Investigating the effects of resilience indicators and formulating effective strategies on eco-oriented sustainability (Study case: Faizabad neighborhood of Kermanshah city)

Subject Areas : Urban planning

Mirsalar Habibi ¹ (Ph.D Candidate of Urban Planning, Faculty of Art, Architucture and Urban Planning, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran)
seyedali Nouri ² (Assistant Professor of Deparment of Architecture, North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran)
seyedjamalodin daryabari ³ (Associate Professor of Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran)

Received: 2022-12-31 Accepted : 2023-05-08 Published : 2023-06-22

Keywords: Faizabad neighborhood, Eco-oriented sustainability, corrected strategies of resilience, Kermanshah city, Urban Resilience,

Abstract :

Cities are always exposed to serious risks and damages, which shows the importance of risk management and prediction. Resilience is an approach that can help improve urban areas and their response in the face of crisis. The assessment of cities in terms of different indicators and their status can provide a suitable framework for managers. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of resilience indicators and developing effective strategies for their modification based on eco-oriented sustainability. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on field data. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. The statistical population is made up of 4830 residents of Faiz Abad neighborhood. Based on Cochran's formula, the sample size was determined to be 356 people. Also, 50 related experts were used to formulate the strategy. The structural and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed as well as the reliability with Cronbach's alpha above 0.70. The results show that the most effective indicators in improving resilience are related to the environmental health index with a value of 0.95. Also, the index of social belonging has the ability to explain 0.85, environmental and spatial threats 0.85, economic infrastructure 0.82, social participation 0.80 and economic welfare also has 0.78 in the field of improving the resilience of Faiz Abad neighborhood. The results showed that 7 strategies can be emphasized in order to improve urban resilience based on the eco-oriented approach that including supporting and facilitating the prosperity of the economic foundations of the neighborhood, promoting social capital and education, planning the development of neighborhood tourism, reconstruction, development and creation of physical spaces, renovation facilities and incentive schemes, neighborhood environmental health, reforming and reviewing the interaction of institutions with people.Extended AbstractIntroduction:With the development of urbanization and the increase of urban population, managers and urban planners should pay more attention to the challenges caused by development in urban areas. One of the challenges facing urban managers and planners is natural or human crises. Crises are the product of unsustainable development compared to balancing the social, economic and natural environment. Urban crises, by adversely affecting the three indicators of society, economy and environment, cause great and sometimes irreparable damages to urban areas, which is one of the basic priorities of all urban planners in terms of identifying, planning and optimal management of crises; Therefore, making urban communities resilient is of particular importance. Faizabad neighborhood is one of the old neighborhoods located in the old context of Kermanshah city. This neighborhood has an economic function and valuable historical structures such as residential buildings Rande Kash, Manzi Yazdi, Teke Biglarbigi, Sarai Tawakkel, Bazaar, Teke Faiz Abad, Zorkhane Alamdar have historical and identity value. On the other hand, this neighborhood has an unfavorable physical and environmental condition, a significant percentage of the buildings in the neighborhood are dilapidated and of poor quality. Therefore, if a crisis occurs in this neighborhood, its effect will be double, so the resilience of this neighborhood is necessary to reduce the effect of the crisis. Therefore, in this research, considering the important location of this ancient fabric in Kermanshah city, it has been tried to influence various resilience indicators based on eco-oriented sustainability and provide effective strategies in order to improve them in this neighborhood.Methodology:According to its nature, the research method is descriptive-analytical and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the intended research includes citizens living in Faiz Abad neighborhood and experts familiar with the subject. According to the statistics of the improvement and modernization plan of 2010, there are 4830 citizens living in the central part of Kermanshah. Based on Cochran's formula, the statistical sample for the statistical population of citizens at the individual level was calculated as 356 people. The sampling method is at the level of citizens, which is done randomly. A statistical sample of 50 experts was also selected. There are two types of information collection methods: library (documents) and field (survey). The research collection tools are questionnaires and interviews. For analysis, the data are summarized, coded and categorized and finally processed to provide the basis for analyzes and connections between these data in order to answer the questions. The collected raw data was entered into SPSS, AMOS software and finally the data was analyzed.Results and discussion:The results of structural equation modeling have been used to investigate the effectiveness of various components or indicators of urban resilience. Examining the model shows that the drawn model has the ability to measure the effectiveness of resilience components; Because the factor loading of 18 investigated indicators was equal to 0.75 and more than 3, and this indicates the influence and role of social, economic, environmental, physical and institutional indicators (a total of 18 factors) in urban resilience.  In total, it can be said that the 18 examined indicators including place belonging, social participation, resources and human capital, economic support, economic infrastructure, economic well-being, etc. can be effective in improving resilience. Examining the role of 18 in improving urban resilience shows that the total effect value is 0.75, and in total, the analyzed indicators can account for about 0.75% of the variance, role-playing and positive effects in improving urban resilience (Faizabad neighborhood). ) to explain. Based on the results of this model, the most effective is related to the environmental health index with an explanation of 0.95. The index of social belonging can explain 0.85, environmental and spatial threats can explain 0.85, economic infrastructure can explain 0.82, social participation can explain 0.80, and economic prosperity also can explain 0.78 in the field of neighborhood resilience. It has Faizabad.The results of various factors show that 7 strategies are effective in improving urban resilience components based on eco-oriented sustainability in Faiz Abad neighborhood of Kermanshah city. These 7 strategies include supporting and facilitating the prosperity of the economic foundations of the neighborhood; improving social capital and education; neighborhood tourism development planning; Reconstruction, development and creation of desirable physical spaces; Renovation facilities and incentive plans; Health of the neighborhood environment; reforming and revising the interaction of institutions with people. Therefore, the mentioned strategies have been proposed from different aspects of economic, social, physical and environmental resilience, and they have tried to emphasize all aspects of urban resilience. In addition, at the level of the examined solutions or factors, the solution of promoting public belief in the government with a factor load of 0.873 is recognized as the most effective solution in the direction of urban resilience. Two indicators of the development and creation of social groups and non-governmental organizations with a factor load of 0.868 and also the continuous development of physical restoration with a priority of habitable residential buildings with a factor load of 0.816 in the second and third ranks of effective solutions in the direction of improving the components of urban resilience are knownAccording to the stated contents, in order to improve the urban resilience components based on eco-oriented sustainability in Faiz Abad neighborhood of Kermanshah city, 7 strategies have been mentioned that can be effective in this field.Conclusion:The general result of this research confirms that various indicators can be effective in the urban resilience of Faizabad neighborhood. These indicators affect different social, economic, physical and environmental aspects of resilience. In this context, two indicators of environmental health and social belonging have the most impact on urban resilience. Also, in line with the improvement of urban resilience components based on eco-oriented sustainability in Faiz Abad neighborhood of Kermanshah city; Supporting and facilitating the prosperity of the neighborhood's economic platforms; improving social capital and education; neighborhood tourism development planning; Reconstruction, development and creation of desirable physical spaces; Renovation facilities and incentive plans; Health of the neighborhood environment, reforming and revising the interaction of institutions with people, were recognized as key strategies. According to what was said, the resilience of Faiz Abad neighborhood requires a good and systematic management perspective in order to achieve a level of improvement and good performance.

