The Role of Umm Al-Salma's Management in the Battle of Jamal

Subject Areas : History & Archeology

Reza Moeini Roudbali ¹ (Assistant Professor, Department of Theology and Islamic Studies, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Farhangian University, Shiraz, Iran.)
Mohammad Keshavarze (Beyzaie) ² (Assistant Professor, Department of Islamic Studies, Faculty of Department of Islamic Studies, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr University of Medical Sciencesk, Bushehr, Iran.)
Ali Najarporian ³ (Assistant Professor, Department of Theology and Islamic Studies, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Farhangian University, Shiraz, Iran.)

Received: 2022-07-11 Accepted : 2022-08-12 Published : 2022-09-23

Keywords: Management, Umm Al-Salma, The Battle of Jamal,

Abstract :

The aim of the present study was the role of Umm al-Salma's management in the Battle of Jamal. The research universe included all the texts related to Umm al-Salmah; one of the Prophet's wives. The sample of the research was the managerial role of Umm al-Salmah in the Battle of Jamel. The research was designed as descriptive-historical. Data was collected based on library information, documents and index note taking. The results showed that Umm Salma was aware of her significant and sensitive role among Muslims not only in the important events of the Prophet's era; but also during the era of Hazrat Ali (AS). She also supported him during the caliphate of Ali (AS). While rejecting the proposals of the initiator of the Battle of Jamal in the war against Hazrat Ali (a.s.), she tried to prevent Ayesha from going to Basra by reminding the Prophet of Islam speech that denoted Ali (AS) was the guardian of every believer. Umm Salma gave a speech to the Mohajarin(the emigrants) and Ansar(the supporters), asking for their support to Hazrat Ali (AS) and succeeded in dissuading many groups from accompanying the Jamal troops. Her dilouges with Ayesha before and after the Battle of Jamal emphasized her foresight towards the unity of Muslims. She revealed their plots and conspiracies by writing numerous letters to Hazrat Ali (AS). Referring to the words of the Messenger of Allah, who spoke about women staying at home during war, she sent her son Amr bin Abi Salama to help him in the war against the enemies. This issue made Umm Salma to be praised by Hazrat.

References:

Aaghi ghi Bakshaishi, A. R. (2012). Famous women in the history of islamic culture and civilization. Qom: Navid Islam Publishing House. [Persian] URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/1270132

Ayati, A. H. (2012). History of the Prophet of Islam. Tehran: Tehran University Press. [Persian] URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/1863329

Al-Farahidi, I. A. (1985). Kitab al-Ain. Qom: Dar al-Hijrah Institute. [Persian] URL:  https://www.gisoom.com/book/120728/

Belazari, A. I. Y. (1996). Jamal man ansab al-ashraf. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr. [Persian] URL:  https://noorlib.ir/book/info/18878/

Beyhaqi, I. I. M. (2002). Al-Mahasin and Al-Masawi, with Adnan Ali's footnotes. Beirut: Dar al-Kitab Al-Alamiya, Muhammad Ali Bizoon's pamphlets. [Persian] URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/1248510/

Dinovri, A. B. D. (2011). Akhbar al-Tawwal. Cairo: Al-Saada Press. [Persian] URL:  https://www.gisoom.com/book/11051404/

Jafarian, R. (2001). Political history of Islam (History of the Caliphs from the death of the Prophet to the decline of the Umayyads). Tehran: Dalil Ma Publications. [Persian] URL:   https://www.gisoom.com/book/1212988/

Hamvi, Y. (1984). Mojam Al-Boldan. Translated by Ali Naghi Monzavi. (2001). Tehran: Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization. . [Persian] URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/1254140

Hedayatpanah, M. R. (2012). The source of Shinasi. The Book Aljamal O valnosra lesayedo aletra, fi harbo Al Basra. [Persian] URL: https://tarikh.maaref.ac.ir/article-1-1210

,Ibn Abi al-Hadid, M. (1965). Commentary on Nahj al-Balagha. Cairo: Darahiya al-Kitab al-Arabiyyah. . [Persian] URL:  https://www.gisoom.com/book/1592257

Ibn Athir, A. I. M. (1970). Asdal Ghabah fi Ma'rifah al-Sahhabah. Tehran: Ismailian. URL: https://noorlib.ir/book/info/18829

Ibn Juzi, Y. B. G. (1997). Tazkera al-Khawas min al-Uma, mentioning the characteristics of al-Aima. Qom: Al-Sharif al-Razi. [Persian] URL: https://www.gisoom.com/

Ibn Moskawieh, A. A. M. R. (2000). Experiences of the nations, Abul Qasem Emami's research. Tehran: Soroush. [Persian] URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/1197942

Ibn Hisham, A. M. B. H. (2004). Sirat raswal allah. Tehran: Center Publishing. [Persian] URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/1160663

Ibn Qutaiba, A. B. M. (1989). Al-Imamah and Al-Siyaseh (History of the Caliphs). Translated by Seyyed Nasser Tabatabai. (2005). Tehran: Qaqnos. [Persian] URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/1339426

Katab Waqdi, M. B. S. (1990). Tabaqat. Translated by Mahmoud Mahdavi Damghani. (1995). Tehran: Farhang and Andisheh Publications. [Persian] URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/11313983

Koofi ,I. A. (1990). Al-Futuh. Translated by Mohammad bin Ahmad bin Mostofi Heravi,. (1993). Tehran: Islamic Revolution Publications and Education. [Persian] URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/11002684

Masoudi, A. H. (1988). Moruj al-dahaab and maaden al-johar. Translated by Abolqasem Payandeh. (2009). Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publishing Company. [Persian] URL:  https://www.gisoom.com/book/1605433

Montazer Qaim, A. )2018). The history of imamat. Qom: Maarif Publishing Office. [Persian] URL:  https://www.gisoom.com/book/11450790

Rafiei, M. B. M. (1888). Tazkire Al Khawatin (in the biographies of famous female scholars from Arabia, Rome, India and other countries from the beginning of Islam until now). India: Hor Maqsoorat in Al Khayyam. [Persian] URL:  http://www.lib.ir/book/65209029

Pishwai, M. (2011). History of Islam from jahiliyyah to the death of the Prophet of Islam (PBUH). Qom: Supreme Leader's Representative Institution in Universities. [Persian] URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/11453983

Sheikh Mofid. H. (2009). Al-Jamal-and-Al-Nosrale Sayyid Al-Atara. Qom: Sheikh Mufid Congress [Persian] URL:. https://www.gisoom.com/book/1619523/

Seyed Raziie (1992). Nahj al-Balagheh. Translated by Hossein Ansarian. (2009). Qom: Dar al-Irfan. [Persian] URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/1644540

Salem, A. A. (1978). Arab history before Islam. Translated by Bagher Sadriniya. (2003). Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications. [Persian] URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/1935922

Tabatabaei, S. M. H. (2007). The mission of shiism in today's world (another conversation with Henry Karbon). Tehran: Bostan Ketab. [Persian] URL:  https://www.gisoom.com/book/1504030

Tabari, M. B. J. (1967). Tarikh Tabari or Tarikh al-Rasl and Al-Muluk. Translated by Abul Qasim Payandeh. (1996). Tehran: Asatir Publications. [Persian] URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/11119697

Yaqoubi, A. B. I. (2010). Tarikh Yaqoubi. Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publishing Company. [Persian] URL: https://www.gisoom.com/book/1730484/