Survey of destructive factors on Coral reefs and conservative strategies

Subject Areas : Water and Environment

Maryam Mohammadi Roozbahani ¹ (Faculty of Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University of Khoozestan)
Nasrin choobkar ² (Faculty of Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University)

Received: 2010-02-15 Accepted : 2010-07-27 Published : 2010-12-22

Keywords: Coral reefs, Conservation, Destructive factors,

Abstract :

Coral reefs provide good places for nutrition and breeding of many marine species including invertebrates and vertebrata (algae, marine grasses, sponges, mollusca, crustacea, fish, etc…).Biodiversity is noticeable in these ecosystems and for this reason they are very important. With regarding to high important of these ecosystems for preserving of biodiversity and fragility of them as compared to destructive factors and environmental pollutants, and also because very long time recovery, approximately more than 100years, protect of these shelters is very important.These important ecosystems are affected by many environmental crisis that occur by human, such as:oil compounds, agricultural and industrial sewages,global warming, climate changes, tourism, over fishing, coastal development, etc….It is necessary to recognized and manage crises points for preserving.Creation and development of artificial reef (Ekoreef) is one of the most important strategies for preserve and restoration of coral reefs 

References:

1. Cripps, S. J., and Aabel, J.2002. Environmental
and socio-economic impact assessment of Ekoreef,
a multiple platform rigs-to-reefs development. ICES
Journal of Science, vol 59, pp: 308-300
2 . گل مروی،دل آرام و فرحناز لگزایی ، 1386 ،بررسی روند علل تخریب
آبسنگ ها و جزایر مرجانی ، مجموعه مقالات نهمین همایش ملی صنایع
دریایی ایران .
3 . قبادی و همکاران ، 1385 ،آبسنگ های مرجانی خلیج فارس و عوامل
نابودی آنها، مجموعه مقالات سومین همایش ملی بحران های زیست
محیطی ایران وراهکارهای بهبود آنها .
4 . چوبکار، نسرین، 1387 ، جانوران آبزی(اکولو ژی، بیولوژی، کاربردها)،
انتشارات دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی کرمانشاه.
5. Brown, C., Corcoran, E., Herkenrath, P. and
Thonell, J. 2006. Marine and coastal ecosystem,s
and human wellbeing. Synthesis. UNEP-WCMC,
Cambridge, 65 p
6. Burke, L., Selig, E. and Spalding, M. 2002. Reefs
at risk in Southeast Asia. World Resoruces Institute,
www.wri.org.
7. Kleypas, J., Lough, J.M., Marshall, P., Nystrom,
M., Palumbi, Glynn, P.W. 1996. Coral reef bleaching:
Facts, hypotheses and implications. Global Change
Biology 509-495 :2.
8 - S.R., Pandolfi, J.M., Rosen, B. and Roughgarden,
J. (2003).
Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of
coral reefs. Science 933-929 :301
9. Wasgington D.C.72 p. Bruno, J. F., Precht, W. F. et
al., 2003. Causes of Coral reef degradation. Science
1502 :302
10. Cesar, H., Burke, L., Pet-Soede, L. 2003. The
economics of worldwide coral reef degradation. Cesar
environmental
consulting, 23 p.
11. UNEP. 2006. The state of the marine environmenttrends
and processes.
12. Hughes, T.P., Baird, A.H., Bellwood, D.R., Card,
M., Connolly, S.R., Folke, C., Grosberg, R., Hoegh-
Guldberg, O., Jackson, Moberg, F. and Folke, C.
1999. Ecological goods and services of coral reef
ecosystems. Ecological Economics 233-215 :29.
13. Whitmarsh, D.1996. Cost –benefit analysis of
artificial reefs. In proceedings of the 1st Conferences
of the European Artificial Reef Research Network,
Ancona, Italy, 30-26 March 1996, pp: 193-175.
Southampton University, Southampton, England, UK