Comparison of the effectiveness of schema mode therapy and impulse control training on self-control and behavioral-emotional self-efficacy in boys with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Subject Areas : Clinical

nela pashangian ¹ (Department of General Psychology, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran.)
molod keykhosrovani ² (Assistant Professor, Department of General Psychology, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran.)
naser amini ³ (Assistant Professor, Department of General Psychology, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran.)
moslem abbasi ⁴ (Assistant Professor, Department of General Psychology, Salman Farsi University, Kazerun, Iran)

Received: 2021-09-16 Accepted : 2022-04-04 Published : 2023-08-23

Keywords: Self-efficacy, Self-Control, Schema mode therapy, impulse control training, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder,

Abstract :

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of schema mode therapy and impulse control training on self-control and behavioral-emotional self-efficacy in children with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. The research method was quasi-experimental: pretest-posttest and follow-up (2 months) with the control group. The statistical population of this study was all male students aged 10 to 17 years in Shiraz in the academic year 2019-2020. The research sample was 60 male students with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder who were selected from male students who had a high score in Laporte et al.'s (2019) screening questionnaire by multi-stage cluster random sampling method and in two experimental groups and control group (20 people in each group) were assigned. The research instruments were structured clinical interview, adolescent emotional self-efficacy questionnaire (Dacre Pool & Qualter, 2012), behavioral self-efficacy (Choi, Fuqua, & Griffin, 2001) and self-control scale (Tangney, Baumeister & Boone, 2004). The collected data were statistically analyzed using repeated measures covariance analysis. The results showed that both subjective schema therapy and impulse control training had a significant effect on increasing self-control and behavioral-emotional self-efficacy in children with disruptive mood disorders (P≤0.001). The results of Bonferroni post hoc tests showed that there is a significant difference between impulse control training and schema mode therapy in emotional self-efficacy scores (P≤0.001). However, there was no difference in behavioral self-efficacy and self-control between the experimental groups in the post-test and follow-up stages.

References:

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub.

Armum, P., & Chellappan, K. (2016). Social and emotional self-efficacy of adolescents: Measured and analysed interdependencies within and across academic achievement level. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 21(3), 279–288.

Bach, B., Farrell, J. M. (2018). Schemas and modes in borderline personality disorder: The mistrustful, shameful, angry, impulsive, and unhappy child. Psychiatry Research, 259, 323-329.

Bandura, A., Pastorelli, C., Barbaranelli, C., & Caprara, G. V. (1999). Self-efficacy pathways to childhood depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(2), 258–269.

Basili, E., Gomez Plata, M., Paba Barbosa, C., Gerbino, M., Thartori, E., Lunetti, C., Uribe Tirado, L. M., Ruiz García, M., Luengo Kanacri, B. P., Tamayo Giraldo, G., Narvaez Marin, M., Laghi, F., & Pastorelli, C. (2020). Multidimensional Scales of Perceived Self-Efficacy (MSPSE): Measurement invariance across Italian and Colombian adolescents. PloS one, 15(1), e0227756.

Behary, W. T., & Dieckmann, E. (2011). Schema therapy for narcissism: The art of empathic confrontation, limit-setting, and leverage. The Handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments, PP: 445-456.

Bilgin, M. (2011). Relations among proposed predictors and outcomes of social self-efficacy in Turkish late adolescents. Cukurova University Faculty of Education Journal, 40, 1-18.

Bowlin, S. L., Baer, R. A. (2012). Relationship between mindfulness, self-control, and psychological functioning. Personality and Individual Differences, 52 (3), 411-415.

Choi, N., Fuqua, D. R., Griffin, B. W. (2001). Exploratory Analysis of the Structure of Scores from the Multidimensional Scales of Perceived Self-Efficacy. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61(3), 475-489.

Clarkson, J. J., Hirt, E. R., Jia, L., & Alexander, M. B. (2010). When perception is more than reality: The effects of perceived versus actual resource depletion on self-regulatory behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(1), 29–46.

