Investigation Various Types of Frequency Support Methods and Inertial Control Techniques in Power Systems Based on Variable Speed Wind Turbines
Subject Areas : Power Engineering
Seyed Abdul Rahman Ahmadnejad
1
,
Ramtin Sadeghi
2
,
Bahador Fani
3
1 - Department of Electrical Engineering, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan, Isfahan, Iran
2 - Department of Electrical Engineering, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan, Isfahan, Iran
3 - Department of Electrical Engineering, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan, Isfahan, Iran
Keywords: Temporary frequency support, Wind turbine, Rotor speed recovery, Second frequency drop, Double-fed induction generator,
Abstract :
The motivation to reduce environmental pollution has caused the rapid growth of renewable energy sources (RES) in power systems. However, several technical challenges are common in the high penetration of RES and wind farms (WF). The most important challenge is to achieve frequency stability in new systems. Because WF provide less storage, power compared to synchronous generators. In addition, due to the connection of wind farms to the AC grid through electronic power converters, new power systems have little inertia and WF cannot participate in frequency regulation with other conventional production sources in normal operation. Recently, with the increasing expansion of wind farms in power systems, their participation in supporting and stabilizing the frequency in the event of disturbances in the production or consumption of power systems has been highly considered. Therefore, in this research, firstly, it investigates the way of simulating the inertia of synchronous generators in wind turbines in order to increase the inertia of power and frequency control systems. Then, a review of various strategies and the latest developments in the field of solving the challenges of the presence of wind farms in the direction of temporary frequency support in power systems has been done. Finally, the studies conducted in inertial control techniques and system frequency for variable speed wind turbines have been investigated, categorized and compared.
References:
[1] S. W. Ali, M. Sadiq, Y. Terriche, S. A. R. Naqvi, L. Q. N. Hoang, M. U. Mutarraf, M. A. Hassan, G. Yang, C. -L. Su, J. M. Guerrero, ”Offshore Wind Farm-Grid Integration: A Review on Infrastructure, Challenges, and Grid Solutions” in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 102811-102827, July 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3098705.
[2] M. Tavoosi, E. Heydaryan-Froshani, M. H. Amirioun, M. Parsa Moghadam,”A Review on the Technical Challenges of Connecting Wind Energy Conversion Systems to the Grid” Technovations in Electrical Engineering and Green Energy System, pp. 40-74, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.30486/teeges.2022.1965932.1031.
[3] M. Dreidy, H. Mokhlis, S. Mekhilef, “Inertia response and frequency control techniques for renewable energy sources: A review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 69, pp. 144-155, March 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.170.
[4] European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy, Energy – Roadmap 2050, Publications Office, 2012, doi: 10.2833/10759.
[5] M. H. Albadi, E. F. El-Saadany, “Overview of wind power intermittency impacts on power systems,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 80, no. 6, pp. 627–632, Jun. 2010, doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2009.10.035.
[6] P. S. Georgilakis, “Technical challenges associated with the integration of wind power into power systems,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 852–863, Apr. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2006.10.007.
[7] H. Garcia-Pereira, M. Blanco, G. Martinez-Lucas, J. I. Perez-Diaz, J.-I. Sarasua, “Comparison and Influence of Flywheels Energy Storage System Control Schemes in the Frequency Regulation of Isolated Power Systems,” in IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 37892-37911, 2022, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3163708.
[8] S. Sharma, S. -H. Huang, and N. D. R. Sarma, “System Inertial Frequency Response estimation and impact of renewable resources in ERCOT interconnection,” in 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2011, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/PES.2011.6038993.
[9] Y. Wang, V. Silva, M. Lopez-Botet-Zulueta, “Impact of high penetration of variable renewable generation on frequency dynamics in the continental Europe nterconnected system,” IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 10–16, Jan. 2016, doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2015.0141.
[10] H. Iswadi, R. J. Best and D. J. Morrow, “Irish power system primary frequency response metrics during different system non synchronous penetration,” in 2015 IEEE Eindhoven PowerTech, 2015, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/PTC.2015.7232425.
[11] N. Troy, E. Denny, M. O'Malley, “Base-Load Cycling on a System With Significant Wind Penetration,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 1088–1097, May 2010, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2037326.
[12] A. Ulbig, T. S. Borsche, A. Goran. “Impact of Low Rotational Inertia on Power System Stability and Operation,” IFAC Proceeding Volumes, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 7290-7297, 2014, doi: 10.3182/20140824-6-ZA-1003.02615.
[13] J. Van de Vyver, J. D. M. De Kooning, B. Meersman, L. Vandevelde and T. L. Vandoorn, “Droop Control as an Alternative Inertial Response Strategy for the Synthetic Inertia on Wind Turbines,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 1129-1138, March 2016, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2015.2417758.
[14] M. M. Kabsha and Z. H. Rather, “A New Control Scheme for Fast Frequency Support From HVDC Connected Offshore Wind Farm in Low-Inertia System,” in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 1829-1837, July 2020, doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2019.2942541.
[15] H. R. Chamorro, F. R. S. Sevilla, F. G-Longatt, K. Rouzbehi, H. Chavez, V. K. Sood, “Innovative primary frequency control in low inertia power systems based on wide-area RoCoF sharing”IET Energy System Integration, Vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 151-160, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1049/iet-esi.2020.0001.
