Explaining the model of spiritual leadership according to the effect of organizational citizenship behavior and the role of emotional intelligence moderator (case study: public libraries of Fars province, Kohgilouye and Boyer Ahmed)

Subject Areas : Operations Management

aboalhassan hematian ¹ , mohammad jalal kamali ² , navid fatehi rad ³ , Sanger Salajeghe ⁴

1 - PhD student in Public Administration, Department of Management, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
2 - Assistant Professor, Department of Management, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
3 - Assistant Professor, Department of Management, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
4 - Associate Professor, Department of Management, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran

Received: 2024-03-09 Accepted : 2024-06-28 Published : 2024-02-04

Keywords: Keywords: spiritual leadership, emotional intelligence, organizational citizenship behavior, public libraries.,

Abstract :

Abstract In recent years, problems such as lack of spirituality, psychological problems, depression, loneliness, sense of emptiness and futility, selfishness and mistrust have increased among the employees, and to solve such problems, spiritual leadership can save this cultural institution. be The purpose of this research is to design a model of spiritual leadership (dependent variable) according to the impact of organizational citizenship behavior (independent variable), emotional intelligence (moderating variable). The research method is mixed and Delphi. A questionnaire was used to collect the required data. In this research, in the qualitative part, information was collected using a semi-structured interview and a questionnaire from a Delphi panel or experts, and the collected information was subjected to content analysis using the scientific method and through Maxqda software, and the components The results of that led to the production of a questionnaire in the quantitative section. This questionnaire includes 3 components of spiritual leadership, organizational citizenship behavior and emotional intelligence, 17 dimensions and 63 questions. The statistical population of the current research in the quantitative part is 240 employees of the public libraries of Fars, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmed provinces, who were selected by a one-stage cluster random method. It is necessary to explain that in order to collect the questionnaire information, two online and manual methods were used to collect the required information. Spss and Amos software were used in this section (quantitative) to analyze the data collected from the questionnaire. Results: Both research variables, organizational citizenship behavior (independent variable) and emotional intelligence (moderating variable) have a positive and significant effect on spiritual leadership.

References:

- Abbaspour, Abbas, Rahimian, Hamir, & Arai, Mahmoud. (2013). Examining the relationship between spiritual leadership and organizational citizenship behavior of the employees of the General Department of Education of Mazandaran province. Educational Leadership and Management Quarterly, 8(3), 121-146.#
- Ahmadi, M., and Dehdarzadeh, B. (2015). Investigating the relationship between transformational leadership style and intermediate variables of organizational citizenship behavior and organizational culture on innovation performance (case study: small and medium enterprises in Shiraz Industrial City). first accounting#
- Alwani, Mehdi and Lorestani, Ehsan (2014) Investigating the effect of job attitude on knowledge sharing and its relationship with organizational citizenship behavior in Qavamin Bank. Journal of Development and Transformation Management, 371-365#
- Ardestani, Nasreen, Rizki Shirsawar, Hadi (2018) The relationship between moral intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior (case study: employees and faculty members of the Aburihan campus of Tehran University), Scientific Journal of Organizational Culture Management, Volume 17, Number 1.#
- Baker-Doyle, K. J., & Yoon, S. A. (2020). The social side of teacher education: Implications of social network research for the design of professional development. International Journal of Educational Research. 101, 264-291.#
- Bar-On R. (2006).The Bar-On model of emotional-social intelligence (ESI). Psicothema. Vol18 Suppl, pp 13-25.#
- Bezy, K.G. (2011). An operational definition of spiritual leadership. Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Available at https://theses.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-04142011152651/unrestricted/ BEZY_ KG _ D_ 2011 .pdf#
- Bienstock, C. C., & Demoranville, W. C., & Smith, K. R., (2003). “ organizational citizenship behavior and service quality “ journal of services marketing,17(4), pp 357-378#
- Bogler, R., & Somech, A. (2019). Psychological capital, team resources and organizational citizenship behavior. The Journal of psychology, 153(8), 784-802.#
- Bogler, R., & Somech, A.(2019).Psychological Capital, Team Resources and Organizational Citizenship Behavior.The Journal of Psychology, 1–18#
- Carson, K. D. & Carson, P.P .(2013). Career Commitment, Competencies, and Citizenship, Journal of Career Assessment, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp 20-195.#
- Cejudo, J., Rodrigo-Ruiz, D., López-Delgado, M. L., & Losada, L. (2018). Emotional intelligence and its relationship with levels of social anxiety and stress in adolescents. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(6), 1073 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061073#
- Chen S, Jiang W, Li X, Gao H. Effect of employees’ perceived green HRM on their workplace green behaviors in oil and mining industries: based on cognitive-affective system theory. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(8):4056. doi:10.3390/ijerph18084056#
- Choi, Y., Song, E., & Oh, E. (2015). Effects of Teaching Communication Skills Using a Video Clip on a Smart Phone on Communication Competence and Emotional Intelligence in Nursing Students. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 29(2), 90-95.
- Chun, J. S., Shin, Y., Choi, J. N. & Kim, M. S. (2013). “How does corporate ethics contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of collective organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior”, Journal of Management, 39 (4), pp. 853-877.#
- Dolinski D., Dolinska B., Zmaczynska-Witek B., Banach M., Kulesza W. Unrealistic optimism in the time of coronavirus pandemic: May it help to kill, if so—Whom: Disease or the person? Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020;9(5):1464. doi: 10.3390/jcm9051464. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]#
- Downs, C. W., & Hazen, M. D. (1977). A factor analytic study of communication satisfaction. Journal of Business Communication, 14(3), 63-73#
- Downs, C.W. A Case Study of the Relationship between Communication Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment in Two Australian Organizations. Master’s Thesis, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA, 1991.#
- Drigas, A. S., & Papoutsi, C. (2018). A new layered model on emotional intelligence. Behavioral Sciences, 8(5), 45.economics and innovation conference in management, Bandar Abbas, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas Branch, 1395.#
- Ebrahimpour, Habib, Khalili, Hassan, Habibian, Sajjad, & Karimi, Mardali. (1390). Explaining organizational citizenship behavior in the light of spiritual leadership. Case study; The staff of the broadcasting training center. Research Journal of Executive Management, 3(6), 37-58.
- Edwards D, Burnard P, Bennett K, Hebden U (2010). A longitudinal study of stress and selfesteemin student nurses. Nurse Education Today 30(1), 78–84.
- Fairholm, Gilbert W. (2010). “Spiritual Leadership: Fulfilling Whole-self Needs at Work”. Leadership &Organizational Journal, 17 (5): 11-17.
- Falt, T. (2002). Emotional intelligence for human resource managers Management Resource News, 25(11). available at: www.emeraldinsight.com
- Fry, L.W. & M.P. Cohen (2009). “Spiritual Leadership as a Paradigm forOrganizational Transformation and Recovery from Extended Work Hours Cultures”.
- Fultz, A.R.; Walker, M.; Lengerich, A.; Bugajski, A. Radiologic technologists’ job satisfaction: A look at work environment, communication, and leadership. Radiol. Technol. 2018, 89, 536–540. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- George, J. M., & Brief, A. P. 1992. Feeling good-doing good: A conceptual analysis of the mood at work-organizational spontaneity relationship. Psychological Bulletin, 112: 310– 329.
- Gerpott FH, Van Quaquebeke N, Schlamp S, Voelpel SC. An identity perspective on ethical leadership to explain organizational citizenship behavior: the interplay of follower moral identity and leader group prototypicality. J Business Ethics. 2019;156(4):1063–1078.
- Geßler S., Nezlek J.B., Schütz A. Training emotional intelligence: Does training in basic emotional abilities help people to improve higher emotional abilities? The Journal of Positive Psychology. 2020:1–10. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2020.1738537. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Gharibi Varzaghani, F., (2011), Emotional Intelligence Management at Schools, Development of Educational Technology journal, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 32- 35. (In Persian)
- Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
- Griep, Y., Germeys, L., & Kraak, J. M. (2021). Unpacking the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior: Moral licensing and temporal focus. Group Organization Management, 5, 6-16.
- Guo, M., Yin, X., Wang, C., Nie, L., & Wang, G. (2019). Emotional intelligence a academic procrastination among junior college nursing students. Journal of Advanced Nursing,75(11), 2710-2718.
- Harmon-Jones E. Anger is an approach-related affect: Evidence and implications. Psychological Bulletin. 2009;135(2):183–204. doi: 10.1037/a0013965. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
- Haryono, Siswoyo. Rosady, Febry. Mohd Shamsuri MdSaad(2018) Effects of Emotional and Spiritual Intelligence on Job Performance among Temporary Nurses at Abdul Riva’I Regional General Hospital, Berau District, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Management Issues in Healthcare System4.pp 42-54
- Hayes, A.F. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach, 3rd ed.; The Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA, 2022.
- Ilgın, B. & Guney, S. & Ergeneli, A. & Tayfur, O. (2013). The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors and the Moderating Effects of Gender on This Relationship, Creativity, Innovation and Management Abstracts of the 10. th International Conference Sousse,Tunisia.
- Jenifer A, Mclron.(2013).Job insecurity, organizational citizenship behaviors, and job search activities: how work locus of control and control-oriented coping moderate these relationships. Journal of Psycho educational Assessment, vol.32.
- Joo, B. K., & Jo, S. J. (2017). The effects of perceived authentic leadership and core self-evaluations on organizational citizenship behavior: The role of psychological empowerment as a partial mediator. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 38(3), 463-481.
- Kakriman, A. (2012). Effective communication skills to manage the library: relation between managers and librarians Asiye Kakirman-Yildiz. Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Libraries (QQML), (2), 141–153
- Kang, J. & Jang, J. (2019). Fostering service-oriented organizational citizenship behavior through reducing role stressors. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management.
- Khan, A., Bibi, S., Lyu, J., Garavelli, A. C., Pontrandolfo, P., & Perez Sanchez, M. d. A. (2020). Uncovering Innovativeness in Spanish Tourism Firms: The Role of Transformational Leadership ,OCB, Firm Size, and Age. Sustainability, 12(10), 87-99.
- Khaola, P., & Rambe, P. (2020). The effects of transformational leadership on organisational citizenship behaviour: The role of organisational justice and affective commitment. Management Research Review, 3, 26-40.
- Kim, E.-J., & Park, S. (2019). The role of transformational leadership in citizenship behavior.International Journal of Manpower, 40(7), 1347–1360. https: //doi.org /10.1108 /IJM-12-2018-0413
- Kim, S-.H., Kim, M., & Holland, S. (2020). Effects of intrinsic motivation on organizational citizenship behaviors of hospitality employees: The mediating roles of reciprocity and organizational commitment. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality Tourism, 19.
- Kloutsiniotis, P. V., & Mihail, D. M. (2020a). The effects of high performance work systems in employees’ service-oriented OCB. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 90, 26-47.
- Kotsou, I., Mikolajczak, M., Heeren, A., Grégoire, J., & Leys, C. (2019). Improving emotional intelligence: A systematic review of existing work and future challenges. Emotion Review, 11(2), 151-165.
- Krishnakumar, S.; Hopkins, K.; Szmerekovsky, J.G.; Robinson, M.D. Assessing Workplace Emotional Intelligence: Development and Validation of an Ability-based Measure. J. Psychol. 2016, 150, 371–404. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kurland, H., Peretz, H., & Hertz-Lazarowitz, R. (2010). Leadership style and organizational learning: The mediate effect of school vision. Journal of Educational Administration, 48(1), 7-30.
- Li, Y., & Xie, W. (2021). Linking Change-Oriented Organizational Citizenship Behavior to Turnover Intention: Effects of Servant Leadership and Career Commitment. Public Personnel Management, 3, 87-96
- Liu Z, Mei S, Guo Y. Green human resource management, green organization identity and organizational citizenship behavior for the environment:the moderating effect of environmental values. Chinese Manag Stud. 2021;15(2):290–304. doi:10.1108/CMS-10-2019-0366
- López-Cabarcos, M. Á., Vazquez-Rodriguez, P., Pineiro-Chousa, J., & Caby, J. (2019). The role of bullying in the development of organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Business Research.
- MacCann, C., Jiang, Y., Brown, L. E., Double, K. S., Bucich, M., & Minbashian, A. (2020).Emotional intelligence predicts academic performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin,146(2), 150. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000219
- MacCann, C., Jiang, Y., Brown, L. E., Double, K. S., Bucich, M., & Minbashian, A. (2020). Emotional intelligence predicts academic performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 146(2), 150.
- MacCann, C.; Lievens, F.; Libbrecht, N.; Roberts, R.D. Differences between multimedia and text-based assessments of emotion management: An exploration with the multimedia emotion management assessment (MEMA). Cogn. Emot. 2016, 30, 1317–1331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- MacCann, C.; Roberts, R.D. New paradigms for assessing emotional intelligence: Theory and data. Emotion 2020, 8, 540–551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maleki Hatem, Jafari Mohammad. Analysis of the relationship between spiritual leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: the mediating role of psychological empowerment and positive moral atmosphere. Ethics in science and technology. 1395; 11 (4): 70-80
- Matteson, M. L., Ming, Y., & Silva, D. E. (2021). The relationship between work conditions and perceptions of organizational justice among library employees. Library Information Science Research, 4, 44-69.
- Mitić. S., Milan, N., Jelena, J., Jelena, V., & Edit, T. (2017). The impact of information technologies on commincation satisfaction and organizational learning in companies in Serbia, Computers in Human Behavior (2017), doi: 10.1016/j.chb. 2017.07.01
- Modassir, A. & Singh, T.(2011). Relationship of Emotional Intelligence with Transformational Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behavior, International Journal of Leadership Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 3-21
- Mohadi, Mehdi and Kermani, Rahim (2016) "Alienation from work and its effect on the productivity of the workforce" Management Engineering Monthly (2016), fifth year, number 48, page 32-5.
- Mohammad Tabar, S., Eskandari, H., Abbaspour, A., (2011), investigating the Effect of Organizational Citizenship Behavior on Employees' Job Satisfaction in Seven Diamonds Company, journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy Culture, Vol. 2, No. 7, pp. 50-67. (In Persian)
- Moradzadeh, Abdulbasit, Rigi, Mohibeddin, & Zalugar, Abdul Ali. (2019). The mediating role of organizational spirituality in the relationship between spiritual leadership and organizational citizenship behavior among sports media employees in Zahedan city. Communication Management in Foreign Media 8(2), 79-94. doi: 10.30473/jsm.2019.44847. 1312
- Nahasaram, S.T.; Ramoo, V.; Lee, W.L. Missed nursing care in the Malaysian context: A cross-sectional study from nurses’ perspective. J. Nurs. Manag. 2021, 29, 1848–1856. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Newman, A., Schwarz, G., Cooper, B., & Sendjaya, S. (2017). How servant leadership influences organizational citizenship behavior: The roles of LMX, empowerment, and proactive personality. Journal of Business Ethics, 145(1), 49-62
- Noorlaila Hj Y., Noormala A.I., Raja Munirah R. M. & Raja Suzana, R.K.(2014). Employee Performance on Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Influence of Leader's Emotional Intelligence,The International. Journal of Knowledge, Culture and Change Management,Vol.8, No.10, pp. 29-34.
- Okeke, I. E., Oghenetega, L. U., & Lawrence, U. (2014). Public Relation Skills of University Librarians in South-East Geo- Political Zone of Nigeria . New Media and Mass Communication, 30, 8–13.
- Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (2006). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature, antecedents, and consequences. USA: Sage Publications, Inc.
- Paillé, P., & Meija-Morelos, J. H. (2019). Organisational support is not always enough to encourage employee environmental performance. The moderating role of exchange ideology. Journal of Cleaner Production, 220, 1061-1070.
- parsley Series, M; Ismaili, Anwar; Khodayari ZARNAGH, Rahim; Rblv, glory to Pou, Obaidullah. (1398) .artbat emotional intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior deviant workplace behaviors in the Journal of Hospital Staffs hospital in Tehran.
- Podsakoff, N. P., Whiting, S. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & Blume, B. D. (2009). Individual- and organizational-level consequences of organizational citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(1), 122-141
- Podsakoff, P. M., Mackenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., Bachrach, D. G. (2000). “Organizational citizenship behavior: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical lit literature and suggestions for future research”, Journal of Management, 26 (3), pp. 513-563.
- Rahimi, Q, and Fathi, n. (1396). Modeling of spiritual leadership, psychological empowerment, ethics and positive organizational citizenship behavior, First International Conference on Accounting and Management Approach resistance economy, Kurdistan, the Kurdistan Journal of hope for the future researchers -University of Kurdista
- Ramirez, D. (2012). Organizational communication satisfaction and job satisfaction within University Foodservice. B.A., University of Oregon, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.
- Ren, S., Tang, G., & Kim, A. (2020). OCB-E among Chinese employees of different contract types. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 3, 25- 47.
- Rezaeian, A., Rahimi, F., (2008), The Effect of Procedural Justice on Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Moderate Role of Organizational Trust, Journal of Business Management Perspective, Vol. 7, No. 29, pp. 69-87.
- Richard. H. (2013). Organizational citizenship behavior: values that work for employees and organizational. Journal of business and psychology, 17(1(, 1-23.
- Richard. H. (2013). Organizational citizenship behavior: values that work for employees and organizational. Journal of business and psychology, 17(1(, 1-23.
- Salovey P, Mayer JD, Goldman S, Turvey C, Palfai T (1995). Emotional attention, clarity, and repair: exploring emotional intelligence using the Trait Meta Mood Scale. In:Pennebaker JW, ed. Emotion, disclosure and health. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 125–154.
- Savalei, V.; Reise, S.P. Don’t Forget the Model in Your Model-based Reliability Coefficients: A Reply to McNeish (2018). Collabra Psychol. 2019, 5, 36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saygili, G. (2015).The Factors Affecting Emotional Intelligence of Gifted Children.Research Journal of Recent Sciences. Vol. 4(3), pp. 41-47. Ανακτήθηκε 7 Μαΐου,2021,απόhttp://www.isca.in/rjrs/archive/v4/i3/6.ISCA-RJRS-2014-28.pdf Carver C.S.,
- Silitonga, N., Novitasari, D., Sutardi, D., Sopa, A., Asbari, M., Yulia, Y.,... Fauji, A. (2020). The Relationship Oftransformational Leadership, Organizational Justice And Organizational Commitment: A Mediation Effect Of Job Satisfaction. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(19), 89-108.
- Singh, S. (2019), “The Impact of workplace spirituality on employees’ productivity and their wellbeing”,Global Journal of Enterprise Information System, Vol. 11 No. 1, pp. 54-63.
- Singh, S. K., Del Giudice, M., Chierici, R., & Graziano, D. (2020). Green innovation and environmental performance: The role of green transformational leadership and green human resource management. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 150,119762.
- Spranzi, F.; Norton, C. From handover to takeover: Should we consider a new conceptual model of communication? Br. J. Midwifery 2020, 28, 156–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Srtchy, the butler. (1395). The relationship between emotional intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior in employees' job security with hotels in the city "MS Thesis, Islamic Azad University of Shiraz.
- Tag, X. & Hawley, J. M. (2009). “Measuring customer-based brand equity: Empirical evidence from the sportswear market in china”, Journal of Product and Brand Management, 18 (4), pp.
- Taghizadeh Yazdi, Mohammad Reza and Soleimani, Afshar (2014) Application of conventional correlation method to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and organizational civil behavior and organizational commitment. Modern psychology, article 2, period 1, number 2, summer 2014.
- Teng, C. C. Lu, A. C. C. Huang, Z. Y. & Fang, C. H. (2019). Ethical work climate, organizational identification, leader-member-exchange (LMX) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management.
- Teng, C.-C., Lu, A. C. C., Huang, Z.-Y., & Fang, C.-H. (2020). Ethical work climate, organizational identification, leader-member-exchange (LMX) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2, 26-47
- Torlak, N. G., Kuzey, C., Sait Dinç, M., & Budur, T. (2021). Links connecting nurses’ planned behavior, burnout, job satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 36(1), 7.١٠٣-٧
- Tran ,Thi Bich Hanh and Choi, Suk Bong (2019) Effects of inclusive leadership on organizational citizenship behavior: the mediating roles of organizational justice and learning culture. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology. Vol 13, pp1-11.
- Trong Tuan, L. (2017). Knowledge sharing in public organizations: The roles of servant leadership and organizational citizenship behavior. International Journal of Public Administration, 40(4), 361-373.
- Tung, N., & Ly, L. (2020). Factors affecting literature learning behavior of secondary high school students: Evidence inVietnam. Management Science Letters, 10(14), 3265-3270.
- Unselfish, Muhammad; Alidoost Qahfarkhi, Ebrahim, Bagheri, Qadratullah, Ghofrani, Mohsen, Sabri, Ali (2015) Investigating the relationship between spiritual leadership and social capital with psychological capital in Fars Premier Football League teams (Vision Asia), organizational behavior management studies in sports, Third period, number 1, Spring 2015, pp. 5
- Wagner, J.D.; Bezuidenhout, M.C.; Roos, J.H. Communication satisfaction of professional nurses working in public hospitals. J. Nurs. Manag. 2015, 23, 974–982. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wagstaff, C., Fletcher, D., & Hanton, S. (2012). Exploring emotion abilities and regulation strategies in sport organizations. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 1(4), 268-282.
- Wang , M. Guo, T. Ni , Y. shang, S. & tang ,Z. (2019) the effect of spiritual leadership on employee effectiveness an intrinsic motivation perspective. Front . psychol . 9 :2672.
- Wang, T., Yang, F. and Huang, X. (2019), “I will do and I can do: how and when spiritual leadership behavior enhances employee career growth potential”, Paper presented at the 79th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management (AOM), 7-11 August, Boston, Massachusetts
- Wolfe, S. E., & Lawson, S. G. (20 .(٢٠The organizational justice effect among criminal justice employees: A meta‐analysis. Criminology, 58(4), 619-644.
- Xiaofang N (2020) Does Authorization Have to Be Omnipotent? The “Double-Edge Sword” Effect of Empowering Leadership on Employee’s Behavior Open Journal of Social Sciences, Vol.8 No.3,pp236-245
- Xiaofang N (2020) Does Authorization Have to Be Omnipotent? The “Double-Edged Sword” Effect of Empowering Leadership on Employee’s Behavior Open Journal of Social Sciences, Vol.8 No.3,pp236-245.
- Yagoubi, Noor Mohammad. (2014). Predicting the components of employees' organizational citizenship behavior in the light of managers' spiritual leadership. Public management research
- Yang, M.; Fry, L.W. The role of spiritual leadership in reducing healthcare worker burnout. J. Manag.Spirit. Relig. 2018, 15, 305–324. [CrossRef]
- Zhu J, Tang W, Wang H, Chen Y. The influence of green human resource management on employee green behavior—a study on the mediating effect of environmental belief and green organizational identity. Sustainability.2021;13(8):4544. doi: 10.3390 /su1308454