Collishaw, S., Hammerton, G., Mahedy, L., Sellers, R., Owen, M. J., Craddock, N., Thapar, A., Harold, G., Rice, F., & Thapar, A. (2016). Mental health resilience in the adolescent offspring of parents with depression: a prospective longitudinal study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(1), 49-57.

Dacre Pool, L., & Qualter, P. (2012a). The dimensional structure of the Emotional SelfEfficacy Scale (ESES). Australian Journal of Psychology, 64, 147–154.

Daly, M., Baumeister, R.F., Delaney, L MacLachlan, M. (2014). Self-control and its relation to emotions and psychobiology: evidence from a Day Reconstruction Method study. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 37 (1), 81-93

Di Giunta, L., Eisenberg, N., Kupfer, A., Steca, P., Tramontano, C., & Caprara, G. V. (2010). Assessing perceived empathic and social self-efficacy across countries. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26(2), 77-86.

Dougherty, L. R., Smith, V. C., Bufferd, S. J., Carlson, G. A., Stringaris, A., Leibenluft, E., & Klein, D. N. (2014). DSM-5 disruptive mood dysregulation disorder: correlates and predictors in young children. Psychological medicine, 44(11), 2339–2350.

Estévez, A., Ozerinjauregi, N., Herrero-Fernández, D., & Jauregui, P. (2019). The mediator role of early maladaptive schemas between childhood sexual abuse and impulsive symptoms in female survivors of CSA. Journal of interpersonal violence, 34 (4), 763-784.

Grieve, R, Witteveen, K, Tolan, G. A, Jacobson, B. (2014). Development and Validation of Measure of Cognitive and Behavioral Social Selfefficacy. Personality and Individual Differences, 59 (1), 71-76.

Hilden, H. M., Rosenström, T., Karila, I., Elokorpi, A., Torpo, M., Arajärvi, R., Isometsä, E. (2021). Effectiveness of brief schema group therapy for borderline personality disorder symptoms: a randomized pilot study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 75(3), 176-185.

Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Axelson, D. A., Perepletchikova, F., Brent, D., Ryan, N. (2016). K-SADS-PL DSM 5. Child and Adolescent Research and Education, Program Yale University.

Khodabandelow, S., Najafi, M., Rahimian –Boogar, I. (2017). The Effectiveness of Schema Mode Therapy on Reducing the Narcissism's Symptoms in Narcissistic Personality Disorder: A Single -Subject Research. Journal of Research in Behavioral Sciences, 15 (3), 321 -30.

Kirk, B.A., Schutte, N.S., & Hine, D.W. (2008). Development and preliminary validation
of an emotional self-efficacy scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 432-436.

Knackfuss, A., Leibenluft, E., Brotman, M. A., de Moura Silveira Júnior, É., Simioni, A., Teixeira, L. S., Gerchmann, L., Fijtman, A., Trasel, A. R., Sperotto, D., Manfro, A. G., Kapczinski, F., Sant'Anna, M. K., & Salum, G. A. (2020). Differentiating irritable mood and disruptive behavior in adults. Trends in psychiatry and psychotherapy, 42(4), 375–386.

Kopf-Beck, J., Zimmermann, P., Egli, S., Rein, M., Kappelmann, N., Fietz, J., Tamm, J., Rek, K., Lucae, S., Brem, A. K., Sämann, P., Schilbach, L., & Keck, M. E. (2020). Schema therapy versus cognitive behavioral therapy versus individual supportive therapy for depression in an inpatient and day clinic setting: study protocol of the OPTIMA-RCT. BMC psychiatry, 20(1), 506.

Laporte, P. P., Matijasevich, A., Munhoz, T. N., Santos, I. S., Barros, A. J. D., Pine, D. S., Rohde, L. A., Leibenluft, E., Salum, G. A. (2021).  Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder: Symptomatic and Syndromic Thresholds and Diagnostic Operationalization. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60(2), 286-295.

Laporte, P.P., Matijasevich, A., Munhoz, T.N., Santos, I.S., Barros, A.J., Pine, D.S., Rohde, L.A., Leibenluft, E., & Abrahão Salum, G. (2019). Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder: symptomatic and syndromic thresholds and diagnostic operationalization. medRxiv, 19002436.