[16] N. Al-Masood, M. N. H. Shazon, S. R. Deeba, and S. R. Modak, “A Frequency and Voltage Stability-Based Load Shedding Technique for Low Inertia Power Systems,” in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 78947-78961, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3084457.
[17] A. Ashouri-Zadeh, M. Toulabi, S. Bahrami, and A. M. Ranjbar, “Modification of DFIG's Active Power Control Loop for Speed Control Enhancement and Inertial Frequency Response,” in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1772-1782, Oct. 2017, doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2017.2710624.
[18] V. Gholamrezaie, M. G. Dozein, H. Monsef, and B. Wu, “An Optimal Frequency Control Method Through a Dynamic Load Frequency Control (LFC) Model Incorporating Wind Farm,” in IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 392-401, March 2018, doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2016.2563979.
[19] M. Tsili, S. Papathanassiou, “A review of grid code technical requirements for wind farms,” IET Renewable Power Generation. vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 308–332, Sep. 2009, doi:10.1049/iet-rpg.2008.0070.
[20] D.-G. Francisco, H. Melanie, S. Andreas, G.-B. Oriol, “Participation of wind power plants in system frequency control: Review of grid code requirements and control methods” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 34, pp. 551-564, Jun. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.03.040.
[21] M. Debouza, and A. Al-Durra, “Grid Ancillary Services From Doubly Fed Induction Generator-Based Wind Energy Conversion System: A Review,” in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 7067-7081, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2890168.
[22] M. Mehrabankhomartash, M. Saeedifard, and A. Yazdani, “Adjustable Wind Farm Frequency Support Through Multi-Terminal HVDC Grids,” in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 1461-1472, April 2021, doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2021.3049762.
[23] M. M. D. Amadou, H. Mehrjerdi, S. Maarouf, A. Dalal, “Improving participation of doubly fed induction generator in frequency regulation in an isolated power system,” International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 100, pp. 550-558, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.03.011.
[24] A. Sajadi, J. A. Ranola, R. W. Kenyon, B. -M. Hodge and B. Mather, “Dynamics and Stability of Power Systems With High Shares of Grid-Following Inverter-Based Resources: A Tutorial,” in IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 29591-29613, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3260778.
[25] C. Concordia, L. H. Fink, and G. Poullikkas, “Load shedding on an isolated system,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1467-1472, Aug. 1995, doi: 10.1109/59.466502.
[26] M. C. Boskovic, T. B. Sekara, M.R. Rapaic, “Novel tuning rules for PIDC and PID load frequency controllers considering robustness and sensitivity to measurement noise” International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 114, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2019.105416.
[27] T. Ujjwol, S. Dipesh, M. Manisha, P. B. Bishnu, M. H. Timothy, T. Reinaldo, “Virtual Inertia: Current Trends and Future Directions” Applied Sciences, vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 1-30, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.3390/app7070654.
[28] X. Zhao, H. Wei, J. Qi, P. Li and X. Bai, "Frequency Stability Constrained Optimal Power Flow Incorporating Differential Algebraic Equations of Governor Dynamics," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 1666-1676, May 2021, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2020.3025335.
[29] M. Yu, A. Dysko, C. D. Booth, A. J. Roscoe, and J. Zhu, “A review of control methods for providing frequency response in VSC-HVDC transmission systems,” in 2014 49th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), 2014, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934693.
[30] Y. G. Rebours, D. S. Kirschen, M. Trotignon, and S. Rossignol, “A Survey of Frequency and Voltage Control Ancillary Services—Part I: Technical Features,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 350-357, Feb. 2007, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2006.888963.
[31] L. Meng, J. Zafar, S. K. Khadem, A. Collinson, K. C. Murchie, F. Coffele, G. M. Burt, “Fast Frequency Response From Energy Storage Systems-A Review of Grid Standards, Projects and Technical Issues,” in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 1566-1581, March 2020, doi: 10.1109/TSG.2019.2940173.
[32] A. Ellis, Y. Kazachkov, J. Sanchez-Gasca, P. Pourbeik, E. Muljadi, M. Behnke, J. Fortmann, S. Seman, “A Generic Wind Power Plant Model,” in Wind Power in Power Systems, Wiley, 2012, pp. 799-820, doi: 10.1002/9781119941842.ch35.
[33] Y. -z. Sun, Z. -s. Zhang, G. -j. Li, and J. Lin, “Review on frequency control of power systems with wind power penetration,” in 2010 International Conference on Power System Technology, 2010, pp. 1-8, doi: 10.1109/POWERCON.2010.5666151.
[34] J. Ekanayake, and N. Jenkins, “Comparison of the response of doubly fed and fixed-speed induction generator wind turbines to changes in network frequency,” in IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 800-802, Dec. 2004, doi: 10.1109/TEC.2004.827712.
[35] F. Gonzalez-Longatt, E. Chikuni, W. Stemmet, and K. Folly, “Effects of the synthetic inertia from wind power on the total system inertia after a frequency disturbance,” in IEEE Power and Energy Society Conference and Exposition in Africa: Intelligent Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Resources (PowerAfrica), 2012, pp. 1-7, doi: 10.1109/PowerAfrica.2012.6498636.
[36] F. M. Gonzalez-Longatt, “Effects of the synthetic inertia from wind power on the total system inertia: simulation study,” in 2012 2nd International Symposium On Environment Friendly Energies And Applications, 2012, pp. 389-395, doi: 10.1109/EFEA.2012.6294049.
