A comparison of Kaveh the Blacksmith’s functions with Gobryas (Ug-ba-ru)’s functions

Subject Areas : Persian language and literature texts

Behnam Gorji ¹ (PhD student, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.)
Masoud Foroozandeh ² (Associate Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.)
Ali Mohammadi Asiabadi ³ (Associate Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.)
Esmail Sadege dah cheshmei ⁴ (Assistant Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.)

Received: 2020-11-27 Accepted : 2021-01-12 Published : 2023-03-21

Keywords: Myth, comparison, Kaveh the Blacksmith, history, Gobryas (Ug-ba-ru), Function,

Abstract :

The myth of Kaveh the Blacksmith in Shahnameh has specific signs, practices and actions which make the functions of the myth of this character. Given the overall similarity of the tale of Zahhak and Fereydun-in which Kaveh the Blacksmith has played a crucial role-to the historical narration of Babylon conquer written by Herodotus, Xenophon and Ctesias in the history of the Achaemenid Empire, reminds us of signs, practices and actions of Gobryas (Ug-ba-ru) who was the Cyrus the Achaemenid’s confederate.This thesis aims to examine and compare Kaveh the Blacksmith’s most important functions in narration of Shahnameh since his appearance in the tale of Zahhak and Fereydun with Gobryas (Ug-ba-ru), the Cyrus the Achaemenid’s confederate during Babylon’s conquer based upon available historical documents and reports. The present research is of analytic-comparative nature on the basis of library data which tries to demonstrate a similarity between the character functions in the myth and an evidence in the history. This comparison may result in a redefinition of Kaveh the Blacksmith’s character and of some of his functions in Shahnameh.For instance, regarding the historical and religious sources, one may examine his being a blacksmith as his title instead of his occupation. Furthermore, this analogy may help doubt the idea that Kaveh the Blacksmith is considered as popular and supplementary, suggested by some mythologists including Arthur Christensen, Mehrdad Bahar and Zabihollah Safa.

References:

کتاب‌ها

پراپ، ولادیمیر (1386) ریخت‌شناسی قصّه‌های پریان، ترجمة فریدون بدره‌ای، تهران: توس.

پورداوود، ابراهیم (1347) گزارش یشت‌ها، تهران: کتابخانۀ طهوری.

پیرنیا، حسن (1395) تاریخ ایران باستان (تاریخ مفصل ایران قدیم)، تهران: نشرنگاه.

داندامایف، محمد (1391) ایرانیان در بابل هخامنشی، ترجمۀ محمود جعفری دهقی، تهران: انتشارات ققنوس.

دریایی، تورج (1391) ساخت گذشته در ایران اواخر عهد باستان؛ ناگفته‌های امپراطوری ساسانیان، ترجمۀ آهنگ حقانی و محمود فاضلی بیرجندی، تهران: کتاب پارسه.

دهخدا، علی اکبر (1377) لغت‌نامه، تهران: دانشگاه تهران.

زرین‌کوب، عبدالحسین (1390) تاریخ در ترازو (دربارۀ تاریخ‌نگری و تاریخ‌نگاری)، تهران: امیرکبیر.

شهبازی، علیرضا شاپور (1390) زندگی‌نامۀ تحلیلی فردوسی، ترجمۀ هایده مشایخ، تهران: هرمس.

فردوسی، ابوالقاسم (1366) شاهنامه، به تصحیح خالقی مطلق، با مقدمۀ احسان یارشاطر، دفتر1، نیویورک: انتشارات بنیاد میراث ایران.

کریستین‌سن، آرتور (1378) کاوۀ آهنگر و درفش کاویانی، ترجمۀ منیژه احدزادگان آهنی، تهران: طهوری.

مقالات

نوروز، مهدی، جلیلی، رضا. (1397). بررسی کارکرد اسطوره‌های حماسی و تاریخی در قصاید شهریار. تفسیر و تحلیل متون زبان و ادبیات فارسی (دهخدا)، 10(37)، 139-158.

ذکا، یحیی. (1343). درفش شاهان هخامنشی، انجمن فرهنگ ایران باستان، 3(3)، 8-14.

مان، اسکار. (1285). کاوه و درفش کاویانی. کاوه، 1(151)، 3-4.

موسوی، سیدکاظم، خسروی، اشرف. (1391). کاوه، آهنگری فرودست یا خدایی فرود آمده. شعر پژوهی (بوستان ادب)، 1(1)، 147-160. doi: 10.22099/jba.2012.354

منابع لاتین

MacDonalld, Wiilllliiam (1995) Zecharriiah Belliieverr’’s Biiblle Commenttarry, Thomas Nelson, Publishers Nashville, TN.

Books

Christian sen, Arthur (1999) Kaveh Ahangar and Darfesh Kaviani, translated by Manijeh Ahadzadegan Ahani, Tehran: Tahuri.

Dandamayev, Mohammad (2012) Iranians in Achaemenid Babylon, translated by Mahmoud Jafari Dehghi, Tehran: Phoenix Publishing.

Daryayi, Toraj (2012) Construction of the past in late ancient Iran; The untold stories of the Sasanian Empire, translated by Haqqani and Mahmoud Fazli Birjandi, Tehran: Kitab Parse.

Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar (1998) Dictionary, Tehran: University of Tehran.

Ferdowsi, Abulqasem (1987) Shahnameh, corrected by Khaleghi Mutlaq, with an introduction by Ehsan Yarshater, Book 1, New York: Iran Heritage Foundation Publications.

Pirnia, Hassan (2015) Tarikh Iran Bastan (Detailed History of Old Iran), Tehran: Press. Pordavoud, Ebrahim (1968) The report of yachts, Tehran: Tahori Library.

Propp, Vladimir (2007) Morphology of Fairy Tales, translated by Fereydoun Badrei, Tehran: Tos.

Shahbazi, Alireza Shapour (2010) Analytical biography of Ferdowsi, translated by Haydeh Mashaikh, Tehran: Hermes.

Zarinkoub, AbdulHossein (2010) Tarikh in Zazo (about historiography and historiography), Tehran: Amir Kabir.

Articles

Mann, O. (1906). Kaveh and Derafsh Kaviani. Kaveh, 1(151), 3-4.

Mousavi, S.K., Khosravi, A. (2012). Kaveh: Blacksmith or Divinity?. Poetry Studies (boostan Adab), 1(1), 147-160. doi: 10.22099/jba.2012.354.

Nowrooz, M., Jalili, R. (2018). Functional analysis of epic and historical Myths in Odes Shahryar. Interpretation and Analysis of Persian Language and Literature Texts (Dehkhoda), 10(37), 139-158.

Zuka, Y. (1964). Derafsh Achaemenid Kings, Ancient Iranian Culture Association, 3(3), 8-14.

Latin References

MacDonalld, Wiilllliiam (1995) Zecharriiah Belliieverr’’s Biiblle Commenttarry, Thomas Nelson, Publishers Nashville, TN.