Matsushima, R., & Shiomi, K. (2013). Social self-efficacy and interpersonal stress in adolescence. Social Behavior and Personality, 31(4), 323-332.

Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., Caruso, D. R., Sitarenios, G. (2003).  Measuring emotional intelligence with the MSCEIT V.2.0. Emotion. 3 (1), 97-105.

Moffitt, T.E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Poulton, R., Roberts, B. W., Ross, S., Sears, M. R., Thomson, W. M., Caspi, A. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108 (7) 2693-2698.

Mousavimoghadam, S. R., Houri, S., Omidi, A., Zahirikhah, N. (2015). Evaluation of relationship between intellectual intelligence and self-control, and defense mechanisms in the third year of secondary school girls. Medical Sciences, 25 (1), 59-64.

Mulraney, M., Silk, T. J., Gulenc, A., Efron, D., Hazell, P., Sciberras, E. (2021). Persistence of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal Affect Disorder, 278, 502-505. 

Nilsen, F. A., Bang, H., Boe, O., Martinsen, Ø. L., Lang-Ree, O. C., Røysamb, E. (2021). The Multidimensional Self-Control Scale (MSCS): Development and validation. Psychological Assessment, 32(11), 1057-1074.

Peeters, N., Stappenbelt, S., Burk, W. J., van Passel, B., & Krans, J. (2021). Schema therapy with exposure and response prevention for the treatment of chronic anxiety with comorbid personality disorder. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60(1), 68–76.

Piquero, A. R., Jennings, W. G., Farrington, D. P., Diamond, B., Gonzalez, J. M. R. A. (2016). A meta-analysis update on the effectiveness of early self-control improvement programs to improve self-control and reduce delinquency. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 12(2), 229-248.

Poushaneha, K., Ghobari Bonab, B., & Hasanzadeh Namin, F. (2010). Effect of training impulse control on increase attention of children with attention–deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 983–987.

Qualter, P., Pool, L. D., Gardner, K. J., Ashley-Kot, S., Wise, A., & Wols, A. (2015). The Emotional Self-Efficacy Scale: Adaptation and validation for young adolescents. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 33(1), 33–45.

Robinson, M. D., Klein, R. J. (2021). The momentary and the macro in action control: A motor control analysis of impulse control difficulties. Emotion (Washington, D.C.). 2021 Jun. DOI: 10.1037/emo0000976. PMID: 34138585.

Sharifi-Daramady, P., Bagean-Kulemarez, M. J., Padervand, H., Gravand, F. (2014). The Effect of Impulse Control Training on Impulsiveness and Reduce the Symptoms of Students with Oppositional Deficit Disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 5 (4), 29-41.

Shin, H., Shin, J., Liu, P. Y., Dutton, G. R., Abood, D. A., Ilich, J. Z.(2011).  Self-efficacy improves weight loss in overweight/obese postmenopausal women during a 6-month weight loss intervention. Nutrition Research, 31(11), 822-8.

Soleimani, E., Hassani, M., & Talebi, M. (2018). The effectiveness of impulsive control training on quality of life in bully students. International Journal of Psychology, 12 (2), 24-45.

Sperry, L. (1999). Cognitive behavior therapy of DSM-IV disorder. USA: unner/ Mazel.

Stoddard, J., Wiggins, J. L., Wakschlag, L. S. (2021). Editorial: Defining the Clinical Boundary of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder Symptoms in Youth. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 60(2), 216-218. 

Tangney, J., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72, 271–324.

Van Dijk, M., Veenstra, M. S., Bouman, R., Peekel, J., Veenstra, H., Van Dalen, J., & Voshaar, O. (2019). Group schema-focused therapy enriched with psychomotor therapy versus treatment as usual for older adults with cluster B and/or C personality disorders: a randomized trial. BMC psychiatry, 19 (1), 26.

Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. Guilford Press.

Young, J. E., & Klosko, J. S. (1993). Reinventing your life: The breakthrough program to end negative behavior and feel great again. New York: Dutton.