[37] J. Lee, G. Jang, E. Muljadi, F. Blaabjerg, Z. Chen and Y. Cheol Kang, “Stable Short-Term Frequency Support Using Adaptive Gains for a DFIG-Based Wind Power Plant,” in IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 1068-1079, Sept. 2016, doi: 10.1109/TEC.2016.2532366.
[38] J. Morren, J. Pierik, S. W. De Haan, “Inertial response of variable speed wind turbines” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 76, no. 11, pp. 980–987, Jul. 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2005.12.002.
[39] L. Wu, D. G. Infield, “Towards an assessment of power system frequency support from wind plant _modeling aggregate inertial response,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 2283–2291, Aug. 2013, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2236365.
[40] F. Diaz-Gonzalez, M. Hau, A. Sumper, O. Gomis-Bellmunt, “Participation of wind power plants in system frequency control: review of grid code requirements and control methods,” in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 34, pp. 551-564, Jun. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.03.040.
[41] J. Morren, S.W.H. de Haan, W.L. Kling, J.A. Ferreira, “Wind turbines emulating inertia and supporting primary frequency control” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 433-434, Feb. 2006, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2005.861956.
[42] Z. Zhang, Y. Wang, H. Li, and X. Su, “Comparison of inertia control methods for DFIG-based wind turbines,” in 2013 IEEE ECCE Asia Downunder, 2013, pp. 960-964, doi: 10.1109/ECCE-Asia.2013.6579222.
[43] W. Binbing, X. Abuduwayiti, C. Yuxi, and T. Yizhi, “RoCoF Droop Control of PMSG-Based Wind Turbines for System Inertia Response Rapidly,” in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 181154-181162, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3027740.
[44] J. F. Conroy, R.Watson, “Frequency Response Capacity of Full Converter Wind Turbine Generators in comparison to Conventional Generation,” in IEEE Transactions on power systems, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 649-656. May 2008, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2008.920197.
[45] M. Kang, J. Lee, Y. Cheol Kang, “Modified Stepwise Inertial Control Using the Mechanical Input and Electrical Output Curves of a Doubly Fed Induction Generator,” International Conference on Power Electronics-ECCE Asia, pp. 1-5, Jun. 2015, doi: 10.1109/ICPE.2015.7167810.
[46] A. De Paola, D. Angeli, G. Strbac, “Scheduling of Wind Farms for Optimal Frequency Response and Energy Recovery,” in IEEE Transactions on control systems technology, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 1764-1778, Sept. 2016, doi: 10.1109/TCST.2016.2514839.
[47] S. El Itani, U. D. Annakkage, and G. Joos, “Short-term frequency support utilizing inertial response of DFIG wind turbines” in 2011 IEEE power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2011, pp. 1–8, doi: 10.1109/PES.2011.6038914.
[48] P. -K. Keung, P. Li, H. Banakar, and B. T. Ooi, “Kinetic Energy of Wind-Turbine Generators for System Frequency Support,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 279-287, Feb. 2009, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2008.2004827.
[49] M. Kang, K. Kim, E. Muljadi, J.-W. Park, and Y. C. Kang, “Frequency Control Support of a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Based on the Torque Limit,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 4575−4583, Nov. 2016, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2015.2514240.
[50] D. Yang, J. Kim, Y. C. Kang, E. Muljadi, N. Zhang, J. Hong, S.-H. Song, T. Zheng, “Temporary Frequency Support of a DFIG for High Wind Power Penetration,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 3428–3437, May 2018, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2810841.
[51] X. Zhao, Y. Xue, and X. -P. Zhang, “Fast Frequency Support From Wind Turbine Systems by Arresting Frequency Nadir Close to Settling Frequency,” in IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy, vol. 7, pp. 191-202, 2020, doi: 10.1109/OAJPE.2020.2996949.
[52] W. Yao, and K. Y. Lee, “A control configuration of wind farm for load-following and frequency support by considering the inertia issue,” in 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2011, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/PES.2011.6039511.
[53] B. M. Eid, N. A. Rahim, J. Selvaraj, and A. Elkhateb, “Control Methods and Objectives for Electronically Coupled Distributed Energy Resources in Microgrids: A Review,” in IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 446-458, June 2016, doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2013.2296075.
[54] Y. -K. Wu, W. -H. Yang, Y. -L. Hu, and D. P. Quoc, “Frequency regulation at a wind farm using time-varying inertia and droop controls,” in 2018 IEEE/IAS 54th Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference (I&CPS), 2018, pp. 1-9, doi: 10.1109/ICPS.2018.8369978.
[55] M. Hwang, E. Muljadi, G. Jang, and Y. C. Kang, “Disturbance-Adaptive Short-Term Frequency Support of a DFIG Associated With the Variable Gain Based on the ROCOF and Rotor Speed,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 1873-1881, May 2017, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2016.2592535.
[56] X. Zhao, Y. Xue, and X. -P. Zhang, “Fast Frequency Support From Wind Turbine Systems by Arresting Frequency Nadir Close to Settling Frequency,” in IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy, vol. 7, pp. 191-202, 2020, doi: 10.1109/OAJPE.2020.2996949.
