Subject Areas :

لیدا عبدالمحمدی خیاو ¹ (مسئول فرمولاسیون واکسن/موسسه واکسن و سرم سازی رازی بخش بی هوازی)
علی رضایی کلوانی ² (کارشناس آزمایشگاه/ بخش بی هوازی موسسه واکسن و سرم سازی رازی)
علی حق روستا ³ (مسئول آزمایشگاه تولید واکسن قانقاریا/موسسه تحقیقات واکسن و سرم سازی رازی بخش بی هوازی)

Received: 2019-05-20 Accepted : 2020-02-04 Published : 2021-02-19

Keywords:

References:

1. Ardehali, M., Darakhshan, H. (1979). Isolation and typing of Clostridium Oedematiens (C. novyi) from cases of black disease of sheep in Iran. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2: 107–111.


2. Ardehali, M., Darakhshan, H. (1977). First report of infection with Clostridium oedematiens type D in sheep in Iran. Archives of Razi Institute, 29: 91-93.


3. Ardehali, M., Derakhshan, H. (1975). The first report of clostridium oedematiens infection in sheep in Iran by the use of Fluorescent labelled antibody. Indian Veterinary Journal, 52: 600.


4. Ardehali, M., Darakhshan, H., Moosawi, M. (1984). The existence and present situation of clostridial diseases of domestic animais in Iran. Archives of Razi Institute, 34,35: 27-32.


5. Ardehali, M., Moosawi, M., Avazpoor, J. (1988). Isolation, typing and rapid diagnosis of pathogenic Clostridia from infected animals in Iran. Archives of Razi Institute: 38,39: 35-42.


6. Ardehali, M., Moosawi, M., Pilehchian, R. (1989). Characterization of Clostridium oedematiens strains isolated from cases of black disease of sheep in Iran. Archives of Razi Institute, 40: 37-45.


7. Borrmann, E., Schulze, F. (1988).
   Detection of Clostridium novyi type B alpha toxin using cell culture systems. ALTEX, 15: 53-55.


8.  Borrmann, E., Schulze, F. (1999). Detection of Clostridium novyi type B alpha toxin by cell culture systems. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology, 24: 275-280.


9. Busch, C., Schömig, K., Hofmann, F., Aktories, K. (2000). Characterization of the catalytic domain of Clostridium novyi alpha-toxin. Infection and Immunity, 68: 6378-6383.


10. Gord-Nooshahri, N., Fathi Nahafi, M., Makhdoumi, A., Majidi, B., Mehrvarz, M. (2016). Identification and cloning of highly epitopic regions of Clostridium novyi alpha toxin. Turkish Journal of Biology, 40: 1219-1226.


11. Heffron, A., Poxton, I.R. (2007). A PCR approach to determine the distribution of toxin genes in closely related Clostridium species: Clostridium botulinum type C and D neurotoxins and C2 toxin, and Clostridium novyi alpha toxin. Journalof Medical Microbiology, 56: 196-201.


12. Hemmaty, M., Morshedi, A., Yousofbeigi, A.,  (2006). Fathi Najafi, M. Isolation and identification of Clostridium septicum from sheep-dung. Archives of Razi Institute, 61: 167-172.


13. Liu, L.L., Jiang, D.N., Xiang, G.M., Liu, C., Yu, J.C., Pu, X.Y. (2014). Development of a cyclic voltammetry method for the detection of Clostridium novyi in black disease. Genetics and Molecular Research. 13: 1724-1734.


14. Mac Faddin, J.F. (1980). Biochemical tests for identification of medical bacteria. 2^thEdition, Lippincott Williams& Wilkins, Baltimore: 572.


15. Moosawi, M., Ardehali, M., Farzan, A., Pilehchian Langroudi, R. (1999). Isola­tion and Identification of Clostridium Strains from Cattle Malig­nant Edema Cases. Archives of Razi Institute, 50: 65–70.


16. Nyaoke, A.C.,  Navarro, M.A., Beingesser, J., Uzal, F.A. (2018). Infectious necrotic hepatitis caused by Clostridium novyi type B in a horse: case report and review of the literature. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 30: 294-299.


17. Sasaki, Y., Kojima, A., Aoki, H., Ogikubo, Y., Takikawa, N., Tamura, Y. (2002). Phylogenetic analysis and PCR detection of Clostridium chauvoei, Clostridium haemolyticum, Clostridium novyi types A and B, and Clostridium septicum based on the flagellin gene. Veterinary Microbiology, 1,86: 257-267.


18. Smith, L.D., Holdeman, L.V. (1988). The pathogenic anaerobic bacteria. c.c. Thomas Co., Fort Lauderdale, FL: 109-139.


19. Sterne, M., Batty, I. (1973). Pathogenic Clostridia typing of Clostridium perfringens. Butterworth, London: 79-82.


20. Uzal, F.A., Songer, J.G., Prescott, J.F., Popoff, M.R. (2016). Clostridial diseases of animals. Chapter 23. Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis. 1^thEdition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken: 275-279.