Relationships between reduction of income, health and job satisfaction before retirement with psychological well-being after that it according to moderating role of job planning, bridge job and retirement earlier and later than expected
Subject Areas : Educationalmohammadreza mosahebi 1 , hamidreza oreyzi 2 , fariba yazdekhasti 3 , hamid bidram 4
1 - Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
2 - Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
3 - Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
4 - Assistant Professor, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
Keywords: job satisfaction before retirement, psychological well-being, health before retirement, reduction of income,
Abstract :
The purpose of this study is to examine the moderating role of retirement plan, retiring stage and retirement time in the relationship between reduction of income, health and job satisfaction before retirement AND psychological well-being after retirement. Research method is descriptive-correlative, performed on the employees close to retirement in an industrial complex in Esfahan. To test the hypotheses, a sample of 893 people was gathered through Convenience method. Data gathering took place with measures including CES-D scale (Raulf, 1977), questions measuring reduction of income, health and job satisfaction before retirement extracted from health and retirement survey (HRS, 1992), and questions measuring retirement plan and retirement expectation extracted from Wolfgang(2014). For data analysis correlation coefficient and subgroups analysis (for moderating analysis) was used. Results indicated that there is a positive relationship between job satisfation and well-being before retirement AND psychological well-being after retirement, on the other hand, there is a negative relationship between expected time of retirement, self-reported reduction of health, expert-reported reduction of health AND psychological well-being (p<0.01). Also, in the relationship between reduction of income, health and job satisfaction before retirement AND psychological well-being after retirement, there is a moderating effect by retirement plan, bridge job and expected time(earlier or later than expected) of retirement (p<0.01).
احدی، ح. و جمهری، ف. (1385). روانشناسی رشد (2): نوجوانی، جوانی، میانسالی، پیری، تهران: پردیس.
امیری، م؛ محمدی، ا. و فرقانی، آ. (1387). اعتباریابی مقیاس مرکز مطالعات همهگیرشناسی افسردگی بهمنظور غربالگری افسردگی در دانشجویان. مجموعه مقالات چهارمین سمینار سراسری بهداشت روانی دانشجویان، 43-45.
براتی، ه. و عریضی، ح ر. (1388). رابطة تعهد و مرکزیت کار با توجه به متغیرهای تعدیلکننده سلامت روانشناختی و سازگاری با بازنشستگی و تأثیر آمادهسازی کارکنان برای بازنشستگی در بهبود تعهد و سلامت روانشناختی آنان، سلامت کار ایران، 4(6)، 35-43.
بزازیان، س. و رجایی، ی. (1386). رابطه بین موقعیت اقتصادی- اجتماعی با سلامت روانی و جسمانی. روانشناسی تحولی (روانشناسان ایرانی)،3 (11)، 237 - 248.
بزرگمهری، خ.، گلپرور، م و نوری، ا. (1389). ساخت و اعتباریابی مقیاس نشانگان بازنشستگی در افراد بازنشسته شهر اصفهان، یافتههای نو در روانشناسی، 5(17)، 52-35.
تقوایینیا، ع. و دلاوریزاده، س. (1395). اثربخشی معنادرمانی به شیوة گروهی بر افزایش بهزیستی روانشناختی زنان بازنشسته سالمند. فصلنامة روانشناسی پیری، 2(2)، 20-11.
حسینی نیا، ن. و حاتمی، ح ر. (۱۳۹۴). پیشبینی تابآوری بر مبنای بهزیستی روانشناختی در بازنشستگان مشترک صندوق بازنشستگی کشوری، دومین کنفرانس بینالمللی روانشناسی، علوم تربیتی و سبک زندگی، مشهد، دانشگاه تربتحیدریه
رحیمیان بوگر، ا.، و بشارت، م. (۱۳۹۱). نقش فرسودگی شغلی، عوامل اجتماعی- اقتصادی و شرایط محیط کار در بهزیستی روانشناختی پرستاران. مراقبتهای نوین (فصلنامة علمی-پژوهشی دانشکده پرستاری -مامایی بیرجند)، ۹ (۳): ۲۴۵-۲۵۶.
شمسائی، ف.، چراغی، ف.، اسمعیلی، ر.، و محسنیفرد، ج. (۱۳۹۳). تبیین احساس تنهایی در سالمندان و تحلیل آن بر اساس تئوری رشد روانی-اجتماعی: یک مطالعة کیفی. مجلة آموزش و سلامت جامعه، ۱ (۲): ۳۰-۳۸.
عریضی، ح. و براتی، ه. (1394). رابطة سازههای تعهد مربوط به کار با بازنشستگی داوطلبانه و تمایل به ترک شغل در مدیران شرکت فولادمبارکه اصفهان، مشاوره شغلی- سازمانی، 7(24)، 111-129.
عریضی، ح. و براتی، ه. (1396). ویژگیهای روانسنجی و روانشناختی پاسخ افراد مسن به سؤال در مورد سلامت آنها، پژوهشهای روانشناختی، زیر چاپ.
عریضی، ح. امیری، م، مولوی، ح و نوری، ا. (1393). رابطه سلامت، تنش و نگرش شغل و وضعیت مالی افراد در پذیرش مشاغل میانی در میان افراد بازنشسته با توجه به متغیرهای سن و تحصیلات، مطالعات روانشناختی،10، 137-160.
کیانی، ص. (1391). بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر بازنشستگی پیش از موعد کارکنان تأمین اجتماعی. پایاننامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشکده امور اقتصادی.
کیان پورقهفرخی، ف. و حقیقی، ج. (1386). رابطة مراحل رشد روانی - اجتماعی اریکسون با سلامت روانی در سالمندان استان خوزستان. مجلة علمی پزشکی جندیشاپور، 6 (4 (مسلسل 55))، 446 - 453.
کیان پورقهفرخی، ف. هومن، ف، ایزدی فریدی، سو احمدی، و. (1390). رابطة بین ویژگیهای جمعیتشناختی و رضایت از بازنشستگی در سالمندان بازنشسته، سالمند، 6(21)، 40-48.
گلپرور، م.، بزرگمهری، خ. و کاظمی، م. (1391). رابطة ترکیبی مؤلفههای نشانگان بازنشستگی با نشانههای سلامت عمومی در سالمندان بازنشسته. سالمند، 6(20)، 15-25.
Bowling, N. A., Eschleman, K. J., & Wang, Q. (2010). A meta‐analytic examination of the relationship between job satisfaction and subjective well‐being. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(4), 915-934.
Calvo, E., Sarkisian, N., & Tamborini, C. R. (2013). Causal effects of retirement timing on subjective physical and emotional health. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 68(1), 73-84.
Cahill, K. E., Giandrea, M. D., & Quinn, J. F. (2013). Retirement patterns and the macroeconomy, 1992–2010: The prevalence and determinants of bridge jobs, phased retirement, and reentry among three recent cohorts of older Americans. The Gerontologist, 55(3), 384-403.
Cahill, Kevin E. and Giandrea, Michael D. and Quinn, Joseph F. (2014).The Impact of Hours Flexibility on Career Employment, Bridge Jobs, and the Timing of Retirement (February 12, 2014). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2645851 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2645851
Chen, Y., & Feeley, T. H. (2014). Social support, social strain, loneliness, and well-being among older adults and analysis of the Health and Retirement Study. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31(2), 141-161.
Damman, M., Henkens, K., & Kalmijn, M. (2015). Missing work after retirement: The role of life histories in the retirement adjustment process. The Gerontologist, 55(5), 802-813.
Dingemans, E., & Henkens, K. (2014). Involuntary retirement, bridge employment, and satisfaction with life: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(4), 575-591.
Dingemans, E., & Henkens, K. (2015). How do retirement dynamics influence mental well-being in later life? A 10-year panel study. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health, 41(1), 16-23.
Dulebohn J. H., Molloy J. C., Pichler S. M. & Murray B. (2009). Employee benefits: Literature review and emerging issues. Human Resource Management Review, 19(2):86-103.
Dwyer, D. S., & Mitchell, O. S. (1999). Health problems as determinants of retirement: Are self-rated measures endogenous? Journal of health economics, 18(2), 173-193.
Hanna, S. D., Kim, K. T., & Chen, S. C. C. (2016). Retirement savings. In Handbook of consumer finance research (pp. 33-43). Springer International Publishing.
Heaven, B., O’Brien, N., Evans, E. H., White, M., Meyer, T. D., Mathers, J. C., & Moffatt, S. (2015). Mobilizing resources for well-being: implications for developing interventions in the retirement transition. The Gerontologist, gnu159.
Horner, E. M. (2014). Subjective well-being and retirement: analysis and policy recommendations. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(1), 125-144.
Jiang, S., & Li, P. (2016). Current Development in Elderly Comprehensive Assessment and Research Methods. BioMed Research International, 3528248. http://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3528248.
Kolodziej, I. W., & García-Gómez, P. (2017). The causal effects of retirement on mental health: Looking beyond the mean effects (No. 668). Ruhr Economic Papers.
Kubicek, B., Korunka, C., Raymo, J. M., & Hoonakker, P. (2011). Psychological well-being in retirement: the effects of personal and gendered contextual resources. Journal of occupational health psychology, 16(2), 230.
Lalive, R., & Staubli, S. (2015). How Does Raising Women’s Full Retirement Age Affect Labor Supply, Income, and Mortality? (No. orrc14-09). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Leinonen R, Heikkinen, E., & Jylha, M. (2002).changes in health, functional performance and activity predict changes in self – rated health: a 10 year follow-up study in older people, Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 35,79-92.
Lyyra T. M., Leskinen E., Jylhä M., Heikkinen E. (2009). Self-rated health and mortality in older men and women: A time-dependent covariate analysis. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 48, 14–18.
Matz-Costa, C., Besen, E., James, J. B., & Pitt-Catsouphes, M. (2014). Differential impact of multiple levels of productive activity engagement on psychological well-being in middle and later life. The Gerontologist, 54(2), 277-289.
McGarry, K. (2004). Health and retirement do changes in health affect retirement expectations? Journal of Human Resources, 39(3), 624-648.
Morgan, L. A., & Lothian, S. A. (2017). Designing successful post-retirement solutions by blending growth, income and protection. British Actuarial Journal, 22(01), 177-206.
Necku, C. S. (2015). The Relationship between Military-Civilian Transition, Psychological Well-Being and Social Adjustment among Retired Military Personnel in Ghana, Doctoral dissertation, University of Ghana.
Nimrod, G. (2008). In support of innovation theory: Innovation in activity patterns and life satisfaction among recently retired individuals. Ageing and Society, 28(06), 831-846.
Noone, J. H., Stephens, C., & Alpass, F. M. (2009). Preretirement planning and well-being in later life: A prospective study. Research on Aging, 31(3), 295-317.
Pinquart, M., & Schindler, I. (2007). Changes of life satisfaction in the transition to retirement: a latent-class approach. Psychology and aging, 22(3), 442.
Potočnik, K., Tordera, N., & Peiró, J. M. (2010). The influence of the early retirement process on satisfaction with early retirement and psychological well-being. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 70(3), 251-273.
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.
Read, S., Grundy, E., & Foverskov, E. (2016). Socio-economic position and subjective health and well-being among older people in Europe: a systematic narrative review. Aging & mental health, 20(5), 529-542.
Sabrina. W. P., Rupendra, Sh., Deborah. S., and Megan, P. (2010). Health problems and retirement due to ill-health among Australian retirees aged 45–64 years. Health Policy, 94(2),175–181.
Sharma, N., & Rishi, P. (2015). The effect of Retirement on Lifestyle, Well-being and ability to cope in Indian army. Journal of Organization and Human Behavior, 4(1).
Varies, M. K. (2003). The retirement syndrome: The psychology of letting go. European Management Journal, 21(6):707-716.
Vogelsang, E. M. (2014). Self-Rated Health Changes and Oldest-Old Mortality. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 69(4), 612–621.
Westerlund, H., Vahtera, J., Ferrie, J.E., Singh-Manoux, A., Pentti, J., Melchior, M., Leineweber, C., Jokela, M., Siegrist, J., Goldberg, M., Zins, M., Kivimäki, M. (2010). Effect of retirement on major chronic conditions and fatigue: French GAZEL occupational cohort study. BMJ. 2010 Nov 23;341:c6149. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c6149.
Wong, J. Y., and Earl, J. K. (2009).Towards an integrated model of individual, psychosocial, and organizational predictors of retirement adjustment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75(1):1-13.
Zimmerman E. (2009). How to Make the Best Of a Delayed Retirement; [Interview].New York Times. (Late Edition (East Coast)). New York, N.Y.: pg. BU.8.
_||_