[57] M. Garmroodi, G. Verbic, and D. J. Hill, “Frequency Support From Wind Turbine Generators With a Time-Variable Droop Characteristic,” in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 676-684, Apr. 2018, doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2017.2754522.
[58] K. Liu, Y. Qu, H. -M. Kim, and H. Song, “Avoiding Frequency Second Dip in Power Unreserved Control During Wind Power Rotational Speed Recovery,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 3097-3106, May 2018, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2761897.
[59] D. Xu, F. Blaabjerg, W. Chen, N. Zhu, “Basics of Wind Power Generation System,” in Advanced Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator for Wind Power Systems , IEEE, 2018, pp. 21-42, doi: 10.1002/9781119172093.ch2.
[60] A. C. Kheirabadi, R. Nagamune. “A quantitative review of wind farm control with the objective of wind farm power maximization,” Journal of Wind Engineering & Industrial Aerodynamics. vol. 192, pp. 45-73, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jweia.2019.06.015.
[61] L. M. Castro, C. R. Fuerte-Esquivel, and J. H. Tovar-Hernandez, “Solution of Power Flow With Automatic Load-Frequency Control Devices Including Wind Farms,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 2186-2195, Nov. 2012, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2195231.
[62] K. V. Vidyanandan, and N. Senroy, “Primary frequency regulation by deloaded wind turbines using variable droop,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 837-846, May 2013, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2208233.
[63] Z.-S. Zhang, Y.-Z, Sun, J. Lin, G.-L. Li, “Coordinated frequency regulation by doubly fed induction generator-based wind power plants,” IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 38-47, Jun. 2012, doi:10.1049/iet-rpg.2010.0208.
[64] G. Ramtharan, N. Jenkins, J. B. Ekanayake, “Frequency support from doubly fed induction generator wind turbines,” IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 3-9, Mar. 2007, doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg:20060019.
[65] R. G. de Almeida, J. A. Pecas Lopes, “Participation of Doubly Fed Induction Wind Generators in System Frequency Regulation” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 944-950, 2007, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2007.901096.
[66] Z. Wu, W. Gao, J. Wang, and S. Gu, “A coordinated primary frequency regulation from Permanent Magnet Synchronous Wind Turbine Generation,” 2012 IEEE Power Electronics and Machines in Wind Applications, 2012, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/PEMWA.2012.6316405.
[67] C. Zhangjie, W. Xiaoru, T. Jin, “Control strategy of large-scale DFIG based wind farm for power grid frequency regulation,” Proceedings of the 31st Chinese Control Conference, Hefei, China, Dec. 2012, pp. 6835-6840.
[68] P. Tielens, S. De Rijcke, K. Srivastava, M. Reza, A. Marinopoulos, and J. Driesen, “Frequency support by wind power plants in isolated grids with varying generation mix,” in 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2012, pp. 1-8, doi: 10.1109/PESGM.2012.6344690.
[69] R. Prasad, and N. P. Padhy, “Synergistic Frequency Regulation Control Mechanism for DFIG Wind Turbines With Optimal Pitch Dynamics,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 3181-3191, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2020.2967468.
[70] D. W. Gao, Z. Wu, W. Yan, H. Zhang, S. Yan, X. Wang. “Comprehensive frequency regulation scheme for permanent magnet synchronous generator-based wind turbine generation system,” IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 234–244, Nov. 2019, doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.5247.
[71] N. Sa-ngawong, and I. Ngamroo, “Optimal fuzzy logic-based adaptive controller equipped with DFIG wind turbine for frequency control in stand alone power system,” in 2013 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies-Asia (ISGT Asia), 2013, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/ISGT-Asia.2013.6698773.
[72] H. Bevrani, F. Habibi, P. Babahajyani, M. Watanabe and Y. Mitani, “Intelligent Frequency Control in an AC Microgrid: Online PSO-Based Fuzzy Tuning Approach,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1935-1944, Dec. 2012, doi: 10.1109/TSG.2012.2196806.
[73] S. Q. Ali, H. M. Hasanien, “Frequency Control of Isolated Network with Wind and Diesel Generators by Using Adaptive Artificial Neural Network Controller” International Review of Automatic Control, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 179-186, Mar. 2012.
[74] C. Pradhan, C. N. Bhende, “Adaptive deloading of stand-alone wind farm for primary frequency control,” Energy Syst, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 109-127, Mar. 2015, doi: 10.1007/s12667-014-0131-7.
[75] S. Soued, M. A. Ebrahim, H. S. Ramadan, M. Becherif. “Optimal blade pitch control for enhancing the dynamic performance of wind power plants via metaheuristic optimisers,” IET Electric Power Applications, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 1432–1440, Jul. 2017, doi: 10.1049/iet-epa.2017.0214.
[76] M. A. Ebrahim, K. A. El-Metwall, F. M. Bendary, W. M. Mansour. “Optimization of Proportional-Integral-Differential controller for wind power plant using particle swarm optimization technique,” International Journal of Electric and Power Engineering, Medwell journals, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 32–37, Jan. 2012.
[77] B. Beltran, T. Ahmed-Ali, and M. E. H. Benbouzid, “Sliding Mode Power Control of Variable-Speed Wind Energy Conversion Systems,” in IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 551-558, June 2008, doi: 10.1109/TEC.2007.914163.
