Simulation of Leaky Wave Antenna with Cosecant Squared Pattern Using Genetic Algorithm
Subject Areas : Electronics Engineering
Farnoosh Heidari
1
,
Zahra Adelpoure
2
,
Naser Parhizgar
3
1 - MSc. Student of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of shiraz, Iran
2 - Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch, Shiraz, Iran
3 - professor.Department of Electrical Engineering, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
Keywords: cosecant _ squared, Leaky_ wave antenna, side lobe level, leakage rate, substrated integrated waveguide,
Abstract :
Realizing a cosecant-squared pattern is a challenging research area due to its widespread use in air-surveillance radar systems wherein the radiation characteristics of the tracking antenna play a significant role in accurate tracking of the targets. However, little research has been performed on realizing a cosecant-squared pattern in leaky-wave antennas (LWAs). In this paper, the authors present a synthesis procedure for realizing a cosecant-squared pattern in LWAs using optimization. To achieve the cosecant-squared pattern, the antenna is divided into sections each with an appropriate length, periodicity, and leakage rate. The length of the sections is determined such that all the sections have the same directivity. Moreover, following the appropriate layout for the beam pointing angle of the sections, the periodicity of the sections is obtained. The objective then is to determine the values of the leakage rate. This objective is achieved using optimization, which in this study is a genetic algorithm. To this end, through defining a proper cost function, the objectives are determined following the proposed optimization procedure. The procedure is described within a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) LWA. A prototype of the antenna is fabricated and measured. Apart from the good agreement between the simulation and the measurement results, the proposed synthesis procedure can provide a target pattern with low ripples in the shaped region (≤ 2 dB) and a low level of side lobes (≤ -18 dB), making the antenna suitable for air-surveillance radar systems.
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[2] H.T. Chou., Y.T. Hsaio, P.H. Pathak, P. Nepa and P. Janpugdee, "A fast DFT planar array synthesis tool for generating contourd beams", IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett., vol. 3, pp. 287–290, 2004 , doi:10.1109/LAWP.2004.837504.
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[4] M. H. Amini, I. Aryanian and S. Mirhadi, "Multi-feed Reflector Antenna Design using RADS", in International Symposium on Telecommunications (IST), 2018, pp. 686-689, doi: 10.1109/ISTEL.2018.8660803.
[5] T. Carberry, "Analysis theory for the shaped-beam doubly curved reflector antenna" IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 131-138, March 1969 , doi: 10.1109/TAP.1969.1139405.
[6] S. Junhao, "On the Improvement of Shaped-Beam Doubly Curved Reflector Antenna" in International Symposium on Antennas, Propagation & EM Theory, Guilin, 2006, pp. 1-3 , doi: 10.1109/ISAPE.2006.353478.
[7] A. Haddadi, A. Ghorbani and J. Rashed-Mohassel, "Cosecant-squared pattern synthesis using a weighted alternating reverse projection method" in IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 5, no. 15, pp. 1789-1795, 9 December 2011 ,doi:10.1049/iet-map.2011.0056.
[8] A. Dastranj, H. Abiri and A. Mallahzadeh "Design of a Broadband Cosecant Squared Pattern Reflector Antenna Using IWO Algorithm," in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 61, no. 7, pp. 3895-3900, July 2013 , doi: 10.1109/TAP.2013.2254439.
[9] A. Foudazi and A. R. Mallahzadeh, "Pattern synthesis for multi-feed reflector antennas using invasive weed optimisation" IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 6, no. 14, pp. 1583-1589, Nov. 2012, doi:10.1049/iet-map.2012.0045
[10] Z. Hao and M. He, "Developing Millimeter-Wave Planar Antenna With a Cosecant Squared Pattern" IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 65, no. 10, pp. 5565-5570, Oct. 2017 , doi: 10.1109/TAP.2017.2735460.
[11] M. Milijić, A. D. Nešić and B. Milovanović, "Design, Realization, and Measurements of a Corner Reflector Printed Antenna Array With Cosecant Squared-Shaped Beam Pattern" in IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 15, pp. 421-424, 2016 , doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2015.2449257.
