Facies analysis, sedimentation conditions and geochemistry of clastic deposits of Ashin formation (Late Ladinian-Early Carnian), Northeast of Nain, East of Central Iran
Subject Areas :
Sedimentology
Payman Rezaee
1
,
Mohammad Khanehbad
2
,
Moasoumeh Ezatifar
3
,
Seyedeh Akram Jooybari
4
,
Kiamars Hosseini
5
1 - Department of Geology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
2 - Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
3 - Department of Geology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
4 - Department of Geology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
5 - Department of Geology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
Received: 2020-04-25
Accepted : 2020-07-13
Published : 2020-07-23
Keywords:
References:
Ahmad I. Chandra R (2013) Geochemistry of loess-paleosol sediments of Kashmir Valley, India: provenance and weathering. Journal of Asian Earth Science 66:73–89.
Akarish AIM, El-Gohary AM (2008) Petrography and geochemistry of lower Paleozoic sandstones, East Sinai, Egypt: implications for provenance and tectonic setting. Journal of African Earth Sciences 52:43–54.
Alavi M, Vaziri H, Seyed-Emami K, Lasemi Y(1997) The Triassic and associated rocks of the Nakhlak and Aghdarband areas in central and northeastern Iran as remnants of the southern Turanian active continental margine. Geological Society of America, Bulletin 109: 1563-1575.
Ali SA, Sleabi RS, Talabani MJ, Jones BG (2017) Provenance of the Walash-Naopurdan back-arc–arc clastic sequences in the Iraqi Zagros Suture Zone. Journal of African Earth Sciences 125: 73-87.
Alvarez NO, Roser BP (2007) Geochemistry of black shales from the Lower Cretaceous Paja Formation, Eastern Cordillera, Colombia: source weathering, provenance and tectonic setting. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 23:271–289.
Amireh BS (1991) Mineral composition of the Cambrian-Cretaceous Nubian series of Jordan: provenance, tectonic setting and climatological implication. Sediment Geol 71: 99–119.
Armstrong-Altrin JS, Lee Y, Verma S, Ramasamy S (2004) Geochemistry of sandstones from the Upper Miocene Kudanul Formation, southern India: Implications for provenance, weathering and tectonic setting. Journal of Sedimentary Research 74: 167–179.
Armstrong-Altrin JS, Nagarajan R, Balaram V, Natalhy-Pineda O (2015) Petrography and geochemistry of sands from the Chachalacas and Veracruz beach areas, Western Gulf of Mexico, Mexico: constraints on provenance and tectonic setting. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 64, 199–216.
Azizi SHH (2018) Depositional conditions, diagenesis and provenance of sedimentary rocks of the “Nakhlak Group” northeast of Naein area, Central Iran, Ph.D.Thesis Sedimentology and sedimentary petrology, Hormozgan university, 306p.
Azizi SHH, Rezaee P (2014) Lithostratigraphy and Lithofacies of the Siliciclastic Bāqoroq Formation (Middle Triassic), Nakhlak Area, Central Iran. In STRATI 2013 (pp. 463-468). Springer, Cham.
Azizi SHH, Rezaee P, Jafarzadeh M, Meinhold G, Harami SRM , Masoodi M (2018a) Evidence from detrital chrome spinel chemistry for a Paleo-Tethyan intra-oceanic island-arc provenance recorded in Triassic sandstones of the Nakhlak Group, Central Iran. Journal of African Earth Sciences 143: 242-252.
Azizi SHH, Rezaee P, Jafarzadeh M, Meinhold G, Harami SRM, Masoodi M (2018b) Early Mesozoic sedimentary‒tectonic evolution of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent: Evidence from a provenance study of the Nakhlak Group. Geochemistry 78(3): 340-355.
Balini M, Nicora A, Berra F, Garzanti E, Levera M, Mattei M, Muttoni G, Zanchi A, Bollati I, Larghi C, Zanchetta S, Salamati R, Mossavvari F (2009) The Triassic stratigraphic succession of Nakhlak (Central Iran), a record from an active margin. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 312: 287-321.
Bhatia MR (1983) Plate tectonics and geochemical composition of sandstones. Journal of Geology 91: 611–627.
Bhatia MR, Crook KW (1986) Trace element characteristics of graywackes and tectonic setting discrimination of sedimentary basins. Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 92:181–93.