[78] M. A. S. Ali, K. K. Mehmood, S. Baloch, and C. -H. Kim, “Wind-Speed Estimation and Sensorless Control for SPMSG-Based WECS Using LMI-Based SMC,” in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 26524-26535, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2971721.
[79] M. A. Ebrahim, K. A. El-Metwally, F. M. Bendary, and W. M. Mansour. “Transient stability enhancement of a wind energy distributed generation system by using fuzzy logic stabilizers,” Wind Engineering., vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 687–700, Dec. 2012, doi: 10.1260/0309-524X.36.6.687.
[80] M. Elsisi, M. -Q. Tran, K. Mahmoud, M. Lehtonen, and M. M. F. Darwish, “Robust Design of ANFIS-Based Blade Pitch Controller for Wind Energy Conversion Systems Against Wind Speed Fluctuations,” in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 37894-37904, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3063053.
[1] S. W. Ali, M. Sadiq, Y. Terriche, S. A. R. Naqvi, L. Q. N. Hoang, M. U. Mutarraf, M. A. Hassan, G. Yang, C. -L. Su, J. M. Guerrero, ”Offshore Wind Farm-Grid Integration: A Review on Infrastructure, Challenges, and Grid Solutions” in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 102811-102827, July 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3098705.
[2] M. Tavoosi, E. Heydaryan-Froshani, M. H. Amirioun, M. Parsa Moghadam,”A Review on the Technical Challenges of Connecting Wind Energy Conversion Systems to the Grid” Technovations in Electrical Engineering and Green Energy System, pp. 40-74, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.30486/teeges.2022.1965932.1031.
[3] M. Dreidy, H. Mokhlis, S. Mekhilef, “Inertia response and frequency control techniques for renewable energy sources: A review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 69, pp. 144-155, March 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.170.
[4] European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy, Energy – Roadmap 2050, Publications Office, 2012, doi: 10.2833/10759.
[5] M. H. Albadi, E. F. El-Saadany, “Overview of wind power intermittency impacts on power systems,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 80, no. 6, pp. 627–632, Jun. 2010, doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2009.10.035.
[6] P. S. Georgilakis, “Technical challenges associated with the integration of wind power into power systems,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 852–863, Apr. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2006.10.007.
[7] H. Garcia-Pereira, M. Blanco, G. Martinez-Lucas, J. I. Perez-Diaz, J.-I. Sarasua, “Comparison and Influence of Flywheels Energy Storage System Control Schemes in the Frequency Regulation of Isolated Power Systems,” in IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 37892-37911, 2022, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3163708.
[8] S. Sharma, S. -H. Huang, and N. D. R. Sarma, “System Inertial Frequency Response estimation and impact of renewable resources in ERCOT interconnection,” in 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2011, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/PES.2011.6038993.
[9] Y. Wang, V. Silva, M. Lopez-Botet-Zulueta, “Impact of high penetration of variable renewable generation on frequency dynamics in the continental Europe nterconnected system,” IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 10–16, Jan. 2016, doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2015.0141.
[10] H. Iswadi, R. J. Best and D. J. Morrow, “Irish power system primary frequency response metrics during different system non synchronous penetration,” in 2015 IEEE Eindhoven PowerTech, 2015, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/PTC.2015.7232425.
[11] N. Troy, E. Denny, M. O'Malley, “Base-Load Cycling on a System With Significant Wind Penetration,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 1088–1097, May 2010, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2037326.
[12] A. Ulbig, T. S. Borsche, A. Goran. “Impact of Low Rotational Inertia on Power System Stability and Operation,” IFAC Proceeding Volumes, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 7290-7297, 2014, doi: 10.3182/20140824-6-ZA-1003.02615.
[13] J. Van de Vyver, J. D. M. De Kooning, B. Meersman, L. Vandevelde and T. L. Vandoorn, “Droop Control as an Alternative Inertial Response Strategy for the Synthetic Inertia on Wind Turbines,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 1129-1138, March 2016, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2015.2417758.
[14] M. M. Kabsha and Z. H. Rather, “A New Control Scheme for Fast Frequency Support From HVDC Connected Offshore Wind Farm in Low-Inertia System,” in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 1829-1837, July 2020, doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2019.2942541.
[15] H. R. Chamorro, F. R. S. Sevilla, F. G-Longatt, K. Rouzbehi, H. Chavez, V. K. Sood, “Innovative primary frequency control in low inertia power systems based on wide-area RoCoF sharing”IET Energy System Integration, Vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 151-160, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1049/iet-esi.2020.0001.
[16] N. Al-Masood, M. N. H. Shazon, S. R. Deeba, and S. R. Modak, “A Frequency and Voltage Stability-Based Load Shedding Technique for Low Inertia Power Systems,” in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 78947-78961, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3084457.
[17] A. Ashouri-Zadeh, M. Toulabi, S. Bahrami, and A. M. Ranjbar, “Modification of DFIG's Active Power Control Loop for Speed Control Enhancement and Inertial Frequency Response,” in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1772-1782, Oct. 2017, doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2017.2710624.
[18] V. Gholamrezaie, M. G. Dozein, H. Monsef, and B. Wu, “An Optimal Frequency Control Method Through a Dynamic Load Frequency Control (LFC) Model Incorporating Wind Farm,” in IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 392-401, March 2018, doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2016.2563979.
