Responses of Seed Yield and Morphophysiological Traits of Mungbean (Vigna radiate L.) cv. Gohar to GDD and Plant Density in Ilam Region
Subject Areas : Journal of Crop EcophysiologyAbas Soleymani Fard 1 , Rahim Naseri 2
1 - Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
2 - Department of Plant Production Technology, Dehloran Faculty of Agriculture and Engineering, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
Keywords: harvest index, leaf area, Photosynthesis, grain protein,
Abstract :
To study the effect of GDD and plant spacing on some agronomic, morpho-physiologic traits and qualitative traits of mungbean (Vigna radiate L.), cv. Gohar, a field experiment was conducted by using a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in summer of 2016 in Ilam region. The first factor, planting date, consisted of three GDD of 1910 GDD, 1740 GDD and 1485 GDD (planting dates of 10 and 25 July and 5 July) and the second factor plant spacings on the row consisting of four levels (5, 10, 15 and 20 cm) with 50 cm between rows (40, 20, 13.3 and 10 plants.m-2,respectively). The results showed that leaf chlorophyll content, leaf area, relative water content, pods.plant-1, pods.m-2, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index were affected by planting date× plant distances on the row. The highest chlorophyll content (1.85 mg/g fresh weight), pods.plant-1 (44 pods), pods.m-2 (507 pods), grain yield (3149 kg.ha-1) and harvest index (50.2%) were obtained at 1740 GDD and 15 cm plant distances on the row. According to the results of this experiment, the highest grain yield and yield components belonged to the planting date of 1740 GDD (planting dates of 25 July) with 15 cm plant distances on the row (13.3 plants.m-2) in Ilam region.
· Abadian, H., N. Latifi, B. Kamkar, and M. Bagheri. 2008. The effect of late sowing date and plant density on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of canola (RGS-003) in Gorgan. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 15(2): 53-64. (In Persian).
· Agung, S., and G.K. McDonald. 2004. Effects of seed size and maturity on the growth and yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 49: 79–88.
· Arnon, A.N. 1967. Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants. Agronomy Journal. 23: 112- 121.
· Asgari, S.R., M.R. Dadashi, and M.T. Feyzbakhsh. 2018. Investigate the effect of plant density on yield and yield components of green pods in four pea cultivars in Gorgan region. Journal of Field Research. 10(2): 97-114. (In Persian).
· Awasthi, R., N. Kaushal, V. Vadez, N.C Turner, J. Berger, K.H.M. Siddique, and H. Nayyar. 2014. Individual and combined effects of transient drought and heat stress on carbon assimilation and seed filling in chickpea. Functional Plant Biology. 41: 1148–1167.
· Bhardwaj, H.L., and A.A. Hamama. 2015. Cultivar, planting date, and row spacing effects on mungbean performance in Virginia. HortScience. 50 (9): 1309–1311.
· Bhardwaj, H.L., and A.A. Hamama. 2016. Cultivar, planting date, and row spacing effects on mungbean seed composition. Journal of Agricultural Science. 8 (10): 26–32.
· Cheraghi, S., M. Rafiei, and Ali. Khorgami. 2011. The effect of foliar application of nitrogen at different dates, and planting method on grain yield, and Yield components of mungbean in the environmental conditions of khoramabad. Journal of Crop Physiology. 3 (9): 15-29. (In Persian).
· Fadaei, J., A. Faraji, M.R. Dadashi, and A. Siahmarguee. 2017. The response of mungbean crop (VC-1973A genotype) to planting date, plant density and irrigation in Gorgan condition. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research. 8(1): 180-191. (In Persian).
· Forghani, A., N. Khodabandeh, D. Habibi, and A. Bankehsaz. 2010. Reaction of chlorophylls a and b, proline and yield of corn (SC704) to light stress and different density levels. Journal of Field Research. 2(1): 29-37. (In Persian).
· Gregory, S., and W.W. Wilhelm. 1997. Growing degree days: one equation, two interpretation. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology. 87(4): 291-300.
· Halder, K., and S. Burrage. 2004. Effect of drought stress on photosynthesis and leaf gas exchange of Rice Growth in Nutrient Film Technique (NFT). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 7: 563-565.
· Holliday, R. 1960. Plant population and crop yield. Field Crop Abstracts. 13: 159-167.
· Ilkaee, M.N., and V.E. Emam. 2002. Effect of plant density on yield components in two winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) cultivars. Iranian Journal of Agriculture Science. 3 (3): 513-524. (In Persian).
· Jackson, M.C. 1964. Soil chemical analysis. Constable and Co. Ltd. London. pp: 183-192.
· Kadam, S. S., and S.A. Khanvilkar. 2015. Effect of phosphorus, boron and row spacing on growth of summer green gram (Vigna radiata). Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 2: 7-8.