[12] X. Yang, L. Chang, J. Zhang, D. Li and M. Zhang, "A Cosecant Squared Beam Antenna Array Operating at 5.85-7.6GHz" Cross Strait Quad-Regional Radio Science and Wireless Technology Conference (CSQRWC), Taiyuan, China,2019, pp. 1-3 , doi: 10.1109/CSQRWC.2019.8799290.
[13] H. Chu, P. Li and Y. Guo, "A Beam-Shaping Feeding Network in Series Configuration for Antenna Array With Cosecant-Square Pattern and Low Sidelobes" IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 742-746, Feb. 2019 , doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2019.2901948.
[14] A. Morini, D. Mencarelli, M. Farina, L. Pierantoni and V. Malaspina, "Cosec2 hybrid travelling/resonant antenna for maritime surveillance applications" IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 223-232, March 2020, doi:10.1049/iet-map.2019.0125.
[15] Y. Yu, Z. H. Jiang, H. Zhang, Z. Zhang and W. Hong, "A Low-Profile Beam forming Patch Array With a Cosecant Fourth Power Pattern for Millimeter-Wave Synthetic Aperture Radar Applications" IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 68, no. 9, pp. 6486-6496, Sept. 2020 , doi: 10.1109/TAP.2020.2999669.
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[17] F. Whetten and C. A. Balanis, “Meandering long slot leaky-wave antennas” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 1553–1559, Nov. 1991 , doi: 10.1109/8.102768.
[18] J. Joubert and J. A. G. Malherbe, “Moment method calculation of the propagation constant for leaky-wave modes in slotted rectangular waveguide” IEE Proc. Microw. Antennas Propag., vol. 146, no. 6, pp. 411–415, Dec. 1999, doi:10.1049/ip-map:19990431.
[19] R. S. Elliott, Antenna Theory and Design, revised ed. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 2003.
[20] J. L. Gómez-Tornero, A. T. Martínez, D. C. Rebenaque, M. Gugliemi, and A. Álvarez-Melcón, “Design of tapered leaky-wave antennas in hybrid waveguide-planar technology for millimeter wave band applications” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 53, no. 8, pp. 2563–2578, Aug. 2005 , doi: 10.1109/TAP.2005.850741.
[21] M. Khadom Mohsen, M.s.B. Mohamad Isa, A. Bin Awang Md Isa, M. Kaml Abdulhameed, M. Lafta Attiah and A.M. Dinar, “Design for radiation broadside direction using half-width microstrip leaky-wave antenna array” International J. of Electronincs & Communications, vol. 110, pp. 1–22, Oct. 2019, doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2019.152839
[22] J. Zehentner, J. Machac and P. Zabloudil, “Novel entire top surface planar leaky wave antenna” in Proc. 37th European Microw. Conf., Munich, Oct. 2007, pp. 372–375 , doi: 10.1109/EUMC.2007.4405204.
[23] J. L. Volakis, Antenna Engineering Handbook, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007.
[24] A. A. Oliner and D. R. Jackson, “Leaky-wave antennas”, in Antenna Engineering Handbook, J. Volakis, Ed., 4th ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 2007, ch. 10.
[25] A. Kiani, F. Geran, S.M. Hashemi and K. Forooraghi, “Mathematical Analysis of a Modified Closed-Form Formula for Design a Uniform Leaky-Wave Antenna With Ultra-Low SLL”, Sci. Rep. vol. 9, no. 9372, 2019, doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44967-w.
[26] F. Scattone, M. Ettorre, R. Sauleau, N. T. Nguyen and N. J. G. Fonseca, “Optimization procedure for planar leaky-wave antennas with flat-topped radiation patterns”, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 63, no. 12, pp. 5854–5859, Dec. 2015 , doi: 10.1109/TAP.2015.2479242.
[27] M. Rahimi kazeroni and G. Ravaei, “Synthesis of linear array of antennas by Newton binomial method to reduce the level of lateral petals of the beam” Journal of Communication Engineering, vol.6, no.24,2017(in persian).