[19] M. Tsili, S. Papathanassiou, “A review of grid code technical requirements for wind farms,” IET Renewable Power Generation. vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 308–332, Sep. 2009, doi:10.1049/iet-rpg.2008.0070.
[20] D.-G. Francisco, H. Melanie, S. Andreas, G.-B. Oriol, “Participation of wind power plants in system frequency control: Review of grid code requirements and control methods” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 34, pp. 551-564, Jun. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.03.040.
[21] M. Debouza, and A. Al-Durra, “Grid Ancillary Services From Doubly Fed Induction Generator-Based Wind Energy Conversion System: A Review,” in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 7067-7081, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2890168.
[22] M. Mehrabankhomartash, M. Saeedifard, and A. Yazdani, “Adjustable Wind Farm Frequency Support Through Multi-Terminal HVDC Grids,” in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 1461-1472, April 2021, doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2021.3049762.
[23] M. M. D. Amadou, H. Mehrjerdi, S. Maarouf, A. Dalal, “Improving participation of doubly fed induction generator in frequency regulation in an isolated power system,” International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 100, pp. 550-558, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2018.03.011.
[24] A. Sajadi, J. A. Ranola, R. W. Kenyon, B. -M. Hodge and B. Mather, “Dynamics and Stability of Power Systems With High Shares of Grid-Following Inverter-Based Resources: A Tutorial,” in IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 29591-29613, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3260778.
[25] C. Concordia, L. H. Fink, and G. Poullikkas, “Load shedding on an isolated system,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1467-1472, Aug. 1995, doi: 10.1109/59.466502.
[26] M. C. Boskovic, T. B. Sekara, M.R. Rapaic, “Novel tuning rules for PIDC and PID load frequency controllers considering robustness and sensitivity to measurement noise” International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 114, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2019.105416.
[27] T. Ujjwol, S. Dipesh, M. Manisha, P. B. Bishnu, M. H. Timothy, T. Reinaldo, “Virtual Inertia: Current Trends and Future Directions” Applied Sciences, vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 1-30, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.3390/app7070654.
[28] X. Zhao, H. Wei, J. Qi, P. Li and X. Bai, "Frequency Stability Constrained Optimal Power Flow Incorporating Differential Algebraic Equations of Governor Dynamics," in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 1666-1676, May 2021, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2020.3025335.
[29] M. Yu, A. Dysko, C. D. Booth, A. J. Roscoe, and J. Zhu, “A review of control methods for providing frequency response in VSC-HVDC transmission systems,” in 2014 49th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), 2014, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/UPEC.2014.6934693.
[30] Y. G. Rebours, D. S. Kirschen, M. Trotignon, and S. Rossignol, “A Survey of Frequency and Voltage Control Ancillary Services—Part I: Technical Features,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 350-357, Feb. 2007, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2006.888963.
[31] L. Meng, J. Zafar, S. K. Khadem, A. Collinson, K. C. Murchie, F. Coffele, G. M. Burt, “Fast Frequency Response From Energy Storage Systems-A Review of Grid Standards, Projects and Technical Issues,” in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 1566-1581, March 2020, doi: 10.1109/TSG.2019.2940173.
[32] A. Ellis, Y. Kazachkov, J. Sanchez-Gasca, P. Pourbeik, E. Muljadi, M. Behnke, J. Fortmann, S. Seman, “A Generic Wind Power Plant Model,” in Wind Power in Power Systems, Wiley, 2012, pp. 799-820, doi: 10.1002/9781119941842.ch35.
[33] Y. -z. Sun, Z. -s. Zhang, G. -j. Li, and J. Lin, “Review on frequency control of power systems with wind power penetration,” in 2010 International Conference on Power System Technology, 2010, pp. 1-8, doi: 10.1109/POWERCON.2010.5666151.
[34] J. Ekanayake, and N. Jenkins, “Comparison of the response of doubly fed and fixed-speed induction generator wind turbines to changes in network frequency,” in IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 800-802, Dec. 2004, doi: 10.1109/TEC.2004.827712.
[35] F. Gonzalez-Longatt, E. Chikuni, W. Stemmet, and K. Folly, “Effects of the synthetic inertia from wind power on the total system inertia after a frequency disturbance,” in IEEE Power and Energy Society Conference and Exposition in Africa: Intelligent Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Resources (PowerAfrica), 2012, pp. 1-7, doi: 10.1109/PowerAfrica.2012.6498636.
[36] F. M. Gonzalez-Longatt, “Effects of the synthetic inertia from wind power on the total system inertia: simulation study,” in 2012 2nd International Symposium On Environment Friendly Energies And Applications, 2012, pp. 389-395, doi: 10.1109/EFEA.2012.6294049.
[37] J. Lee, G. Jang, E. Muljadi, F. Blaabjerg, Z. Chen and Y. Cheol Kang, “Stable Short-Term Frequency Support Using Adaptive Gains for a DFIG-Based Wind Power Plant,” in IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 1068-1079, Sept. 2016, doi: 10.1109/TEC.2016.2532366.
[38] J. Morren, J. Pierik, S. W. De Haan, “Inertial response of variable speed wind turbines” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 76, no. 11, pp. 980–987, Jul. 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2005.12.002.
[39] L. Wu, D. G. Infield, “Towards an assessment of power system frequency support from wind plant _modeling aggregate inertial response,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 2283–2291, Aug. 2013, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2236365.