Blatt H (1985) Provenance studies and mudrocks. Sedimentary Petrology, 55: 69–75.
Bouma AH (1962) Sedimentology of some Flysch deposits: A graphic approach to facies interpretation. Elsevier, 168p.
Brooks HL, Hodgson DM, Brunt RL, Peakall J, Hofstra M, Flint SS (2018) Deep-water channel-lobe transition zone dynamics: Processes and depositional architecture, an example from the Karoo Basin, South Africa. GSA Bulletin 130(9-10): 1723-1746.
Catuneanu O (2006) Principles of Sequence Stratigraphy, Elsevier Science, 398pcentral Iran, and ist bearing for the reconstruction of the history of the Eurasian margin. In: South Caspian to Central Iran Basins (M.-F. Brunet, M. Wilmsen and J. Granath, eds), Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ., 312, 261–286. classified by grain size and feeder system. AAPG Bull 78: 792–822.
Coe AL (2003) The sedimentary record of sea-level change. Black Well, open, 452p.
Condie KC (1993) Chemical composition and evolution of the upper continental crust: contrasting results from surface samples and shales. Chemical geology 104:1–37.
Cox R, Low DR, Cullers RL (1995) The influence of sediment recycling and basement composition on evolution of mudrock chemistry in the southwestern United States. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 59: 2919–2940.
Crook KAW (1974) Lithogenesis and geotectonics: the significance of compositional variations in flysch arenites (graywackes). In: DottJr. Jr., R.H., Shaver, R.H. (Eds.), Modern and Ancient Geosynclinal Sedimentation. SEPM Special Publications 19: 304–310.
Cullers RL (1995) The controls on the major and trace element evolution of shales, siltstone and sandstone of Ordovician to Tertiary age in the Wet Mountains region, Colorado, USA. Chemical Geology 123 (1-4): 107-131.
Cullers RL (2000) The geochemistry of shales, siltstones and sandstones of Pennsylvanian-Permian age, Colorado, USA: Implications for provenance and metamorphic studies. Lithos 51:181–203.
Cullers, RL (1994) The chemical signature of source rock in size fractions of Holocene stream sediment derived from metamorphic rock in the Wet Mountains region, USA. Chemical Geology 113: 327-343.
Das B K, AL-Mikhalafi AS, Kaur P (2006) Geochemistry of Mansar Lake sediments, Jammu, India: Implication for source-area weathering, provenance, and tectonic setting. Journal of Asian Earth Science 26:649-668.
Davoudzadeh M, Seyed-Emami K (1972) Stratigraphy of the Triassic Nakhlak Group. Anarak Region, Central lran, Geol. Surv. Iran Rep 28: 1- 28.
Dey S, Rai AK, Chaki A (2009) Palaeoweathering, composition and tectonics of provenance of the Proterozoic intracratonic Kaladgi-Badami basin, Karnataka, southern India: evidence from sandstone petrography and geochemistry. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 34:703–715.
Dickinson WR, Beard LS, Brakenridge GR, Erjavec JL, Ferguson RC, Inman KF. Knepp RA, Lindberg FA, Ryberg PT (1983) Provenance of North American Phanerozoic sandstones in relation to tectonic setting. Geological Society of American Bulletin 94: 222–235.
Dickinson WR, Suczek C (1979) Plate tectonics and sandstone composition. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 63:2164–2182.
Dunham RG (1962) Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture. In W. E. Ham(ED), classification of carbonate Rocks. american Association of petroleum Geologists Memoir 1:108-121.
Embry AF, Klovan J E (1971) A Late Devonian reef tract on Northeastern Banks Island, NWT: Canadian Petroleum Geology Bulletin 19: 730-781.
Fedo CM, Nesbitt HW, Young GM (1995) Unraveling the effects of K-metasomatism in sedimentary rocks and paleosols, with implications for paleoweathering conditions and provenance. Geology 23:921–924.
Flugel E (2010) Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks, Analaysis, Interpretation and Application Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, NewYork, 976 p.
Folk RL (1980) Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Hemphill Publishing Co., Austin, Texas, 182p.
Gabo JAS, Dimalanta CB, Asio MGS, Queaño KL Yumul JrGP, Imai A (2009) Geology and geochemistry of the clastic sequences from Northwestern Panay (Philippines): Implications for provenance and geotectonic setting. Tectonophysics 479(1-2): 111-119.
