Ecophysiologic Indices of Wheat as Influenced by Plant Density and Application of Herbicide

Subject Areas : Journal of Crop Ecophysiology

Ehsanollah Zeidali ¹ (Faculty member, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran)
Rahim Naseri ² (Ph.D. in Agronomy, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran)
Amir Mirzaei ³ (Seed and Plant Improvement Research Department, Ilam Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Ilam, Iran)
Ali Asghar Chit Band ⁴ (Faculty member, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Lorestan, Iran)

Received: 2016-03-04 Accepted : 2016-12-23 Published : 2017-02-19

Keywords: Grain yield, Wheat, Weed density, Leaf chlorophyll,

Abstract :

To evaluate the effects of application of herbicides and different plant densities on seed yield, weed density and chlorophyll content in wheat (cv. Bahar), a split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications was conducted at the Agricultural Research Staion of Sarableh, Ilam, in 2014-2015 cropping season. Plant densities in (200, 250 and 300 kg of seed/ha) were considered as main factor and application of herbicides (2, 4-D, Granstar, Shovalyeh, and control, without herbicide application) as sub factor. Results indicated that plant densities affected traits under study significantly. As a result number of seed per spike, 1000-seed weight, relative water content, chlorophyll a and b contents decreased, while weed density and weed dry weight number of spike per m2 and percent lodging increased by increasing plant density. Application of herbicide increased number of spike per m2, number of seed per spike, 1000 seed weight, harvest index, relative water content, chlorophyll a and b contents, while it decreased weed dry weight and its density. Interaction effect of plant density and application of herbicide were significant on seed yield and biological yield. The highest seed yield (5500 kg.ha-1) was produced by using 250 kg seed/ha and application of Granstar herbicide and the lowest (2400 kg.ha-1) from 200 kg seed/ha and without application of herbicide. Thus, using 250 kg seed/ha and Granstar herbicide would increase wheat seed yield in this region as compared with the other treatments.

References:

