Determination of dietary intake of mercury and arsenic in the adult Shiraz population using a Total Diet Study
Subject Areas :
Food Hygiene
Fatemeh Hemmati
1
(Ph.D student of Food Safety and Hygiene, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.)
Zahra Matloubinezhad
2
(M.Sc Graduate of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.)
Seyed Mohammad Mazloomi
3
(Professor, Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.)
Elham Babaali
4
(Assistant Professor, Department of Occupational Health, Institute of Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.)
Saeid Yousefinezhad
5
(Assistant Professor, Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Safety, Faculty of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.)
Enayat Berizi
6
(Assistant Professor, Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.)
Received: 2022-11-26
Accepted : 2023-01-01
Published : 2022-11-22
Keywords:
Arsenic,
ICP,
Mercury,
Total Diet Study,
Food analysis,
Abstract :
Nowadays, chemical food contaminants are considered among the serious health concerns in various countries. Arsenic and mercury are the most important heavy metals which cause different complications in humans. The present study aimed to determine the dietary intake of mercury and Arsenic using total diet study (TDS) method in the adult population of 20-50 years old in Shiraz. Total of 580 food items were prepared and classified into 129 composite samples. After preparation, the samples were digested. The concentration of mercury and Arsenic were measured using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The dietary intake of Arsenic and mercury was calculated based on the mean food intake. Fish had the highest concentration of Arsenic, and the snack samples contained the highest concentration of mercury. But it was found that the heavy metal intake is more affected by the quantity of the food consumed. Therefore, the highest contributor to dietary intake of Arsenic was drinking water and fruit, and the highest contributor to dietary intake of Arsenic was related to raw vegetables and dairy products. However, the mean daily intake of mercury and Arsenic was 0.2-8.65 µg/d and 6.5-81.81 µg/d, respectively, which is lower than the provisional tolerable weekly intakes (PTWI). Therefore, there is no health risk due to Mercury and Arsenic investigated in this research for the total diet in adult population in Shiraz.
References:
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Abedi, A., Zabihzadeh, , Hosseini, H., Eskandari, S. and Ferdowsi, R. (2018). Determination of Lead, Cadmium, Iron and Zinc contents in the meat products supplied in Tehran. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology, 13: 93-102. [In Persian]
Ahmed, M.K., Shaheen, N., Islam, M.S., Habibullah-al-mamun, M., Islam, S., Mohiduzzaman, M. et al. (2015). Dietary intake of trace elements from highly consumed cultured fish (Labeo rohita, Pangasius pangasius and Oreochromis mossambicus) and human health risk implications in Bangladesh. Chemosphere, 128: 284-292.
Akhlaghi, M., Kamali, M., Dastsouz, F., Sadeghi, F. and Amanat, S. (2016). Increased waist-to-height ratio may contribute to age-related increase in cardiovascular risk factors. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 7.
Ashot, D.P., Sergey, A.H., Radik, M.B., Arthur, S.S. and Mantovani, A. (2020). Risk assessment of dietary exposure to potentially toxic trace elements in emerging countries: A pilot study on intake via flour-based products in Yerevan, Armenia. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 146: 111768.
Babaali, E., Rahmdel, S., Berizi, E., Akhlaghi, M., Götz, F. and Mazloomi, S. M. (2020). Dietary intakes of zinc, copper, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, and sodium by the general adult population aged 20–50 years in Shiraz, Iran: A total diet study approach. Nutrients, 12: 3370.
Chekri, R., LE Calvez, E., Zinck, J., Leblanc, J.-C., Sirot, V., Hulin, M., Noël, L. and Guérin, T. (2019). Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 78: 108-120.
Chen, J. and Gao, J. (1993). The Chinese total diet study in 1990. Part I. Chemical contaminants. Journal of AOAC international, 76: 1193-1205.
Chen, M., Chan, B., Lam, C., Chung, S., Ho, Y. and Xiao, Y. (2014). Dietary exposures to eight metallic contaminants of the Hong Kong adult population from a total diet study. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 31: 1539-1549.
Cubadda, F., D'amato, M., Aureli, F., Raggi, A. and Mantovani, A. (2016). Dietary exposure of the Italian population to inorganic arsenic: The 2012–2014 Total Diet Study. Food and Chemical toxicology, 98: 148-158.
Dhaliwal, S.S., Singh, J., Taneja, P.K. and Mandal, A. (2020). Remediation techniques for removal of heavy metals from the soil contaminated through different sources: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27: 1319-1333.
El-Kady, A.A. and Abdel-Wahhab, M.A. (2018). Occurrence of trace metals in foodstuffs and their health impact. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 75: 36-45.
Gems, W. (1995). Food–EURO second workshop on reliable evaluation of low-level contamination of food: report on a workshop in the frame of GEMS. Food-EURO. Kulmbach Germany.
