Subject Areas :
لاله پورعیدی وند 1 , مهدی نصراللهی 2 , محمد مهدی مظفری 3 , محمد انیسه 4
1 - دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت کارآفرینی، دانشگاه بین¬المللی امام خمینی(ره)، قزوین، ایران
2 - گروه مدیریت دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی(ره)، قزوین، ایران
3 - دانشیار گروه مدیریت دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی(ره)، قزوین، ایران
4 - دانشیار گروه مدیریت، دانشگاه بین¬المللی امام خمینی(ره)، قزوین، ایران
Keywords: Population distribution map, Data-based developed dasymetric method, GIS, RS, Kalybar Entrepreneurship, Tourism, Crisis, Structural Equation Modeling, Isfahan.,
Abstract :
Tourism, as one of the important economic sectors, is to create job opportunities and develop the regions, which requires the presence of entrepreneurs, but unfortunately, due to the corona crisis, this sector has been disrupted. Therefore, considering the importance and position of entrepreneurship in tourism, the influential factors in this field should be identified. The present study has been developed in the form of a researcher-made model with the aim of presenting a model for tourism entrepreneurship in crisis situations. The study was conducted in Isfahan. Data were collected using a survey method and a questionnaire distribution and analyzed using the structural equation modeling of partial least squares with Smart PLS software. The statistical community consists of experts and related experts. The conceptual model is designed using the opinion of experts and theoretical foundations and states that the four variables of socio-cultural factors, environmental and infrastructure factors, economic factors and institutional factors affect the tourism entrepreneurship variable in crisis situations. Calculations related to the measurement, structural and general fit of the model have been done, which shows the proper fit of the model. According to the path coefficients, it has been found that environmental and infrastructural factors directly explain 36.5%, socio-cultural factors 23.5% and institutional factors 29% of the changes related to the tourism entrepreneurship variable in crisis situations. Also, the variable of economic factors indirectly affects the main variable of the research and explains 53.5% of the changes in this variable. Meanwhile, among environmental and infrastructural factors, health infrastructure, among socio-cultural factors, individual and social characteristics of entrepreneurs and among institutional factors, government support for tourism entrepreneurs have the greatest impact on tourism entrepreneurship.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
In today's era and due to the increase in population and the spread of unemployment, the concern about the employment of university graduates is one of the issues that have caused researchers to pay attention to the issues related to entrepreneurship.One of the methods that have been taken into consideration for creating job opportunities and getting rid of unemployment and regional development is the phenomenon of tourism, which has been named as the tourism industry. Diversity in tourism services and products is necessary to respond to the ever-increasing demand and its diverse needs, and as one of the major economic sectors, it requires a lot of participation from the entrepreneurial sector. Currently, the whole world is facing an unprecedented crisis called the Corona virus.The most important characteristic of crises is its unpredictability, which causes decision makers to be in a state of confusion and anxiety.The tourism industry, like many industries and economic activities, is constantly exposed to crises, in such a way that many experts, knowing the high sensitivity of this industry to changes, believe that apart from the crises that may occur almost any crisis can affect the activities of this industry.This article has been compiled with the aim of designing a model for tourism entrepreneurship in the conditions of the Corona crisis in a tourist destination.As one of the most important historical cities of Iran, Isfahan city has many tourist attractions to attract tourists. The historical, architectural and urban characteristics of this city have made it a distinct destination. Considering the importance of this city in the tourism industry in various fields, especially urban tourism and cultural tourism, this study was conducted in Isfahan city and structural equation modeling method was used.
Methodology
This research is applied, exploratory and hypothesis testing. Based on the research needs, the research philosophy is based on positivism, the research approach is deductive inductive, the quantitative data analysis method, the research strategy is a combination of survey and documentary research, and the time horizon is cross-sectional. Information was collected by means of document study and semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was done using the structural equation method and smart PLS software. In order to determine the components of each structure, a limited group of academic experts, tourism business owners and activists in this field in the private and public sectors of Isfahan city have been interviewed. The validity test used in this research is face and content validity. After calculating the validity of the content and form, the questionnaire was randomly prepared in the statistical community including subject matter experts in Isfahan city. Cochran's method was used to calculate the sample size of experts. Structural equation modeling is one of the types of statistical methods that provides a tool for researchers to examine the relationships between several variables in a model. In this research, the method of structural equation modeling with partial least squares approach has been used.
Results and discussion
After checking the fit of the model, hypothesis tests are performed based on the designed model in order to check the relationships of the structures. According to the model presented in the research, four main hypotheses have been investigated, and according to the obtained results, it has been determined that the variables of institutional factors, social cultural factors, and infrastructure environmental factors directly and the variable of economic factors indirectly affect the variable. Tourism entrepreneurship has an impact in crisis conditions. It has also been determined that there is no direct meaningful relationship between the variables of environmental and infrastructural factors and the variables of economic factors and the variable of socio-cultural factors. On the other hand, it has been determined that there is a significant relationship between the structures related to each variable with the related variable. Based on the implemented model, for tourism entrepreneurship in crisis conditions, attention to environmental and infrastructure factors and institutional factors will have a greater impact on entrepreneurship. In examining the path coefficients, it is observed that environmental-infrastructural factors directly explain 36.5%, institutional factors 29%, and social-cultural factors 23.5% of the changes related to tourism entrepreneurship variable in crisis conditions. Also, the variable of economic factors explains 40.9 percent of the changes related to cultural-social factors and thus has an indirect effect on tourism entrepreneurship in crisis conditions. In addition, this variable of economic factors indirectly explains 53.5% of the changes of tourism entrepreneurship variable in crisis conditions.
Conclusion
Based on the investigations carried out in this research, it has been determined that the variable of cultural-social factors, the variable of environmental-infrastructural factors and the variable of institutional factors have a direct and significant relationship with the main variable of the research (tourism entrepreneurship in crisis conditions) and the variable of economic factors indirectly with The main research variable is related. In fact, it affects the main variable through the effect it has on the variable of cultural-social factors. The results show that the components of individual social characteristics of entrepreneurs, government support for tourism entrepreneurs and the economic conditions of the destination were recognized as the most effective components affecting tourism entrepreneurship in crisis conditions. In fact, despite the fact that in critical conditions, environmental-infrastructural factors have the greatest impact on the state of tourism entrepreneurship, so that even the existence of medical-health infrastructure is perhaps one of the important reasons for choosing a tourist destination, but it can still be seen that individual and personality characteristics Entrepreneurial people have been identified as the most important component. Having a risk-taking, innovative and creative personality of an entrepreneur in a crisis situation can help the entrepreneur to make the best decision and turn the crisis situation into an opportunity to improve her job situation. In this way, government support for entrepreneurs can be very helpful. On the other hand, this issue is influenced by institutional factors and economic factors. Government support, domestic and foreign laws and policies, and the economic conditions of the destination are factors that are not in the hands of the residents of a destination and even the government organizations of that destination and are related to the macro policies of each country. Providing a space where the entry of tourists does not face any obstacle will make entrepreneurs invest with peace of mind and regional policies will be planned in this field.
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