· Kaur, R., T. Bains, H. Bindumadhava, and H. Nayyar. 2015. Responses of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) genotypes to heat stress: Effects on reproductive biology, leaf function and yield traits. Scientia horticulturae. 197: 527–41.
· Kumar, M., G.S. Panwar, and S. Kushwaha. 2016. Effect of planting date, seed rate and row spacing on nodulation efficiency of bold seeded spring mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] in Bundelkhand region of India. Legume Research. 39 (2): 293-296.
· Lateef, E.A., M.A. Salam, M. Selim, M. Tawfik, M. EL-Kramany, and A. Farrag. 2018. Effect of climate change on mungbean growth and productivity under Egyptian conditions. International Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Science. 2 (2): 16-23.
· Lone, B., A. Hasan, B. Singh, A.S.A. Haq, and N.R. Sofi. 2009. Effects of seed rate, row spacing and fertility levels on yield attributes and yield of soybean under temperate conditions. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science. 4: 19- 25.
· Lopez- Bellido, F.J., R.J. Lopez- Bellido, S. Kasem Khalil, and L. Lopez- Bellido. 2008. Effect of planting date on winter kabuli chickpea growth and yield under rainfed Mediterranean conditions. Agronomy Journal. 100 (4): 957-964.
· Mandehpour, S., S. Lak, and M. Sharafizadeh. 2015. The effect of planting date and plant density on phonological characteristics, yield and yield components of hybrid corn Karun 701 in Khuzestan. Crop physiology Journal. 6(24): 105-118. (In Persian).
· Mohdal, A.R., T. Munira, and M. Tahawa. 2004. Effect of seed size and plant population density on yield and yield components of local faba bean (Vicia faba L. Major). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 6(2): 294-299.
· Moniruzzaman, M., G.M.A. Halim, and Z.A. Firoz. 2009. Performances of French bean as influenced by plat density and nitrogen application. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research. 34 (1): 105-111.
· Mousavi, S.K., and P. Pezeshkpour. 2006. Evaluation of Kabouli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars response to sowing date. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 4: 141-154. (In Persian).
· Murua, M. 2002. Polymer seed coating effects on feasibility of early planting in corn, planting date and corn productivity. MSc. Thesis, Purdue University.
· Naderi. F., S.A. Siadat, and M. Rafiee 2010. Effect of planting date and plant density on grain yield and yield components of two maize hybrids as second crop in Khorram Abad. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 12 (1):31-41. (In Persian).
· Pasandi Pour, A., and H. Farahbakhsh. 2017. Effect of plant density on growth indices and yield of henna (Lowsonia inermis L.) ecotypes in Shahdad region of Iran. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 18(4): 334-346. (In Persian).
· Pasandi Pour, A., and H. Farahbakhsh. 2018. The Effect of plant Density on photosynthesis and Growth Indices of Henna (Lowsonia inermis L.) Ecotypes. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 16 (1): 181-190. (In Persian).
· Pookpakdi, A., and C. Chugphetchinda. 1988. Growth stage identification in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). General National FAO Committee. 26(1):75-80.
· Sadeghi, H., H. Heidari Sharifabd, A. Hamidi, Gh. Noormohammadi, and H. Madani. 2015. Effect of planting date and plant density on net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, leaf chlorophyll index and grain yield of soybean in Meghan and Karaj areas. Plant Ecophysiology Journal. 7 (23): 85-94. (In Persian).
· Salehi, F. 2014. Effect of plant density on seed yield and its components in new red bean lines. Applied Fild Crops Research. 27(103): 23-28. (In Persian).
· Shakarami, G., and M. Rafiee. 2009. Response of corn (Zea mays L.) to planting pattern and density in Iran. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences. 5(1): 69-73.
· Siddique, K.H.M., S.P. Loss, K.L. Regan, and R.L. Jettner. 1999. Adaptation and seed yield of cool season grain legumes in Mediterranean environments of south-western Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 50: 375-387.
· Singh, A.P., B.S. Dhillon, and A.S. Sidhu. 2019. Productivity of summer moong (Vigna radiata L.) as influenced by different sowing dates and varieties. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 8 (3): 781-784.
· Soleymani A. 2016. Effect of plant density on light absorption in canopy and growth indices of sunflower cultivars (Helianthus annus L.). Crop Physiology Journal. 7(28): 107-123. (In Persian).
· Soleymani Sardoo, M., G. Afsharmanesh, and Z. Roudbari. 2017. Evaluating the effects of sowing date and plant density on yield and yield components of mungbean in Jiroft county. Journal of Crop Science Research in Arid Regions. 1(1): 27-34. (In Persian).
· Soomro, M., H. Markhand, and B.A. Soomro. 2011. Screening Pakistani cotton for drought tolerance. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 44: 383-388.