[40] F. Diaz-Gonzalez, M. Hau, A. Sumper, O. Gomis-Bellmunt, “Participation of wind power plants in system frequency control: review of grid code requirements and control methods,” in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 34, pp. 551-564, Jun. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.03.040.
[41] J. Morren, S.W.H. de Haan, W.L. Kling, J.A. Ferreira, “Wind turbines emulating inertia and supporting primary frequency control” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 433-434, Feb. 2006, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2005.861956.
[42] Z. Zhang, Y. Wang, H. Li, and X. Su, “Comparison of inertia control methods for DFIG-based wind turbines,” in 2013 IEEE ECCE Asia Downunder, 2013, pp. 960-964, doi: 10.1109/ECCE-Asia.2013.6579222.
[43] W. Binbing, X. Abuduwayiti, C. Yuxi, and T. Yizhi, “RoCoF Droop Control of PMSG-Based Wind Turbines for System Inertia Response Rapidly,” in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 181154-181162, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3027740.
[44] J. F. Conroy, R.Watson, “Frequency Response Capacity of Full Converter Wind Turbine Generators in comparison to Conventional Generation,” in IEEE Transactions on power systems, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 649-656. May 2008, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2008.920197.
[45] M. Kang, J. Lee, Y. Cheol Kang, “Modified Stepwise Inertial Control Using the Mechanical Input and Electrical Output Curves of a Doubly Fed Induction Generator,” International Conference on Power Electronics-ECCE Asia, pp. 1-5, Jun. 2015, doi: 10.1109/ICPE.2015.7167810.
[46] A. De Paola, D. Angeli, G. Strbac, “Scheduling of Wind Farms for Optimal Frequency Response and Energy Recovery,” in IEEE Transactions on control systems technology, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 1764-1778, Sept. 2016, doi: 10.1109/TCST.2016.2514839.
[47] S. El Itani, U. D. Annakkage, and G. Joos, “Short-term frequency support utilizing inertial response of DFIG wind turbines” in 2011 IEEE power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2011, pp. 1–8, doi: 10.1109/PES.2011.6038914.
[48] P. -K. Keung, P. Li, H. Banakar, and B. T. Ooi, “Kinetic Energy of Wind-Turbine Generators for System Frequency Support,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 279-287, Feb. 2009, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2008.2004827.
[49] M. Kang, K. Kim, E. Muljadi, J.-W. Park, and Y. C. Kang, “Frequency Control Support of a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Based on the Torque Limit,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 4575−4583, Nov. 2016, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2015.2514240.
[50] D. Yang, J. Kim, Y. C. Kang, E. Muljadi, N. Zhang, J. Hong, S.-H. Song, T. Zheng, “Temporary Frequency Support of a DFIG for High Wind Power Penetration,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 3428–3437, May 2018, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2810841.
[51] X. Zhao, Y. Xue, and X. -P. Zhang, “Fast Frequency Support From Wind Turbine Systems by Arresting Frequency Nadir Close to Settling Frequency,” in IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy, vol. 7, pp. 191-202, 2020, doi: 10.1109/OAJPE.2020.2996949.
[52] W. Yao, and K. Y. Lee, “A control configuration of wind farm for load-following and frequency support by considering the inertia issue,” in 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2011, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/PES.2011.6039511.
[53] B. M. Eid, N. A. Rahim, J. Selvaraj, and A. Elkhateb, “Control Methods and Objectives for Electronically Coupled Distributed Energy Resources in Microgrids: A Review,” in IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 446-458, June 2016, doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2013.2296075.
[54] Y. -K. Wu, W. -H. Yang, Y. -L. Hu, and D. P. Quoc, “Frequency regulation at a wind farm using time-varying inertia and droop controls,” in 2018 IEEE/IAS 54th Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference (I&CPS), 2018, pp. 1-9, doi: 10.1109/ICPS.2018.8369978.
[55] M. Hwang, E. Muljadi, G. Jang, and Y. C. Kang, “Disturbance-Adaptive Short-Term Frequency Support of a DFIG Associated With the Variable Gain Based on the ROCOF and Rotor Speed,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 1873-1881, May 2017, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2016.2592535.
[56] X. Zhao, Y. Xue, and X. -P. Zhang, “Fast Frequency Support From Wind Turbine Systems by Arresting Frequency Nadir Close to Settling Frequency,” in IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy, vol. 7, pp. 191-202, 2020, doi: 10.1109/OAJPE.2020.2996949.
[57] M. Garmroodi, G. Verbic, and D. J. Hill, “Frequency Support From Wind Turbine Generators With a Time-Variable Droop Characteristic,” in IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 676-684, Apr. 2018, doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2017.2754522.
[58] K. Liu, Y. Qu, H. -M. Kim, and H. Song, “Avoiding Frequency Second Dip in Power Unreserved Control During Wind Power Rotational Speed Recovery,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 3097-3106, May 2018, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2017.2761897.
[59] D. Xu, F. Blaabjerg, W. Chen, N. Zhu, “Basics of Wind Power Generation System,” in Advanced Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator for Wind Power Systems , IEEE, 2018, pp. 21-42, doi: 10.1002/9781119172093.ch2.
[60] A. C. Kheirabadi, R. Nagamune. “A quantitative review of wind farm control with the objective of wind farm power maximization,” Journal of Wind Engineering & Industrial Aerodynamics. vol. 192, pp. 45-73, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jweia.2019.06.015.