Garcia D, Ravenne C, Maréchal B, Moutte J (2004) Geochemical variability induced by entrainment sorting: quantified signals for provenance analysis. Sedimentary Geology 171:113-128.
Ghorbani M (2019) Lithostratigraphy of Iran, Springer, 296p.
Ghosh S, Sarkar S (2010) Gheochemistry of Permo-Triassic mudstone of the Satpura Gondwana basin, central India: Clues for provenance. Chemical Geology 277: 78-100.
Harnois L (1988) The CIW index: a new chemical index of weathering. Sedimentary Geology 55:319–322.
Hashemi Azizi S, Rezaee P, Moussavi Harami S, Jafarzadeh M, Masoodi M (2017) provenance of siliciclastic Baqoroq Formation, Central Iran, based on petrography and geochemistry: Implication for the evolution of active margin of south Eurasia. Journal of Stratigraphy and Sedimentology Researches 33(2): 18-40.
Hayashi K, Fujisawa H, Holland HD, Ohmoto H (1997) Geochemistry of ~1.9 Ga sedimentary rocks from northeastern Labrador, Canada. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61:4115–4137.
Herron MM (1988) Geochemical classification of terrigenous sands and shales from core or log data. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 58: 820-829.
Hessler AM, Lowe D.M (2006) Weathering and sediment generation in the Archean: An integrated study of the evolution of siliciclastic sedimentary rocks of the 3.2 Ga Moodies Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Precambrian Research 151: 185-210.
Ingersoll RV, Bullard T, Ford R, Grimm J, Pickle J, Sares S (1984) The effect of grain size on detrital modes: a test of the Gazzi Dickinson point-counting method. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 54: 103–116.
Jafarzadeh M, Hosseini-Barzi M (2008) Petrography and geochemistry of Ahwaz sandstone member of Asmari Formation, Zagros, Iran: implications on provenance and tectonic setting. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geologicas 25 (2): 247–260.
Jafarzadeh M, Harami RM, Amini A, Mahboubi A, Farzaneh F (2013) Geochemical constraints on the provenance of Oligocene-Miocene siliciclastic deposits (Zivah Formation) of NW Iran: implications for the tectonic evolution of the Caucasus. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 7:4245-4263.
Jahn BM, Glikson AY, Peucat JJ, Hickman AH (1981) REE geochemistry and isotopic data of Archaean silisic volcanics and granitoids from the pilbara block, Western Australia: implications for the early crustal evolution. Geochimica et Cosmochimca Acta 45:1633–1652.
Jin Z, Li F, Cao J, Yu J (2006) Geochemistry of Daihai Lake sedimenys, Inner Mongolia, north China: Implications for provenance, sedimentary sorting and catchment weathering. Geomorphology 80:147-163.
Lee YI (2002) Provenance derived from the geochemistry of late Paleozoic–early Mesozoic mudrocks of the Pyeongan Supergroup, Korea. Sedimentary Geology 149:219– 235.
Lopez JMG, Bauluz B, Nieto CF, Oliete AY (2005) Factors controlling the trace-element distribution in fine-grained rocks: The Albian Kaolinite-rich deposits of the Oliete Basin (NE Spain). Chemical Geology 214: 1-19.
Manikyamba C, Kerrich R, Gonzalez-Alvarez I, Mathur M, Khanna CT (2008) Geochemistry of Paleoproterozoic black shales from the Intracontinental Cuddapah basin, India: implications for provenance, tectonic setting, and weathering intensity. Precambrian Research 162:424–440.
Maynard JB, Valloni R, Yu HS (1982) Composition of Modern Deep-sea Sands from Arc-related Basins. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 10: 551–561.
McBride EF (1985) Diagenetic processes that affect provenance determination in sandstone. In Zuffa G. G. (ed.), Provenance in Arenites. Reidel Publishing Company 407: 95-113.
McLennan SM (2001) Relationships between the trace element composition of sedimentary rocks and upper continental crust. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 2, C000109.
McLennan SM, Taylor SR, Eriksson KA (1983) Geochemistry of Archaean shales from the Pilbara Supergroup, Western Australia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 47:1211–1222.
Miall A (2000) The geology of stratigraphic sequences, springer Heidelberg Mojsisovics, E., von, 1893, Faunistische Ergebnisse aus der Untersuchung der Ammoneen-faunen der Mediterranen Trias. Abhandlungen der Geologischen Reichsanstalt 6: 810.