· Sorkhi, F. 2017. Effect of planting pattern and plant density on growth, dry matter remobilization and grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.). Crop Physiology Journal. 9 (34): 61-78.
· Zeinali, E., A. Soltani, M. Khadempir, M. Tourani, and F. Sheikh. 2014. Studying the response of yield components, grain and green pod yield of two faba bean cultivars to inter- row spacing in normal and late seeding dates. Journal of Crops Improvement. 15 (4): 195-210. (In Persian).
· Hashemi Dezfouli, M., A. Koochaki, and M. Banayanaval. 1995. Maximizing crop yield. JDM Press. 287 Pp. (In Persian).
Zhang, X.B., P. Liu, Y.S. Yang, and G.D. Xu. 2007. Effect of Al in soil on photosynthesis and related morphological and physiological characteristics of two soybean genotypes. Botanical Studies. 48: 435-444.
· Abadian, H., N. Latifi, B. Kamkar, and M. Bagheri. 2008. The effect of late sowing date and plant density on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of canola (RGS-003) in Gorgan. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 15(2): 53-64. (In Persian).
· Agung, S., and G.K. McDonald. 2004. Effects of seed size and maturity on the growth and yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 49: 79–88.
· Arnon, A.N. 1967. Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants. Agronomy Journal. 23: 112- 121.
· Asgari, S.R., M.R. Dadashi, and M.T. Feyzbakhsh. 2018. Investigate the effect of plant density on yield and yield components of green pods in four pea cultivars in Gorgan region. Journal of Field Research. 10(2): 97-114. (In Persian).
· Awasthi, R., N. Kaushal, V. Vadez, N.C Turner, J. Berger, K.H.M. Siddique, and H. Nayyar. 2014. Individual and combined effects of transient drought and heat stress on carbon assimilation and seed filling in chickpea. Functional Plant Biology. 41: 1148–1167.
· Bhardwaj, H.L., and A.A. Hamama. 2015. Cultivar, planting date, and row spacing effects on mungbean performance in Virginia. HortScience. 50 (9): 1309–1311.
· Bhardwaj, H.L., and A.A. Hamama. 2016. Cultivar, planting date, and row spacing effects on mungbean seed composition. Journal of Agricultural Science. 8 (10): 26–32.
· Cheraghi, S., M. Rafiei, and Ali. Khorgami. 2011. The effect of foliar application of nitrogen at different dates, and planting method on grain yield, and Yield components of mungbean in the environmental conditions of khoramabad. Journal of Crop Physiology. 3 (9): 15-29. (In Persian).
· Fadaei, J., A. Faraji, M.R. Dadashi, and A. Siahmarguee. 2017. The response of mungbean crop (VC-1973A genotype) to planting date, plant density and irrigation in Gorgan condition. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research. 8(1): 180-191. (In Persian).
· Forghani, A., N. Khodabandeh, D. Habibi, and A. Bankehsaz. 2010. Reaction of chlorophylls a and b, proline and yield of corn (SC704) to light stress and different density levels. Journal of Field Research. 2(1): 29-37. (In Persian).
· Gregory, S., and W.W. Wilhelm. 1997. Growing degree days: one equation, two interpretation. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology. 87(4): 291-300.
· Halder, K., and S. Burrage. 2004. Effect of drought stress on photosynthesis and leaf gas exchange of Rice Growth in Nutrient Film Technique (NFT). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 7: 563-565.
· Holliday, R. 1960. Plant population and crop yield. Field Crop Abstracts. 13: 159-167.
· Ilkaee, M.N., and V.E. Emam. 2002. Effect of plant density on yield components in two winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) cultivars. Iranian Journal of Agriculture Science. 3 (3): 513-524. (In Persian).
· Jackson, M.C. 1964. Soil chemical analysis. Constable and Co. Ltd. London. pp: 183-192.
· Kadam, S. S., and S.A. Khanvilkar. 2015. Effect of phosphorus, boron and row spacing on growth of summer green gram (Vigna radiata). Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 2: 7-8.
· Kaur, R., T. Bains, H. Bindumadhava, and H. Nayyar. 2015. Responses of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) genotypes to heat stress: Effects on reproductive biology, leaf function and yield traits. Scientia horticulturae. 197: 527–41.
· Kumar, M., G.S. Panwar, and S. Kushwaha. 2016. Effect of planting date, seed rate and row spacing on nodulation efficiency of bold seeded spring mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] in Bundelkhand region of India. Legume Research. 39 (2): 293-296.
· Lateef, E.A., M.A. Salam, M. Selim, M. Tawfik, M. EL-Kramany, and A. Farrag. 2018. Effect of climate change on mungbean growth and productivity under Egyptian conditions. International Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Science. 2 (2): 16-23.
· Lone, B., A. Hasan, B. Singh, A.S.A. Haq, and N.R. Sofi. 2009. Effects of seed rate, row spacing and fertility levels on yield attributes and yield of soybean under temperate conditions. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science. 4: 19- 25.