Abdi, J., M.A. Bagestani, A. Khorgami, and P. Sabeti. 2012. Efficacy of maister OD (Foramsulfuron + Idosulfuron) a new herbicide in controlling weeds of corn fields. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 6(1): 57-68. (In Persian).
Anafjeh, Z., G. Fathi, Kh. Alami-Said, E. Zand, and A. Choab. 2009. Response of canola (Brasica napus L.) to plant densities of mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) with emphasis on agonomic control. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 11 (2): 109-122. (In Persian).
Balyan, R.S., R.K. Malik, R.S. Panwar, and S. Singh. 1991. Competition ability of winter wheat cultivars with wild oat. Weed Science. 39: 154-158.
Bazr Afshan, F., H. Mousavinia, A. Moezi, S.A. Syadat, and R. Hamidi. 2011. The influence of different densities of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) on yield and yield component of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Weeds Research. 2 (1): 15-29. (In Persian).
Darabi, F., A. Hatami, M.J. Zarea, and R. Naseri. 2015. Effect of shading on some important physiological traits in lentil crop. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 9 (31): 109-122. (In Persian).
Donaldson, E., W.E. Schillinger, and S.M. Dofing. 2001. Strwa production and grain yield relationships in winter wheat. Crop Science. 41: 100-106.
Fathi, A. 2013. Intefrated mangment of weed control in wheat by dual puropes herbices. Agricaulture and Natural Resources Engineering Organization of Isalmic Republic of Iran. 11 (43): 31-36. (In Persian).
Ferreira, A.M., and F.G. Abreu. 2001. Description of development, light interception and growth of sufflower at two sowing dates and two densities. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation. 56 (4-5): 369-384.
Ghatari, A.S., and A. Roozbahani. 2015. Chemical and mechanical weed control methods and their effects on photosynthetic pigments and grain yield of kidney bean. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 9 (3): 461-476. (In Persian).
Gholinejad, E., A. Aeenehband, A. Hasanzade Ghorttape, I. Barnoodi, and H. Rezaei. 2009. Evalution of eefctive drought stress on yeld, yeld components and harvest index of sunflower hybride iroflor at different levels of nitrogen and population in Urmieh climate condition. Journal of Plant Production. 16 (3): 1-27. (In Persian).
Izadi Darbandi, E., A.A. Chitband, A. Abasian, and M. Heidari. 2013. Evalouation of toleranmce of wheat and barely to application metri biozien. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 11 (1): 152-161. (In Persian).
Jongschaap, R., and R. Booij. 2004. Spectral measurements at different spatial scales in potato: Relating leaf, plant and canopy nitrogen status. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 5: 205-218.
Ki, D.S., E.J.P. Marshall, P. Brain, and J.C. Caseley. 2006. Modeling the effects of sub-lethal doses of herbicide and nitrogen fertilizer on crop-weed competition. Weed Research. 46: 492- 502.
Lak, Sh., A. Modhej, M. Alavi Fazel, M. Mojadam, and M. Ghohari. 2011. Effect of water deficit, nitrogen levels and plant density on growth incise of maize (c.v 704) under Ramin-Ahvaz conditions. Crop Physiology. 2 (2): 45-66. (In Persian).
Levitt, J. 1980. Response of plants to environmental stresses. Vol. 2. Water, radiation, salt and other stresses.Academic Press., New York, U.S.A. 650 p.
Li, Y., Z. Cui, Y. Ni, M. Zheng, D. Yang, and M.  Jin. 2016. Plant density effect on grain number and weight of two winter wheat cultivars at different spikelet and grain positions. Plos One. 11 (5): 1-15.
Lichtenthaler, H.K., and A.R. Wellburn. 1983. Determinations of total carotenoida and chorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents. Biochemical Society Transactions. 591-592.
Mahzari, S., M.A. Baghestani, A.H. Shirani Rad, M. Nasiri, and M. Omrani 2013. Effect of cono-weeder and herbicide application on weeds population, growth indices and yield in rice. Weed Knowledge. 8: 71-86. (In Persian).
Majnoon Hosseini, N., H. Mohamadi, and K. Poustini. 2003. Effect of plant density on agronomic characteristics, chlorophyll content and stem remobilization percentage in chickpea cultivars (Cicer arietinum L.). Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science. 34 (3): 1011-1019. (In Persian).
Major, D.J., J.B. Bole, and W.A. Charnetski. 1978. Distribution of photosynthates CO₂ assimilation by stem leaves and pods of rape plants. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 58: 783-787.
Maleki, A., P. Seyedan, and A. Tahmasbi. 2012.  Response of three bread wheat cultivars to different levels of seeding rates in Ilam region. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 6 (1): 1-12. (In Persian).
Nakano, H., S. Morita, H. Kitagawa, H. Wada, and M. Takahashi. 2012. Grain yield response to planting density in forage rice with a large number of spikelets. Crop Science. 52 (1): 345-350.
Naseri, R., A. Soleymanifard, H. Khoshkhabar, A. Miraei, and K. Nazaralizadeh. 2012. Effect of plant density on grain yield, yield components and associated traits of three dueum wheat cultivars in western Iran. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 4 (2): 79-85
Naseri, R., Kh. Fasihi, A. Hatami, and M.M. Poursiahbidi. 2010. Effect of planting pattern on yield, yield components, oil and protein contents in winter safflower cv. Sina under rainfed conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 12 (3) 227-238. (In Persian).
Naseri, R., Kh. Fasihi, M.M. Poursiahbidi, A. Soleymanifard, and A. Mirzaei. 2011. Effect of wild oat (Avena ludoviciana L.) plant density on grain yield and yield components in three bread wheat cultivars. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 13 (2) 310-324 (In Persian).
Naseri, R., Kh. Fasihi, M.M. Poursiahbidi, A. Soleymanifard, and A. Mirzaei. 2013. The effect nitrogen application rate and wild oat density on yield and yield components of wheat cultivar Yavaros. Agronomy Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi). 98: 67-76. (In Persian).
Naseri, R., S.A. Siyadat, A. Soleymani Fard, R. Soleymani, and H. Khosh Khabar. 2011.  Effects of planting date and density on yield, yield components and protein content of three chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars under rainfed conditions in Ilam province. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research. 2(2): 7-18. (In Persian).
Pezeshkpour, P., M. Daneshvar, and A.R. Ahmadi. 2003. Effect of plant density on agronomic characteristics, SPAD reading as indicator and light influence bottom of the canopy in chickpea cultivers. First National Congress on Pulses. 202-204. (In Persian).
Sanchez, F.J., M. Manzanares, E.F. de Andres, JL. Tenorio, and L. Ayerbe. 1998. Turgor maintenance, osmotic adjustment and soluble sugar and proline accumulation in 49 pea cultivars in response to water stress. Field Crops Research. 59: 225-235.
Shirani Rad, A.H., R. Rostami, F. Mighani, and E. Zand. 2010. Study the weed integrated management of corn in Ghazvin province. Agricultural New Findings. 4(4): 333-346. (In Persian).
Vaishya, R.D., and M. Fayaz Qazi. 1992. Chlorophyll content in chickpea as influenced by seed rate and weed management practices. International Chick pea Newsletters. 26: 26-27.
Zimdahl, R.L. 2004. Weed–crop competition. A Review, Second Edition, Blackwell Publishing. 240p.