[61] L. M. Castro, C. R. Fuerte-Esquivel, and J. H. Tovar-Hernandez, “Solution of Power Flow With Automatic Load-Frequency Control Devices Including Wind Farms,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 2186-2195, Nov. 2012, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2195231.
[62] K. V. Vidyanandan, and N. Senroy, “Primary frequency regulation by deloaded wind turbines using variable droop,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 837-846, May 2013, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2208233.
[63] Z.-S. Zhang, Y.-Z, Sun, J. Lin, G.-L. Li, “Coordinated frequency regulation by doubly fed induction generator-based wind power plants,” IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 38-47, Jun. 2012, doi:10.1049/iet-rpg.2010.0208.
[64] G. Ramtharan, N. Jenkins, J. B. Ekanayake, “Frequency support from doubly fed induction generator wind turbines,” IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 3-9, Mar. 2007, doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg:20060019.
[65] R. G. de Almeida, J. A. Pecas Lopes, “Participation of Doubly Fed Induction Wind Generators in System Frequency Regulation” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 944-950, 2007, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2007.901096.
[66] Z. Wu, W. Gao, J. Wang, and S. Gu, “A coordinated primary frequency regulation from Permanent Magnet Synchronous Wind Turbine Generation,” 2012 IEEE Power Electronics and Machines in Wind Applications, 2012, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/PEMWA.2012.6316405.
[67] C. Zhangjie, W. Xiaoru, T. Jin, “Control strategy of large-scale DFIG based wind farm for power grid frequency regulation,” Proceedings of the 31st Chinese Control Conference, Hefei, China, Dec. 2012, pp. 6835-6840.
[68] P. Tielens, S. De Rijcke, K. Srivastava, M. Reza, A. Marinopoulos, and J. Driesen, “Frequency support by wind power plants in isolated grids with varying generation mix,” in 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2012, pp. 1-8, doi: 10.1109/PESGM.2012.6344690.
[69] R. Prasad, and N. P. Padhy, “Synergistic Frequency Regulation Control Mechanism for DFIG Wind Turbines With Optimal Pitch Dynamics,” in IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 3181-3191, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2020.2967468.
[70] D. W. Gao, Z. Wu, W. Yan, H. Zhang, S. Yan, X. Wang. “Comprehensive frequency regulation scheme for permanent magnet synchronous generator-based wind turbine generation system,” IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 234–244, Nov. 2019, doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.5247.
[71] N. Sa-ngawong, and I. Ngamroo, “Optimal fuzzy logic-based adaptive controller equipped with DFIG wind turbine for frequency control in stand alone power system,” in 2013 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies-Asia (ISGT Asia), 2013, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/ISGT-Asia.2013.6698773.
[72] H. Bevrani, F. Habibi, P. Babahajyani, M. Watanabe and Y. Mitani, “Intelligent Frequency Control in an AC Microgrid: Online PSO-Based Fuzzy Tuning Approach,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1935-1944, Dec. 2012, doi: 10.1109/TSG.2012.2196806.
[73] S. Q. Ali, H. M. Hasanien, “Frequency Control of Isolated Network with Wind and Diesel Generators by Using Adaptive Artificial Neural Network Controller” International Review of Automatic Control, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 179-186, Mar. 2012.
[74] C. Pradhan, C. N. Bhende, “Adaptive deloading of stand-alone wind farm for primary frequency control,” Energy Syst, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 109-127, Mar. 2015, doi: 10.1007/s12667-014-0131-7.
[75] S. Soued, M. A. Ebrahim, H. S. Ramadan, M. Becherif. “Optimal blade pitch control for enhancing the dynamic performance of wind power plants via metaheuristic optimisers,” IET Electric Power Applications, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 1432–1440, Jul. 2017, doi: 10.1049/iet-epa.2017.0214.
[76] M. A. Ebrahim, K. A. El-Metwall, F. M. Bendary, W. M. Mansour. “Optimization of Proportional-Integral-Differential controller for wind power plant using particle swarm optimization technique,” International Journal of Electric and Power Engineering, Medwell journals, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 32–37, Jan. 2012.
[77] B. Beltran, T. Ahmed-Ali, and M. E. H. Benbouzid, “Sliding Mode Power Control of Variable-Speed Wind Energy Conversion Systems,” in IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 551-558, June 2008, doi: 10.1109/TEC.2007.914163.
[78] M. A. S. Ali, K. K. Mehmood, S. Baloch, and C. -H. Kim, “Wind-Speed Estimation and Sensorless Control for SPMSG-Based WECS Using LMI-Based SMC,” in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 26524-26535, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2971721.
[79] M. A. Ebrahim, K. A. El-Metwally, F. M. Bendary, and W. M. Mansour. “Transient stability enhancement of a wind energy distributed generation system by using fuzzy logic stabilizers,” Wind Engineering., vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 687–700, Dec. 2012, doi: 10.1260/0309-524X.36.6.687.
[80] M. Elsisi, M. -Q. Tran, K. Mahmoud, M. Lehtonen, and M. M. F. Darwish, “Robust Design of ANFIS-Based Blade Pitch Controller for Wind Energy Conversion Systems Against Wind Speed Fluctuations,” in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 37894-37904, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3063053.