References:

• Aghamiri, R., Hosseinzadeh, M.,  Sedaghat, M. (2016): Urban management information system, a case study: Geographic Information System (GIS) of Babolsar city. Journal of Applied Research in Geographical Sciences, 7(5), 215-240.


• Ahmadzadeh Kermani, H.,  Aminzadeh Goharrizi, B. (2019): Evaluation of urban resilience dimensions using the method of the average sum of distances from the optimal limit (9th area of Mashhad), Journal of City identity, 14(4), 23-36.


• Aldrich, D. (2019):  Black wave: how networks and governance shaped Japan’s 3/11. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.


• Aldrich, D., Oum, S., Sawada, Y. (2015): Resilience and Recovery in Asian Disasters; Community Ties, Market Mechanisms, and overnance. Springer Press, New York


• Amiri, F. (2017). Sustainable urban regeneration with a social capital approach (case example: Faizabad neighborhood of Kermanshah), master's thesis in the field of urban planning, faculty of art and architecture, University of Kurdistan.


• Bahrami, S.,  Kharazi, F. (2018): Re-creation of historical contexts with the approach of cultural tourism, a case example: Faizabad neighborhood of Kermanshah, Journal of Geography and Human Relations, 1(4), 125-136.


•  Bakshi, A., Rasouli, H., Rahimi, N. (2022): Investigating the role of urban growth pattern in creating thermal islands in cities (case example: Sari city), urban environment planning and development, 2(6), 77-94.


• Bastani, M.,  Haani, T. (2019): A comparative study of social resilience in line with the goals of urban regeneration (case example: neighborhoods in Iran, the Philippines and Malaysia), Journal of safe city, 3(9), 1-17.


• Bastani, M.,  Haani, T. (2019): A comparative study of social resilience in line with the goals of urban regeneration (case example: neighborhoods in Iran, the Philippines and Malaysia), Journal of safe city, 3(9), 1-17.


• Bavik, Y. L.,Tang, P. M., Shao, R., Lam, L. W.(2018): Ethical leadership and employee knowledge sharing: Exploring dual-mediation paths. The Leadership of Journal, 29(2): 322-332.