_||_

Abdi, J., M.A. Bagestani, A. Khorgami, and P. Sabeti. 2012. Efficacy of maister OD (Foramsulfuron + Idosulfuron) a new herbicide in controlling weeds of corn fields. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 6(1): 57-68. (In Persian).
Anafjeh, Z., G. Fathi, Kh. Alami-Said, E. Zand, and A. Choab. 2009. Response of canola (Brasica napus L.) to plant densities of mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) with emphasis on agonomic control. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 11 (2): 109-122. (In Persian).
Balyan, R.S., R.K. Malik, R.S. Panwar, and S. Singh. 1991. Competition ability of winter wheat cultivars with wild oat. Weed Science. 39: 154-158.
Bazr Afshan, F., H. Mousavinia, A. Moezi, S.A. Syadat, and R. Hamidi. 2011. The influence of different densities of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) on yield and yield component of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Weeds Research. 2 (1): 15-29. (In Persian).
Darabi, F., A. Hatami, M.J. Zarea, and R. Naseri. 2015. Effect of shading on some important physiological traits in lentil crop. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 9 (31): 109-122. (In Persian).
Donaldson, E., W.E. Schillinger, and S.M. Dofing. 2001. Strwa production and grain yield relationships in winter wheat. Crop Science. 41: 100-106.
Fathi, A. 2013. Intefrated mangment of weed control in wheat by dual puropes herbices. Agricaulture and Natural Resources Engineering Organization of Isalmic Republic of Iran. 11 (43): 31-36. (In Persian).
Ferreira, A.M., and F.G. Abreu. 2001. Description of development, light interception and growth of sufflower at two sowing dates and two densities. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation. 56 (4-5): 369-384.
Ghatari, A.S., and A. Roozbahani. 2015. Chemical and mechanical weed control methods and their effects on photosynthetic pigments and grain yield of kidney bean. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 9 (3): 461-476. (In Persian).
Gholinejad, E., A. Aeenehband, A. Hasanzade Ghorttape, I. Barnoodi, and H. Rezaei. 2009. Evalution of eefctive drought stress on yeld, yeld components and harvest index of sunflower hybride iroflor at different levels of nitrogen and population in Urmieh climate condition. Journal of Plant Production. 16 (3): 1-27. (In Persian).
Izadi Darbandi, E., A.A. Chitband, A. Abasian, and M. Heidari. 2013. Evalouation of toleranmce of wheat and barely to application metri biozien. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 11 (1): 152-161. (In Persian).
Jongschaap, R., and R. Booij. 2004. Spectral measurements at different spatial scales in potato: Relating leaf, plant and canopy nitrogen status. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 5: 205-218.
Ki, D.S., E.J.P. Marshall, P. Brain, and J.C. Caseley. 2006. Modeling the effects of sub-lethal doses of herbicide and nitrogen fertilizer on crop-weed competition. Weed Research. 46: 492- 502.
Lak, Sh., A. Modhej, M. Alavi Fazel, M. Mojadam, and M. Ghohari. 2011. Effect of water deficit, nitrogen levels and plant density on growth incise of maize (c.v 704) under Ramin-Ahvaz conditions. Crop Physiology. 2 (2): 45-66. (In Persian).
Levitt, J. 1980. Response of plants to environmental stresses. Vol. 2. Water, radiation, salt and other stresses.Academic Press., New York, U.S.A. 650 p.
Li, Y., Z. Cui, Y. Ni, M. Zheng, D. Yang, and M.  Jin. 2016. Plant density effect on grain number and weight of two winter wheat cultivars at different spikelet and grain positions. Plos One. 11 (5): 1-15.
Lichtenthaler, H.K., and A.R. Wellburn. 1983. Determinations of total carotenoida and chorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents. Biochemical Society Transactions. 591-592.
Mahzari, S., M.A. Baghestani, A.H. Shirani Rad, M. Nasiri, and M. Omrani 2013. Effect of cono-weeder and herbicide application on weeds population, growth indices and yield in rice. Weed Knowledge. 8: 71-86. (In Persian).
Majnoon Hosseini, N., H. Mohamadi, and K. Poustini. 2003. Effect of plant density on agronomic characteristics, chlorophyll content and stem remobilization percentage in chickpea cultivars (Cicer arietinum L.). Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science. 34 (3): 1011-1019. (In Persian).
Major, D.J., J.B. Bole, and W.A. Charnetski. 1978. Distribution of photosynthates CO₂ assimilation by stem leaves and pods of rape plants. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 58: 783-787.
Maleki, A., P. Seyedan, and A. Tahmasbi. 2012.  Response of three bread wheat cultivars to different levels of seeding rates in Ilam region. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 6 (1): 1-12. (In Persian).
Nakano, H., S. Morita, H. Kitagawa, H. Wada, and M. Takahashi. 2012. Grain yield response to planting density in forage rice with a large number of spikelets. Crop Science. 52 (1): 345-350.
Naseri, R., A. Soleymanifard, H. Khoshkhabar, A. Miraei, and K. Nazaralizadeh. 2012. Effect of plant density on grain yield, yield components and associated traits of three dueum wheat cultivars in western Iran. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 4 (2): 79-85
Naseri, R., Kh. Fasihi, A. Hatami, and M.M. Poursiahbidi. 2010. Effect of planting pattern on yield, yield components, oil and protein contents in winter safflower cv. Sina under rainfed conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 12 (3) 227-238. (In Persian).
Naseri, R., Kh. Fasihi, M.M. Poursiahbidi, A. Soleymanifard, and A. Mirzaei. 2011. Effect of wild oat (Avena ludoviciana L.) plant density on grain yield and yield components in three bread wheat cultivars. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 13 (2) 310-324 (In Persian).
Naseri, R., Kh. Fasihi, M.M. Poursiahbidi, A. Soleymanifard, and A. Mirzaei. 2013. The effect nitrogen application rate and wild oat density on yield and yield components of wheat cultivar Yavaros. Agronomy Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi). 98: 67-76. (In Persian).
Naseri, R., S.A. Siyadat, A. Soleymani Fard, R. Soleymani, and H. Khosh Khabar. 2011.  Effects of planting date and density on yield, yield components and protein content of three chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars under rainfed conditions in Ilam province. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research. 2(2): 7-18. (In Persian).
Pezeshkpour, P., M. Daneshvar, and A.R. Ahmadi. 2003. Effect of plant density on agronomic characteristics, SPAD reading as indicator and light influence bottom of the canopy in chickpea cultivers. First National Congress on Pulses. 202-204. (In Persian).
Sanchez, F.J., M. Manzanares, E.F. de Andres, JL. Tenorio, and L. Ayerbe. 1998. Turgor maintenance, osmotic adjustment and soluble sugar and proline accumulation in 49 pea cultivars in response to water stress. Field Crops Research. 59: 225-235.
Shirani Rad, A.H., R. Rostami, F. Mighani, and E. Zand. 2010. Study the weed integrated management of corn in Ghazvin province. Agricultural New Findings. 4(4): 333-346. (In Persian).
Vaishya, R.D., and M. Fayaz Qazi. 1992. Chlorophyll content in chickpea as influenced by seed rate and weed management practices. International Chick pea Newsletters. 26: 26-27.
Zimdahl, R.L. 2004. Weed–crop competition. A Review, Second Edition, Blackwell Publishing. 240p.