The Comparative study of Three Current Views on Critical Thinking and their educational implication: based on the Richard Paul, Robert Ennis and Bertrand Russell’ s point of view

Subject Areas : Research in Curriculum Planning

fatemeh vojdani ¹ (1دانشجوی دکتری علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران)
mahdi sajadi ² (2دانشیار گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران)

Received: 2017-10-17 Accepted : 2017-10-17 Published : 2014-09-23

Keywords: Richard Paul, Bertrand Russell, : Critical Thinking, Robert Ennis,

Abstract :

Critical thinking is an important part of education and should be considered in all parts of curriculum in all levels. The essence and the nature of critical thinking, its chief principals and its reinforcing plans are what going to be studied in this essay, using a descriptive-analytical and comparative method.The results show that these three approaches toward critical thinking are not in the same way, especially Russell’s viewpoint which is more different. Specifically, critical thinking has been discussed by Paul and Ennis, and both have purposed exact plans for its practicality and integrating it to the educational curriculum. Their approach, also, have a lot in common with psychological approach, too. But Russell’s viewpoint is of theoretical and philosophical one. He explained and justified critical thinking from a humanistic viewpoint. Regardless of these differences, applying critical thinking both in believes and actions of the teachers is the vary point with which they are, all, agreed. They believe that these points not only should be thought but also should be put into practice.

References:

Alipoor, V., Seifnaraghi, M., Naderi, E., Shariatmadari, N.(2013). Reflection on the Barriers to Critical Thinking in the Curriculum of Secondary Education. Research in Curriculum Planning. Vol 10, No 9( Continus 36(, Spring 2013, pp 1-15[Persian]. Angeli, Charola.M. (1997). Examinating the effects of context –free and context - situated instructional strategies on learners critical thinking. Indian University. Egner, R. E.(1971). Bertrand Russell's best: silhouettes in satir ( A. Govahi, Trans. ). Tehran: Publishing Company[Persian]. Eisner, E. W. (1983 ): The Kind of Schools We Need, Educational Leadership, Oct. 1983, P 48-55 Elder, L. & Paul, R. (2008 ): Critical Thinking in a World of Accelerating Change and Complexity, Social Education, V 72, Iss. 7 P388-345 Elder, L. & Paul, R.(2001): Critical Thinking to Some Purpose, Journal of Developmental Education, vol 25- D 10 Elder, L & Paul, R. (1994), Critical Thinking: Why We Must Transform our Thinking? Journal of Developmental Education, 18, 34-35 Enniss, R. H. ( 2008 ): An Outline of Goals for a Critical Thinking Curriculum and its Assessment ( http://www. CriticalThinking.net). Ennis, R. h. (2002) An outline of goals for a critical thinking curriculum and its assessment, available at:http://faculty. ed. Uiuc.edu/rhennis Ennis,R.(1996).Critical Thinking.(Upper Saddle River, NJ :Prentice Hall). Enniss, R. H. (1993): Critical Thinking Assessment, Theory into Practice, 32 (3), 179-186 Ennis, R(1987a)."A Taxonomy of Critical Thinking Dispositions and Abilities."(New York:W .H. Freeman). Ennis, R(1987 b): Integrating Critical Thinking Skill into the Classroom, College Student Journal, Vol 41, 326-353 Enniss, R. H. ( 1985 a ): A Logical Basis for Measuring Critical Thinking Skills, Educational Leadership, 43, 2, 44-49 Ennis,R. H.(1985 b): Goal for a Critical Thinking Curriculum, Alexandera, VA, Association For Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1985, pp. 46-54 Faramarz Gharamaleki, A.(2006). Methodology of Religious Studies. Mashhad: Razavi University of Islamic Sciences[Persian]. Halpern, D. F. (1993). Assessing the effectiveness of critical thinking instruction. The Journal of General Education, 42 (4), 238- 254. Hare, W.(2006). Bertrand Russell on Critical Thinking, Availible at: http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Educ/EducHare.ht Hatcher, D. L. (2006 ): Stand- Alone Versus Integrated Critical Thinking, Journal of General Education, V 55, N 3-4, P 247-272 Jafari, M. T.(1985). Review and Critique of Russell's Thoughts ( M. T. Jafari, Trans. ). Tehran: Amir Kabir Publication. [Persian]. Javadi Amuli, A.(2008). The Role of Intellect in the Geometry of Religious Knowledge . Qom: Esra Publication. [Persian]. Lynda, M. ; Stacy, D. T. & Lynne, R. (2008 ): Online Scenarios in FCS College Courses: Enhancing Critical Thinking Skills, Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences, V 100,n 2, P 25 – 30 Paul, R (2005) The State of Critical Thinking Today, New Directions for Community Colleges, 130, 27-40 Paul, R. and Elder, L.(2000) Critical Thinking: the path to responsible citizenship, High school Magazine, 7 no810015ap2000. Poul, R. (1993 a) what every person need to survive in a rapidly changing world, publisher: foundation for critical thinking code: 101 B. Paul,R.(1993b).Critical Thinking.JaneWillsen&A.J.A.Binker ,eds. Santa Rose Paul,R.(1990).Critical Thinking : What Every Person Needs to Survey in a Rapidly Changing World (Rohnert Park, CA: Center for Critical Thinking and Moral Critiqe). Russell, B. (1982 a). In Praise of Idleness ( E. Yonesi, Trans.). Tehran: Razi Publication. [Persian]. Russell, B. ( 1982 b). Power ( N. Daryabandari, Trans.). Tehran: kharazmi Publication. [Persian]. Russell, B. (1981). The Future of Man ( M. Meshkin, Trans.). Tehran: Morvarid Publication. [Persian]. Russel, B.(1968). Unpopular Essays, London, unwinbooks. Sarmad, Z., Bazargan, A., Hejazi, E. ( 1997). Research Methods in the Behavioral Sciences. Tehran: Agah Publication. [Persian]. Scriven, M. & Paul, R. (2007 ): Defining Critical Thinking. The Critical Thinking Community: Foundation for Critical Thinking ( http://www. CriticalThinking .org ) Siegel, H. (1988). Educating reason: Rationality, critical thinking, and education. New York: Routledge. Seigel, H. (1980): Critical Thinking as an Educational Ideal, Educational Forum,45,1,P 7 – 23 Snyder, L. G. & Snyder, M. (2008 ): Teaching critical thinking and Problem Solving Skills, Data Pi Epsilon Journal, little Rock: V 50, Iss. 2, P 90-100. Talebzadeh Nobarian, M., Mirloo, M. M., Mosavi, S. H.(2011). Reflecting the Russell’s educational thoughts. Journal of Foundations of Education, Vol 1, No 2, pp 59-82 [Persian].

_||_