• Biswas, R., Jana,A., Arya, K., Ramamritham,K. (2019): A goodgovernance framework for urban management. Journal of Urban Management,8(2),225-236.


• Bouchard, G. (2013): Neoliberalism in Québec: The Response of a Small Nation Under Pressure. In P. A. Hall & M. Lamont (Eds.), Social Resilience in the Neoliberal Era , Cambridge University Press, New York.


• Chen, W., & Zhang, L. (2021): Resilience assessment of regional areas against earthquakes using multi-source information fusion. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 215(2),215-2333.


• Delshad, M.,  Tabibiyan, M.,  Habibi, M. (2021): Analyzing the concept of physical-spatial resilience against earthquakes, introducing and prioritizing its most important criteria using the Fuzzy-AHP model, case studies: the central fabric of Rasht city, Arman Shahr Architecture and Urbanism Journal, 36(2), 205-224.


• Eftekhari Rad, Z.,  Jabari, H. (2002) :  Striving for a new life and recovery of the past, analytical report of the improvement and renovation project of the center of Kermanshah, Faiz-Abad neighborhood, Journal of City identity, 2 (4), 78-91.


• Ghorbani, A., Moharami, R., Nasimi,F., Yaghobi,A. (2017): The necessity of examining Iranian Islamic architectural indicators in the design of modern cities with reference to the history of Iranian architecture, Journal of Architecture, 1(3), 1-9.


• Gonzalez, R.Al., Ferro, R. E., Liberona, D.(2019): Government and governance in ntelligent cities, smart transportation study case in Bogotá Colombia, Journal of Ain Shams Engineering , 11(1), 25-34.


• Hizbaron, D. R.  Baiquni, M. Sartohadi, J., Rijanta, R. (2012): Urban Vulnerability in Bantul District, Indonesia—Towards Safer and Sustainable  Development, Sustainability, 4(1),pp. 2022-2037.


• Holling, C. S. (2007): Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual review of ecology and systematics, 4(1), 1-23.


• Hosseini, A.,  Yadullah Nia, H., Mohammadi, M.,  Shekari, S. (2019): Analysis of social resilience based on social capital indicators in Tehran, Journal of Sustainable City, 3(1), 34-54.


• Kärrholm, M., Nylund, K.., de la Fuente, P.P. (2014): Spatial resilience and urban plann.ing: Addressing the interdependence of urban retail areas, Cities, London, England, 36,121-130.


• Kavoosi, E., Mohammadi, J. (2021): Smart mobility and social sustainability: evaluation of mutual relations (case study: Shiraz city). Applied Research Journal of Geographical Sciences. 21 (61), 279-294.


• Ketabchi, E.,  resaeipour, M. (2017): Urban resilience: presenting a conceptual model of urban planning and management, Journal of Architecture, 1(1), 1-10.


• Kiss, B., Cormick, K., Wamsler,C.  (2020): Resilience through nature-based solutions Governance and implementation. In: The Routledge Handbook of Urban Resilience, Edited by Michael A. Burayidi; Adriana Allen; John Twigg and Christine Wamsler, Routledge, New York.


• Lam, L.M.,  Kuipers,R. (2018): Resilience and Disaster Governance: some insights from the 2015 Nepal Earthquake. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 16(3), 39-56.


• Li, G., Jou,C., Wang,Y., Yang, H.(2020): System dynamics modelling for improving urban resilience in Beijing, China, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 161(4), 76-91.


• Li, Y. (2023): A systematic review of rural resilience. China Agricultural Economic Review, 15(1), 66-77.


• Maleki, S., Rezaei, S. (2019): Investigating and measuring the level of resilience in physical and social dimensions against earthquakes (case study of Izeh city), Geography and Environmental Studies, 8(31), 17-32.


• Mayunga, J. S. (2017): Understanding and applying the concept of community disaster resilience: a capital-based approach. Summer academy for social vulnerability and resilience building, 1(1), 1-16.


• Motamedi M., Rasouli H., Nasiri, M. (2018): Evaluation of citizens' satisfaction with the performance of urban management in the field of urban services, case study: Faruj city. Applied Research Journal of Geographical Sciences, 19 (55), 99-116.


• Movahed, S., Tabibian, M. (2018): Investigating the changes of ecological network and its role in the ecological resilience of Mashhad city. Journal of Environmental Studies, 44(2), 373-394.


• Nabavi Razavi, H.S.,  Habibi, M.,  Tabibiyan, M. (2016): The role of city structure in its resilience against earthquakes, Journal of City identity, 35(12), 29-37.