Ghanavati, B., Bozorgian, A. and Esfeh, H.K. (2022). Thermodynamic and kinetic study of adsorption of Cobalt II using adsorbent of Magnesium oxide nanoparticles deposited on chitosan. Progress in Chemical and Biochemical Research, 5.
Gimou, M.M., Charrondière, U., Leblanc, J.C., Noël, L., Guérin, T. and Pouillot, R. (2013). Dietary exposure and health risk assessment for 11 minerals and trace elements in Yaoundé: The Cameroonian total diet study. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30: 1556-1572.
Gimou, M.-M., Charrondière, U. R., Leblanc, J.-C., Pouillot, R., Noël, L. and Guérin, T. (2014). Concentration data for 25 elements in foodstuffs in Yaoundé: the Cameroonian Total Diet Study. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 34: 39-55.
González, N., Marques, M., Nadal, M. and Domingo, J.L. (2021). Temporal trend of the dietary exposure to metals/metalloids: A case study in Tarragona County, Spain. Food Research International, 147, 110469.
Hatami Manesh, M., Mirzayi, M., Bandegani, , Sadeghi, M. and Nazsabet, F. (2014). Determination of mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium and chromium in salt and water of Maharloo Lake, Iran, in different seasons. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 23: 91-98. [In Persian]
Jitaru, P., Ingenbleek, L., Marchond, N., Laurent, C., Adegboye, A., Hossou, S.E., et al. (2019). Occurrence of 30 trace elements in foods from a multi-centre Sub-Saharan Africa total diet study: focus on Al, as, Cd, Hg, and Pb. Environment International, 133: 1-12.
Khanna, P. (2011). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in different vegetables grown in and around urban areas. Research Journal of Environmental Toxicology, 5: 162.
Koh, E., Shin, H., Yon, M., Nam, J.W., Lee, Y., Kim, D., et al. (2012). Measures for a closer-to-real estimate of dietary exposure to total mercury and lead in total diet study for Koreans. Nutrition Research and Practice, 6: 436-443.
Kolahkaj, M., Battaleblooie, S., Amanipoor, H. and Modabberi, S. (2017). Study of Arsenic accumulation in rice and its exposure dose in residents of Meydavood area, Khoozestan province. Iranian Journal of Health & Environment, 9: 537-544. [In Persian]
Leblanc, J.-C., Guérin, T., Noël, L., Calamassi-tran, G., Volatier, J.-L. and Verger, (2005). Dietary exposure estimates of 18 elements from the 1st French Total Diet Study. Food additives and contaminants, 22: 624-641.
Li, L., Feng, H. and Wei, J. (2020). Toxic element (As and Hg) content and health risk assessment of commercially available rice for residents in Beijing based on their dietary consumption. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27: 13205-13214.
Llobet, J., Falco, G., Casas, C., Teixido, A. and Domingo, J. (2003). Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead in common foods and estimated daily intake by children, adolescents, adults, and seniors of Catalonia, Spain. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51: 838-842.
Maitani, T. (2004). Evaluation of exposure to chemical substances through foods-exposure to pesticides, heavy metals, dioxins, acrylamide and food additives in Japan. Journal of Health Science, 50: 205-209.
Martí-cid, R., Llobet, J.M., Castell, V. and Domingo, J.L. (2008). Dietary intake of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead by the population of Catalonia, Spain. Biological Trace Element Research, 125: 120-132.
Morgan, J.N. (1999). Effects of processing on heavy metal content of foods. Impact of Processing on Food Safety, 195-211.
Muñoz, O., Bastias, J.M., Araya, M., Morales, A., Orellana, C., Rebolledo, R., et al. (2005). Estimation of the dietary intake of cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic by the population of Santiago (Chile) using a Total Diet Study. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 43: 1647-1655.
Noël, L., Chekri, R., Millour, S., Vastel, C., Kadar, A., Sirot, V., et al. (2012). Li, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo levels in foodstuffs from the Second French TDS. Food Chemistry, 132: 1502-1513.
Organization, W.H. (1985). Guidelines for the study of dietary intakes of chemical contaminants. Guidelines for the study of dietary intakes of chemical contaminants.
Perello, G., Marticid, R., Llobet, J.M. and Domingo, J.L. (2008). Effects of various cooking processes on the concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead in foods. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 56: 11262-11269.
Pirsaheb, M., Dargahi, A. and Golestanifar, H. (2013). Determination of arsenic in agricultural products, animal products and drinking water of rural areas of Bijar and Gharve, Kurdestan Province. Food Hygiene, 2: 33-42. [In Persian]
Pourgheysari, H., Moazeni, M., Ebrahimi, A. and Khodabakhshi, A. (2015). Determining contamination of heavy metals in edible salts of Isfahan market in 2011. 14, 1-10. [In Persian]
Renzoni, A., Zino, F. and Franchi, E. 1998. Mercury levels along the food chain and risk for exposed populations. Environmental Research, 77: 68-72.