· Lopez- Bellido, F.J., R.J. Lopez- Bellido, S. Kasem Khalil, and L. Lopez- Bellido. 2008. Effect of planting date on winter kabuli chickpea growth and yield under rainfed Mediterranean conditions. Agronomy Journal. 100 (4): 957-964.
· Mandehpour, S., S. Lak, and M. Sharafizadeh. 2015. The effect of planting date and plant density on phonological characteristics, yield and yield components of hybrid corn Karun 701 in Khuzestan. Crop physiology Journal. 6(24): 105-118. (In Persian).
· Mohdal, A.R., T. Munira, and M. Tahawa. 2004. Effect of seed size and plant population density on yield and yield components of local faba bean (Vicia faba L. Major). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 6(2): 294-299.
· Moniruzzaman, M., G.M.A. Halim, and Z.A. Firoz. 2009. Performances of French bean as influenced by plat density and nitrogen application. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research. 34 (1): 105-111.
· Mousavi, S.K., and P. Pezeshkpour. 2006. Evaluation of Kabouli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars response to sowing date. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 4: 141-154. (In Persian).
· Murua, M. 2002. Polymer seed coating effects on feasibility of early planting in corn, planting date and corn productivity. MSc. Thesis, Purdue University.
· Naderi. F., S.A. Siadat, and M. Rafiee 2010. Effect of planting date and plant density on grain yield and yield components of two maize hybrids as second crop in Khorram Abad. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 12 (1):31-41. (In Persian).
· Pasandi Pour, A., and H. Farahbakhsh. 2017. Effect of plant density on growth indices and yield of henna (Lowsonia inermis L.) ecotypes in Shahdad region of Iran. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 18(4): 334-346. (In Persian).
· Pasandi Pour, A., and H. Farahbakhsh. 2018. The Effect of plant Density on photosynthesis and Growth Indices of Henna (Lowsonia inermis L.) Ecotypes. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 16 (1): 181-190. (In Persian).
· Pookpakdi, A., and C. Chugphetchinda. 1988. Growth stage identification in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). General National FAO Committee. 26(1):75-80.
· Sadeghi, H., H. Heidari Sharifabd, A. Hamidi, Gh. Noormohammadi, and H. Madani. 2015. Effect of planting date and plant density on net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, leaf chlorophyll index and grain yield of soybean in Meghan and Karaj areas. Plant Ecophysiology Journal. 7 (23): 85-94. (In Persian).
· Salehi, F. 2014. Effect of plant density on seed yield and its components in new red bean lines. Applied Fild Crops Research. 27(103): 23-28. (In Persian).
· Shakarami, G., and M. Rafiee. 2009. Response of corn (Zea mays L.) to planting pattern and density in Iran. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences. 5(1): 69-73.
· Siddique, K.H.M., S.P. Loss, K.L. Regan, and R.L. Jettner. 1999. Adaptation and seed yield of cool season grain legumes in Mediterranean environments of south-western Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 50: 375-387.
· Singh, A.P., B.S. Dhillon, and A.S. Sidhu. 2019. Productivity of summer moong (Vigna radiata L.) as influenced by different sowing dates and varieties. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 8 (3): 781-784.
· Soleymani A. 2016. Effect of plant density on light absorption in canopy and growth indices of sunflower cultivars (Helianthus annus L.). Crop Physiology Journal. 7(28): 107-123. (In Persian).
· Soleymani Sardoo, M., G. Afsharmanesh, and Z. Roudbari. 2017. Evaluating the effects of sowing date and plant density on yield and yield components of mungbean in Jiroft county. Journal of Crop Science Research in Arid Regions. 1(1): 27-34. (In Persian).
· Soomro, M., H. Markhand, and B.A. Soomro. 2011. Screening Pakistani cotton for drought tolerance. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 44: 383-388.
· Sorkhi, F. 2017. Effect of planting pattern and plant density on growth, dry matter remobilization and grain yield of maize (Zea mays L.). Crop Physiology Journal. 9 (34): 61-78.
· Zeinali, E., A. Soltani, M. Khadempir, M. Tourani, and F. Sheikh. 2014. Studying the response of yield components, grain and green pod yield of two faba bean cultivars to inter- row spacing in normal and late seeding dates. Journal of Crops Improvement. 15 (4): 195-210. (In Persian).
· Hashemi Dezfouli, M., A. Koochaki, and M. Banayanaval. 1995. Maximizing crop yield. JDM Press. 287 Pp. (In Persian).
Zhang, X.B., P. Liu, Y.S. Yang, and G.D. Xu. 2007. Effect of Al in soil on photosynthesis and related morphological and physiological characteristics of two soybean genotypes. Botanical Studies. 48: 435-444.