• Namjoyan. F., Razaviyan, M.T., Sarvar, R. (2016): Urban resilience is a binding framework for the future management of cities, Land Geography, 14(55), 81-95.


• Nikoofam, M., & Mobaraki, A. (2020): Assessment of quality of life in the urban environment; case study: Famagusta, N. Cyprus. Civil Engineering and Architecture, 8(5), 860-872.‏


• Nikpour, A., & Yarahmadi, M. (2021): Identifying and Explaining the Drivers of Physical Resilience (Case Study: Noorabad Mamasani). Physical Sacial Planning, 8(1), 85-98.


• Pakru, N.,  Mousavi, M.S. (2022): Evaluation of urban resilience against earthquakes (case study: one area of Tabriz city), Journal of Applied Research in Geographical Sciences, 23(68), 115-135.


• Pløger, J.(2004): Ethics in Norwegian Planning: Legitimacy, Ambivalence, Rhetoric, Journal of Planning Practice & Research,19(1), 49-66.


• Pourahmad, A.,  Hatem, A. (2022): Evaluating the level of resilience of the historical context of Kerman city against earthquakes and providing strategies for its improvement, Journal of Geography, 20(72), 37-59.


• Pourahmad, A.,  Ziari, K.,  Abdali, Y.,  Alah Qolipour, S. (2018): Analysis of resilience criteria in worn-out urban fabric against earthquakes with an emphasis on physical resilience (Case: District 10 of Tehran Municipality), Urban Research and Planning, 19(36), 1-21.


• Ribeiro, P. J. G., Gonçalves, L. A. P. J. (2019): Urban resilience: A conceptual framework. Sustainable Cities and Society, 50(3),43-62.


• Saeidpour, S., Barzegar, S., Rasouli, M. (2022): Analysis and evaluation of flourishing indicators in urban areas (case study: Shahresqez), Urban Environment Planning and Development, 2(6), 33-48.


• Saja, A.M. A., Goonetilleke, A., Teo, M., Ziyath,A. (2019): A critical review of social resilience assessment frameworks in disaster management. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 35(2),1-18.


• Sajjad, M., Chan, J. C. L., Chopra, S. S.(2021): Rethinking disaster resilience in high-density cities: Towards an urban resilience knowledge system. Sustainable Cities and Society, 69(2),31-49.


• Sarvar, R., Khalaji, M.A. (2020): Urban policy-making in the area of malignant problems of cities, Journal of Urban Environment Planning and Development, 1(1), 1-16.


• Shams, M.,  Malek Hosseini, O. (2002) Investigating the need to build a new city around Kermanshah, Journal of Human Geography, 2 (3), 45-60.


• Sharma, P. (2020):  Opportunities and struggles of decentralized governance reform for urban municipalities in India. World Development Perspectives, 17)1),74-91.


• Sina, D., Chang-Richards, A. Y., Wilkinson, S., & Potangaroa, R. (2019): What does the future hold for relocated communities post-disaster? Factors affecting livelihood resilience. International journal of disaster risk reduction, 34, 173-183.


• Sun, H., Zhen, F., Xie, Z.(2020): Urban resilience assessment based on contradiction between supply and demand of the daily activity–environment system: A case study on Nanjing, China, Science of The Total Environment, 765(1),144-162.


• Tebboth, M. G. L., Conway, D., Adger, W. N. (2019):  Mobility endowment and entitlements mediate resilience in rural livelihood systems. Global Environmental Change, 54(2), 172-183.


• Therrien, M.-C., Usher, S., & Matyas, D., (2020): Enabling strategies and impeding factors to urban resilience implementation: A scoping review. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 28(1), 83-102.


• Tromeur, E.  M´enard, R.  Bailly, J.-B. Souli´e, C. (2012): Urban vulnerability and resilience within the context of climate change, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci, 12(1): 1811–1821.


• Wang, C., Guo, J., Kuo,M.F. (2020): The building of social resilience in Sichuan after the Wenchuan earthquake: A perspective of the sociogovernment interactions. Safety Science, 126(2),26-43.


• Wang,Q., Taylor, JE. (2016): Patterns and Limitations of Urban Human Mobility Resilience under the Influence of Multiple Types of Natural Disaster, 11(2), 218-232.


• Zarghami, S.,  Taymuri, A.,  Mohammadian, H.,  Shamai, A. (2015): Measuring and evaluating the resilience of the urban neighborhoods against the studied earthquake: (central part of Zanjan city), urban research and planning, 7(27), 77-92.


• Ziyari, K.,  Kanuni, R. (2021):  Structural analysis of social resilience in the framework of decent urban governance with a future research approach (case study: Ardabil city), Spatial Planning and Design Journal, 25(3), 60-91.