Mishra M, Sen S (2010) Geological signatures of Mesoproterozoic siliciclastic rocks of the Kaimur Group of the Vindhyan Supergroup, Central India. Chinese Journal of Geochemistry 20:2132.
Moosavirad SM, Janardhana MR, Sethumadhav MS, Moghadam MR, Shankara M (2011) Geochemistry of lower Jurassic shales of the Shemshak Formation, Kerman Province, Central Iran: Provenance, source weathering and tectonic setting. Chemie der Erde-Geochemistry 71: 279–288.
Nagarajan R, Armstrong-Altrin JS, Kessler FL, Jong J (2017) Petrological and geochemical constraints on provenance, paleoweathering, and tectonic setting of clastic sediments from the Neogene Lambir and Sibuti Formations, northwest Borneo, in: Mazumder, R., (Eds.), Sediment provenance: Influence on compositional change from source to sink, Elsevier science 600: 123-153.
Nagarajan R, Roy PD, Jonathan MP, Lozano-Santacruz R, Kessler FL, Prasanna MV (2014.) Geochemistry of Neogene sedimentary rocks from Borneo basin, East Malaysia: paleo-weathering, provenance and tectonic setting. Chemie der Erde- Geochemistry 74 (1): 139-146.
Nath BN, Kunzendorf H, Pluger WL (2000) Influence of provenance, weathering and sedimentary processes on the elemental ratio of the fine-grained fraction of the bed load sediments from the Vembanad Lake and the adjoining continental shelf, southwest Coast of India. Journal of Sedimentary Research 70:1081–1094.
Nesbitt HW, Young GM (1989) Formation and diagenesis of weathering profiles. Journal of Geology 97:129 147.
Nesbitt HW, Young G M (1984) Prediction of some weathering trends of plutonic and volcanic rocks based on thermodynamic and kinetic considerations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48:1523–1534.
Nesbitt HW, Young GM (1982) Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from mayor element chemistry of lutites. Nature, 299:715–717.
Nichols G (2009) Sedimentology and stratigraphy, 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 419 p.
Nikbakht, S T. Rezaee P. Moussavi-Harami R. Khanehbad M. and Ghaemi F (2019) Facies analysis, sedimentary environment and sequence stratigraphy of the Khan Formation in the Kalmard Sub-Block, Central Iran: implications for Lower Permian palaeogeography. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen 292(2): 129-154.
Nowrouzi Z, Moussavi-Harami R, Mahboubi A, Gharaie MHM, Ghaemi F (2013) Petrography and geochemistry of Silurian Niur sandstones, Derenjal Mountains, East Central Iran: implications for tectonic setting, provenance and weathering. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 7:2793–2813.
Osae S, Asiedu D K, Banoeng-Yakubo B, Koeberl C, Dampare SB (2006) Provenance and tectonic setting of Late Proterozoic Buem sandstones of southeastern Ghana: Evidence from geochemistry and detrital modes. Journal of African Earth Sciences 44(1): 85-96.
Paikaray S, Banerjee S, Mukherji S (2008) Geochemistry of shales from the Paleoproterozoic to NeoproterozoicVindhyan Supergroup: Implications on provenance, tectonics and paleoweathering. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 32:34–48.
Pettijohn FJ, Potter PE, Siever R (1987) Sand and Sandstone, 2nd edition. Springer-Verlag, New York, 553p.
Raza M, Dayal AM, Khan A, Bhardwaj VR, Rais S (2010) Geochemistry of lower Vindhyan clastic sedimentary rocks of Northwestern Indian shield: Implications for composition and weathering history of Proterozoic continental crust. Journal of African Earth Sciences 39:51–61.
Reading HG, Richards M (1994) Turbidite systems in deep-water basins classified by grain-size and feeder system. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 78: 792–822.
Rollinson HR (1993) Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation, Interpretation. Longman Scientific and Technical, New York. 352pp.
Roser BP, Korsch RJ (1986) Determination of tectonic setting of sandstone-mudstone suites using SiO2 content and K2O/Na2O ratio. Journal of Geology 94: 635–65.
Roser BP, Korsch RJ (1988) Provenance signature of sandstone-mudstone suite determined using discriminate function analysis of major element data. Chemical Geology 67:119–139.