[28] E .Azarkish and M. Esmaeilbeig, ” Using genetic optimization algorithm in coordination of capacitor banks, transformer tap changers and storage devices in the presence of solar systems” Journal of Communication Engineering, vol.6, no.24,2021)in persian).
[29] A. Foudazi and A. R. Mallahzadeh, "Pattern synthesis for multi-feed reflector antennas using invasive weed optimisation," in IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 6, no. 14, pp. 1583-1589, Nov. 2012, doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2012.0045.
_||_[1] F. Vipiana, G. Vecchi and M. Sabbadini, "A multiresolution approach to contoured-beam antennas", IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 684–697, 2007 , doi: 10.1109/TAP.2007.891567.
[2] H.T. Chou., Y.T. Hsaio, P.H. Pathak, P. Nepa and P. Janpugdee, "A fast DFT planar array synthesis tool for generating contourd beams", IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett., vol. 3, pp. 287–290, 2004 , doi:10.1109/LAWP.2004.837504.
[3] I. Aryanian and MH. Amini, "Synthesis of contoured beam multifeed reflector antenna for optimum coverage” Microw. Opt. Tech. Lett., pp. 1-7, Sep. 2020, doi:10.1002/mop.32611.
[4] M. H. Amini, I. Aryanian and S. Mirhadi, "Multi-feed Reflector Antenna Design using RADS", in International Symposium on Telecommunications (IST), 2018, pp. 686-689, doi: 10.1109/ISTEL.2018.8660803.
[5] T. Carberry, "Analysis theory for the shaped-beam doubly curved reflector antenna" IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 131-138, March 1969 , doi: 10.1109/TAP.1969.1139405.
[6] S. Junhao, "On the Improvement of Shaped-Beam Doubly Curved Reflector Antenna" in International Symposium on Antennas, Propagation & EM Theory, Guilin, 2006, pp. 1-3 , doi: 10.1109/ISAPE.2006.353478.
[7] A. Haddadi, A. Ghorbani and J. Rashed-Mohassel, "Cosecant-squared pattern synthesis using a weighted alternating reverse projection method" in IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 5, no. 15, pp. 1789-1795, 9 December 2011 ,doi:10.1049/iet-map.2011.0056.
[8] A. Dastranj, H. Abiri and A. Mallahzadeh "Design of a Broadband Cosecant Squared Pattern Reflector Antenna Using IWO Algorithm," in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 61, no. 7, pp. 3895-3900, July 2013 , doi: 10.1109/TAP.2013.2254439.
[9] A. Foudazi and A. R. Mallahzadeh, "Pattern synthesis for multi-feed reflector antennas using invasive weed optimisation" IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 6, no. 14, pp. 1583-1589, Nov. 2012, doi:10.1049/iet-map.2012.0045
[10] Z. Hao and M. He, "Developing Millimeter-Wave Planar Antenna With a Cosecant Squared Pattern" IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 65, no. 10, pp. 5565-5570, Oct. 2017 , doi: 10.1109/TAP.2017.2735460.
[11] M. Milijić, A. D. Nešić and B. Milovanović, "Design, Realization, and Measurements of a Corner Reflector Printed Antenna Array With Cosecant Squared-Shaped Beam Pattern" in IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 15, pp. 421-424, 2016 , doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2015.2449257.
[12] X. Yang, L. Chang, J. Zhang, D. Li and M. Zhang, "A Cosecant Squared Beam Antenna Array Operating at 5.85-7.6GHz" Cross Strait Quad-Regional Radio Science and Wireless Technology Conference (CSQRWC), Taiyuan, China,2019, pp. 1-3 , doi: 10.1109/CSQRWC.2019.8799290.
[13] H. Chu, P. Li and Y. Guo, "A Beam-Shaping Feeding Network in Series Configuration for Antenna Array With Cosecant-Square Pattern and Low Sidelobes" IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 742-746, Feb. 2019 , doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2019.2901948.
