluted by dust.The goal of this study was assessment of air pollutants’ concentrations and determination of AQI in the city of Zahedan. Method: In this study, after performing the primary studies concerning the climatic and geographical conditions of Zahedan, four stations were selected for air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10,  SO2, O3, NO2, CO, NO) monitoring. The measurement process was performed monthly during one year (three days per month) and the monthly wind rose in the city was prepared by Word Lop and Saba Wind software.  Then considering the Air Quality Index (AQI), and by using GIS software, 96 maps were prepared and the health quality of air pollutants was determined. Results:Considering the AQI in Zahedan City, the responsible pollutant was PM2.5 for all season in 2009. Its value in spring was 185, in summer was 201, in fall was 168 and in winter was 208 Conclusion: The results of this research showed that the main responsible pollutant during the year 2009 in Zahedan was PM2.5. Also during this year, air quality for 208 days was unhealthy for all people, 95 days was unhealthy for the sensitive people, 33 days was in hazardous condition, 16 days was unhealthy and 4 days was moderate for all citizens of Zahedan city. 

References:

1-      دبیری، مینو، 1379، آلودگی محیط زیست هوا، آب،‌خاک و صوت، چاپ دوم، نشر و پخش آیلار،121-1.

2-      Arundel A. V., J. H., T. D., 1989, Indirect Health Effects of Relative Humidity in Indoor Environments, Environ Health Perspect: 65.361-351.

3-      Plopper C. G., Fonucchi M. V., 2000, Urban Environmental Pollutant Exacerbate Childhood Lung Diseases, Environ Health Perspect, 108:A252-A253.

4-      Chun-Yuh Yang, Chihching Chang, Hung-Yi Chuang, Shang-Shyue Tsai, Trong-Neng Wu and Chi-Kung Ho,2004, Relationship between Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in a Subtropical City:Taipei , Taiwan.

5-      Patz, Jonathan A., Holly, K. Gibbs , Jonathan A. Foley, Jamesine V. Rogers, and Kirk, R. Smith, 2007, Climate Change and Global Health: Quantifying a Growing Ethical Crisis, Eco Health 4, 397-405.

6-      WHO, 2008, Climate Change and Health, Report by the Secretariat, EXECUTIVE BOARD, 122^nd Session , EB122.4, 16 January 2008, Geneva: World Health Organization.

7-      World Bank; Environmental Department, 1966, Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Washington D.C.; Vol 1,2 and 30     

8-      WHO, 2005, Using Climate to Predict Infectious Disease Epidemics, Report authors: Katrin Kuhn, Dharmid Campbell-Lendrum, Andy Haines, Jonathan Cox, Geneva: WorldHealth Organization.

9-      IPCC, 2007, Climate Chang, 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Pannel on Climate Change , Chapter 8: Human Health., Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , UK , 391-431.

10-  Afroz R., Hassan M. N. and Ibrahim N. A., 2003, Review of Air Pollution and Health Impacts in Malaysia, Environ Res 92 (2003). PP. 71-77. Article.Pdf (288k) view Record in Cited By in Scopus,Cited By in Scopus(26) .

11-  Yang C. Y., Yang, Yang, C. C. Chang, H. Y. Chang, H. Y. Chuang, S. S. Tsai, T. N. Wu and C. K. Ho, 2004, Relationship Between Air Pollution and daily Mortality in Subtropical City: Taipe, Taiwan, Environ, Int., 30 (2004), PP.519-523.

12-  Article,PDF,(115K) View Record in Scopus,Cited By in Scopus(26).  

13-  De Kok MCM Theo, Direce A. L. Herman, Hogervorst G. f. Janneke, Briede Jacob, 2006, Toxicological Assessment of Ambient and Traffic-Related Particulate Matter: A review of Recent Studies. Mutation Research; 613:103-122.

14-  پژوهشگاه هواشناسی و علوم جو،1380، اقلیم و گردشگری ، انتشارات سازمان هواشناسی کشور.

15-  Garrison V. H. et al, 2003, African and Asian Dust: from Desert Soils to Coral  Reefs, Bio Science 53:469-480.

16-  Griffin D. W., Garrison V. H., Herman J. R., Shinn, E. A., 2001, African. Desert Dust in the Caribean Atmosphere, Microbiology and Public Health, Aerobiologia, 17:203-213.

17-  Menne, Bettina and Kristie L. Ebi, 2006, Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies for Human Health , Published on Behalf  of the World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe by Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt.

18-  اسماعیل ساری، عباس،1381 ،آلاینده ها، بهداشت و استاندارد در محیط زیست،چاپ اول،انتشارات نقش مهر،205.

19-  Helmut Mayer, Jutta Holst, Dirk Schindler and Dieter Ahrens, 2008, Evolution of the Air Pollution in SW
Germany Evaluated by the Long-term Air Quality Index LAQX, Atmospheric Environment,Volume 42, pages 5071-5078.

20-  Sohrabinia, M. and Khorshiddoust, A. M., 2007, Application of  Satellite data and GIS in Studying Air Pollutant in Tehran, Habitat International, Volume 31 , Pages 268-275.

21-  Fabio Murena, 2004, Measuring Air quality Over Large Urban Arease: Development and Application of an Air Pollution Index at the Urban Area of this Article, Atmospheric Environment, Volume 38, Pages 6195-6202.

22-  سالنامه آماری استان سیستان و بلوچستان، 1386 ، معاونت برنامه ریزی استانداری سیستان و بلوچستان، ‌دفتر آمار و اطلاعات.

23-  http://WWW. Weather.ir.  

24-  http://EurLex.Europa.eu/Iex.Uriserv/Lexuriser.V.do? Uri=OJ: C: 2006:306E. 0127: 0128: En: PDF.

25- خسروی،محمود; شکیبا ، هانیه ; سرگلزایی مقدم ، فرزانه ،1378 ، بررسی اثر تغییرات آب و هوایی بر افزایش شدت آلودگی گردوغبار محیطی در زاهدان ، یازدهمین همایش ملی بهداشت محیط ، زاهدان. 9-7 آبانماه.