Rudnick RL, Fountain DM (1995) Nature and composition of the continental crust: a lower crustal perspective. Reviews of geophysics 33:267-309.
Ruttner AW (1991) Geology of the Aghdarband Area (Kopet Dagh. NE-lran). Abh. Geol. 38: 7–79.
Ruttner AW (1993) Southern borderland of Triassic Laurasia in north-east Iran. Geologische Rundschau 82: 110–120.
Saxena A, Pandit MK (2012) Geochemistry of Hindoli Group metasediments, SE Aravalli craton NW India: implications for palaeoweathering and provenance. Journal of the Geological Society of India 79:267–278.
Schieber J (1992) A combined petrographical-geochemical provenance study of the Newland formation, Mid-Proterozoic of Montana. Geological Magazine 129:223–237.
Schwab FL (1975) Framework mineralogy and chemical composition of continental margin type sandstone. Geology 3:487–490.
Seilacher A (2007) Trace fossil analysis. Springer Science & Business Media.
Seyed-Emami, K 2003. Triassic of Iran. Facies 48: 91–106.
Spalletti LA, QueraltI, Matheos SD, Colombo F, Maggi J (2008) Sedimentary petrology and geochemistry of siliciclastic rocks from the upper Jurassic Tordillo Formation (Neuquén Basin, western Argentina): implications for provenance and tectonic setting. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 25:440–463.
Stow DAV (2005) Sedimentary Rocks in the Field. A Colour Guide. 320 pp.
Suttner LJ, Dutta PK (1986) Alluvial sandstone composition and palaeoclimate: framework mineralogy. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 56:329–345.
Suttner LJ, Basu A, Mack GH (1981) Climate and the origin of quartz arenites. Journal of Sedimentary Research 51:235–246.
Taylor SR. McLennan S (1985) The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution, Blackwell, Oxford, 312pp.
Tudor EP (2014) Facies variability in deep water channel-to-lobe transition zone: Jurassic Los Molles Formation, Neuquen Basin, Argentina (Doctoral dissertation).
van de Kamp PC, Leake BE (1985) Petrography and geochemistry of feldspathic and mafic sediments of the northeastern Pacific margin. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 76:411–449.
Van der Merwe WC, Hodgson DM, Brunt RL Flint SS (2014) Depositional architecture of sand-attached and sand-detached channel-lobe transition zones on an exhumed stepped slope mapped over a 2500 km2 area. Geosphere, 10(6): 1076-1093.
Vaziri SH (2001) The Triassic Nakhlak Group, an exotic succession in Central Iran. In: Akinci, Ö.T., Görmüş, M., Kuşçu, M., Karagüzel, R., Bozcu, M. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Eastern Mediterranean Geology, Isparta, Turkey 53–68.
Vaziri SH (2011) Sedimentary structures and depositional environment of the Ashin Formation in Nakhlak area, Central Iran. Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences 3: 253-263.
Verma SP, Armstrong-Altrin JS (2013) New multi-dimensional diagrams for tectonic discrimination of siliciclastic sediments and their application to Precambrian basins. Chemical Geology 355: 117–133.
Von Eynatten HV (2003) Petrography and chemistry of sandstones from the Swiss Molasse Basin: an archive of the Oligocene to Miocene evolution of the Central Alps. Sedimentology 50: 703–724.
Weltje GJ, Meijer XD, De Boer PL(1998) Stratigraphic inversion of siliciclastic basin fills: a note on the distinction between supply signals resulting from tectonic and climatic forcing. Basin Research 10:129–153.
Wilson JL (1975) Carbonate facies in geologic history. Springer, Berlin, 471p.
Wronkiewicz DJ, Condie KC (1987) Geochemistry of Archean shales from the Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa: source-area weathering and provenance. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51:2401–2416.
Zaid SM, Al-Gahtani F (2015) Provenance, diagenesis, tectonic setting, and geochemistry of Hawkesbury Sandstone (Middle Triassic), southern Sydney Basin, Australia. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 24:72-98.
Zhang KL (2004) Secular geochemical variations of the Lower Cretaceous siliciclastic from central Tibet (China) indicate a tectonic transition from continental collision to back-arc rifting. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 229:73–89.
Zimmermann U Bahlburg H (2003) Provenance analysis and tectonic setting of the Ordovician clastic deposits in the southern Puna Basin, NW Argentina. Sedimentology 50: 1079–1104.