[14] A. Morini, D. Mencarelli, M. Farina, L. Pierantoni and V. Malaspina, "Cosec2 hybrid travelling/resonant antenna for maritime surveillance applications" IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 223-232, March 2020, doi:10.1049/iet-map.2019.0125.
[15] Y. Yu, Z. H. Jiang, H. Zhang, Z. Zhang and W. Hong, "A Low-Profile Beam forming Patch Array With a Cosecant Fourth Power Pattern for Millimeter-Wave Synthetic Aperture Radar Applications" IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 68, no. 9, pp. 6486-6496, Sept. 2020 , doi: 10.1109/TAP.2020.2999669.
[16] L. O. Goldstone and A. A. Oliner, “Leaky Wave Antennas I: Rectangular Waveguides”, IRE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 307-319, Oct. 1959 , doi: 10.1109/TAP.1959.1144702.
[17] F. Whetten and C. A. Balanis, “Meandering long slot leaky-wave antennas” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 1553–1559, Nov. 1991 , doi: 10.1109/8.102768.
[18] J. Joubert and J. A. G. Malherbe, “Moment method calculation of the propagation constant for leaky-wave modes in slotted rectangular waveguide” IEE Proc. Microw. Antennas Propag., vol. 146, no. 6, pp. 411–415, Dec. 1999, doi:10.1049/ip-map:19990431.
[19] R. S. Elliott, Antenna Theory and Design, revised ed. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 2003.
[20] J. L. Gómez-Tornero, A. T. Martínez, D. C. Rebenaque, M. Gugliemi, and A. Álvarez-Melcón, “Design of tapered leaky-wave antennas in hybrid waveguide-planar technology for millimeter wave band applications” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 53, no. 8, pp. 2563–2578, Aug. 2005 , doi: 10.1109/TAP.2005.850741.
[21] M. Khadom Mohsen, M.s.B. Mohamad Isa, A. Bin Awang Md Isa, M. Kaml Abdulhameed, M. Lafta Attiah and A.M. Dinar, “Design for radiation broadside direction using half-width microstrip leaky-wave antenna array” International J. of Electronincs & Communications, vol. 110, pp. 1–22, Oct. 2019, doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2019.152839
[22] J. Zehentner, J. Machac and P. Zabloudil, “Novel entire top surface planar leaky wave antenna” in Proc. 37th European Microw. Conf., Munich, Oct. 2007, pp. 372–375 , doi: 10.1109/EUMC.2007.4405204.
[23] J. L. Volakis, Antenna Engineering Handbook, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007.
[24] A. A. Oliner and D. R. Jackson, “Leaky-wave antennas”, in Antenna Engineering Handbook, J. Volakis, Ed., 4th ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 2007, ch. 10.
[25] A. Kiani, F. Geran, S.M. Hashemi and K. Forooraghi, “Mathematical Analysis of a Modified Closed-Form Formula for Design a Uniform Leaky-Wave Antenna With Ultra-Low SLL”, Sci. Rep. vol. 9, no. 9372, 2019, doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44967-w.
[26] F. Scattone, M. Ettorre, R. Sauleau, N. T. Nguyen and N. J. G. Fonseca, “Optimization procedure for planar leaky-wave antennas with flat-topped radiation patterns”, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 63, no. 12, pp. 5854–5859, Dec. 2015 , doi: 10.1109/TAP.2015.2479242.
[27] M. Rahimi kazeroni and G. Ravaei, “Synthesis of linear array of antennas by Newton binomial method to reduce the level of lateral petals of the beam” Journal of Communication Engineering, vol.6, no.24,2017(in persian).
[28] E .Azarkish and M. Esmaeilbeig, ” Using genetic optimization algorithm in coordination of capacitor banks, transformer tap changers and storage devices in the presence of solar systems” Journal of Communication Engineering, vol.6, no.24,2021)in persian).
[29] A. Foudazi and A. R. Mallahzadeh, "Pattern synthesis for multi-feed reflector antennas using invasive weed optimisation," in IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 6, no. 14, pp. 1583-1589, Nov. 2012, doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2012.0045.