Rose, M., Baxter, M., Brereton, N. and Baskaran, C. (2010). Dietary exposure to metals and other elements in the 2006 UK Total Diet Study and some trends over the last 30 years. Food Additives and Contaminants, 27: 1380-1404.
Sirot, V., Traore, T., Guérin, T., Noël, L., Bachelot, M., Cravedi, J.-P., et al. (2018). French infant total diet study: Exposure to selected trace elements and associated health risks. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 120:625-633.
Ysart, G., Miller, P., Croasdale, M., Crews, H., Robb, P., Baxter, M., et al. (2000). 1997 UK Total Diet Study dietary exposures to aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, tin and zinc. Food Additives & Contaminants, 17: 775-786.
Zehra, A., Meena, M., Swapnil, P., Raytekar, N.A. and Upadhyay, R. (2020). Sustainable approaches to remove heavy metals from water. Microbial biotechnology: Basic Research and Applications, 127-146.
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Abbasi kia, S., Jahed Khaniki, G., Shariatifar, N., Nazmara, S. and Akbarzadeh, A. (2015). Contamination of chicken eggs supplied in Tehran by heavy metals and calculation of their daily intake. Journal of Health in the Field, 2: 44-51. [In Persian]
Abedi, A., Zabihzadeh, , Hosseini, H., Eskandari, S. and Ferdowsi, R. (2018). Determination of Lead, Cadmium, Iron and Zinc contents in the meat products supplied in Tehran. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology, 13: 93-102. [In Persian]
Ahmed, M.K., Shaheen, N., Islam, M.S., Habibullah-al-mamun, M., Islam, S., Mohiduzzaman, M. et al. (2015). Dietary intake of trace elements from highly consumed cultured fish (Labeo rohita, Pangasius pangasius and Oreochromis mossambicus) and human health risk implications in Bangladesh. Chemosphere, 128: 284-292.
Akhlaghi, M., Kamali, M., Dastsouz, F., Sadeghi, F. and Amanat, S. (2016). Increased waist-to-height ratio may contribute to age-related increase in cardiovascular risk factors. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 7.
Ashot, D.P., Sergey, A.H., Radik, M.B., Arthur, S.S. and Mantovani, A. (2020). Risk assessment of dietary exposure to potentially toxic trace elements in emerging countries: A pilot study on intake via flour-based products in Yerevan, Armenia. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 146: 111768.
Babaali, E., Rahmdel, S., Berizi, E., Akhlaghi, M., Götz, F. and Mazloomi, S. M. (2020). Dietary intakes of zinc, copper, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, and sodium by the general adult population aged 20–50 years in Shiraz, Iran: A total diet study approach. Nutrients, 12: 3370.
Chekri, R., LE Calvez, E., Zinck, J., Leblanc, J.-C., Sirot, V., Hulin, M., Noël, L. and Guérin, T. (2019). Trace element contents in foods from the first French Total Diet Study on infants and toddlers. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 78: 108-120.
Chen, J. and Gao, J. (1993). The Chinese total diet study in 1990. Part I. Chemical contaminants. Journal of AOAC international, 76: 1193-1205.
Chen, M., Chan, B., Lam, C., Chung, S., Ho, Y. and Xiao, Y. (2014). Dietary exposures to eight metallic contaminants of the Hong Kong adult population from a total diet study. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 31: 1539-1549.
Cubadda, F., D'amato, M., Aureli, F., Raggi, A. and Mantovani, A. (2016). Dietary exposure of the Italian population to inorganic arsenic: The 2012–2014 Total Diet Study. Food and Chemical toxicology, 98: 148-158.
Dhaliwal, S.S., Singh, J., Taneja, P.K. and Mandal, A. (2020). Remediation techniques for removal of heavy metals from the soil contaminated through different sources: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27: 1319-1333.
El-Kady, A.A. and Abdel-Wahhab, M.A. (2018). Occurrence of trace metals in foodstuffs and their health impact. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 75: 36-45.
Gems, W. (1995). Food–EURO second workshop on reliable evaluation of low-level contamination of food: report on a workshop in the frame of GEMS. Food-EURO. Kulmbach Germany.
Ghanavati, B., Bozorgian, A. and Esfeh, H.K. (2022). Thermodynamic and kinetic study of adsorption of Cobalt II using adsorbent of Magnesium oxide nanoparticles deposited on chitosan. Progress in Chemical and Biochemical Research, 5.
Gimou, M.M., Charrondière, U., Leblanc, J.C., Noël, L., Guérin, T. and Pouillot, R. (2013). Dietary exposure and health risk assessment for 11 minerals and trace elements in Yaoundé: The Cameroonian total diet study. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 30: 1556-1572.
Gimou, M.-M., