The effect of death anxiety pattern based on emotional empathy mediated by spirituality in middle-aged people

Subject Areas : Educational

Fariba Badia Nia ¹ (Public Psychology, School of Psychology and Social Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Roodhen,, Roodhen. Iran)
Simin Bashardoust ² (Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Social Sciences, Department of Roodhen, Islamic Azad University, Roodhen. Iran)

Received: 2019-08-31 Accepted : 2019-12-02 Published : 2022-02-20

Keywords: "emotional empathy", Key words: "Death anxiety", "middle aged', "spirituality",

Abstract :

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the pattern of death anxiety based on emotional empathy mediated by spirituality in middle-aged individuals. Statistical population was all male and female referring to health home in the age range of 45-65 years. The sample size was Klein method and 464 individuals were selected by multistage random sampling. And completed the Templar Death Anxiety Questionnaire (1970), Batson's Emotional Empathy Questionnaire (1983), and Spirituality (2009). Direct and indirect effects of variables were obtained by using path analysis using AMOS program. There was also a negative correlation between spirituality and death anxiety, at the 0.01 level (β = -0.482, p <0.01). The indirect path coefficient was also significant between emotional empathy and negative death anxiety at the level of 0.01 (β = -0.263, p <0.01). And 29% of the variance of death anxiety was explained by the variables in the model and it was concluded that spirituality affects emotional empathy and death anxiety and mediates negatively and significantly. Therefore, the anxiety of death must be viewed as an interactive and all-encompassing consideration.

References:

Asadi M, Sohrabi F, Borjali A. (2016). the effect of forgiveness therapy on aggression and empathy of delinquent youth boys. Rooyesh, 5 (2) :187-208. [Persian]

Azaiza, F., Ron, P., Shoham, M., Gigini, I. (2010). Death and dying anxiety among elderly Arab Muslims in Israel. Death Study; 34(4):351-64.

bakhtiari, H. (2008). The effect of spirituality on empowerment of middle commanders and managers. Police Management Studies Quarterly, 3(2), 156-167. [Persian]

Brenes GA.(2007). Anxiety, depression, and quality of life in primary care patients. Prim Care

C Heyes.(2018).Empathy is not in our genes, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Volume 95, 499-507

Chen, D., Lew, R., Hershman, W., Orlander, J. (2007). A cross-sectional measurement of medical student empathy. Journal of General Internal Medicine; 22(10): 1434-8.

Companion J Clin Psychiatry; 9(6): 437-43.

Cooke, Kl. (2006). Models of Forgiveness and Adult Romantic Attachment in Ended Relationships: Forgiveness over Time, A thesis submitted in

 

partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University.

Dadar, E. (2018).Comparison of death anxiety, life satisfaction and basic psychological needs in female patients with Breast Cancer and coronary heart disease. (Unpublished master's thesis). Urmia Azad University, MA. [Persian]

Dadfar, M., and Lester, D. (2017). Religiously, Spirituality and Death Anxiety. Austin Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. 4, 1, 1-5.

ES Blanke, M Riediger - Progress in brain research.(2019). Reading thoughts and feelings in other people: Empathic accuracy across . Progress in Brain Research. 247, 2019, Pages 305-327

Garbay, M., Gay, MC., Claxton-Oldfield, S. (2015). Motivations, Death Anxiety, and Empathy in Hospice Volunteers in France. The American journal of hospice & palliative care. 32(5):521-7

Gh. Motamedi.(1974). Man and death: an introduction to thaenatology.Tehran: Nashre Markaz

Greeson, JM., Webber, DM., Smoski, MJ., Brantley, JG., Ekblad, AG., Suarez, EC., Wolever, RQ. (2011). Changes in spirituality partly explain health-related quality of life outcomes after Mindfulness- Based Stress Reduction. Journal Behavior Medical; 34(6):508–18

Hosseini Almadani, A., Karimi, Y., Bahrami, H. (2017). Predicting the Membership of Adolescents & Adults in Addict & Non-addict Groups According to Perceived Social Support, Attachment Styles, Identity Styles & Personality Traits. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology, 13(49), 33-45. [Persian]

Hourani, L.L., Williams, J., Forman-Hoffman, V., Lane, M.E., Weimer, B. & Bray, R.M. (2012). Influence of spirituality on depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and suicidality in active duty military personnel. Depression Research and Treatment. 42, 54-63.

Jamshid Zehi Shahbakhsh, A. R. (2013). A comparative study of death anxiety and extreme fatigue in patients with mitral valve prolapse and healthy individuals. The first scientific conference on educational sciences and psychology of social injuries.Iran:Tehran. [Persian]

Kakabaraei, K., Moazinejad, M. (2016). The Relationship Between Finding Meaning in Life and Demographic Characteristics with Death Anxiety in the Elderly. Aging Psychology, 2(1), 47-37. [Persian]

Kaklauskaitė,  Z., Vonžodienė, J . (2015). Relationship between Death Anxiety an Empathy amonf medical students(pilot stydy). International Journal of Psychology: 17, 117-137.

Khojasteh-Mehr, R., Koraei, A., Rajabi, G. (2010). A study of a proposed model for some precedents and outcomes of forgiveness in marriage. Journal of Psychological Studies, 6(1), 135-162. [Persian]

L Van Boven, G Loewenstein, D Dunning.(2013). Chapter Three - Changing Places: A Dual Judgment Model of Empathy Gaps in Emotional Perspective. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Volume 48. 117-124

Levesque, C., Lafontaine, M-F., Caron, A., Flesch, J. L., & Bjornson, S. (2014). Dyadic empathy, dyadic coping and relationship satisfaction: A dyadic model. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 10(1), 118-134

Löckenhoff, CE., Ironson, GH., Cleirigh, CO., Costa, PT. (2009). Five-Factor Model Personality Traits, Spirituality/Religiousness, and Mental Health among People Living With HIV. Journal Pers. 77(5):1411–36.

Mabe PA,Josephson AM.(2004).  Child and adolescent psychopathology:Spiritual and religious perspectives. Child and,Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America; 13(1):111–25.

Majidi A, Moradi O. 2018 Effect of Teaching the Components of Spiritual Intelligence on Death Anxiety in the Elderly. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing.; 13 (1) :110-123. [Persian]

Mohammadzadeh Z, Talebi M. A. (2016). Comparison of emotional empathy and social support of single and married female students Master's Degree Azad University Tehran Science and Research.Branch, 2nd International Conference on Management and Humanities, Istanbul, Turkey, Vira Capital Institute of Managers. [Persian]

Rajabi G, Bahrani, M. (2002). Factor analysis of death anxiety scale questions. Journal of Psychology. 5(4): 344-331. [Persian]

Š Vévodová, J Vévoda, M Vetešníková, H Kisvetrová… - Kontakt(2016).The relationship between burnout syndrome and empathy among nurses in emergency medical services، journal homepage: 51(4),1 7 – 2 2

Shafaii M, Payami M, Amini K, Pahlevan S. (2017). The relationship between death anxiety and quality of life in hemodialysis patients. Journal of Hayat. 2017; 22 (4) :325-338. [Persian]

Sharif Nia H, Soleimani M A, Ebadi A, Taghipour B, Zera’tgar L, Shahidifar S. (2017). The Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence, Spiritual Well-Being and Death Anxiety among Iranian’s Veterans. J Mil Med. 19 (4) :336-343. [Persian]

Sherman, DW., Norman R, McSherry CB.(2010). A comparison of death anxiety and quality of life of patients with advanced cancer or AIDS and their family caregivers. Journal Assoc Nurses AIDS Care; 21(2): 99-112.

Swathi GS.)2014). Death anxiety, death depression, geriatric depression and suicidal ideation amongin stitutionalized and non-institutionalized elders. International Journal of Scientific and Research,Publications. 4(10): 356-64.

Szaflarski, M., Kudel, I., Cotton, S., Leonard, AC., Tsevat, JP., Ritchey, N. (2012). Multidimensional Assessment of Spirituality/Religion in Patients with HIV: Conceptual Framework and Empirical Refinement. Journal Relig Health. 51(4):1239-60

Thabet, AM., and Abdalla, T. (2018). Death Anxiety and Obsessional Death among University Palestinian Students. Clinical and Experimental Psychology. 4, 1, 1-5.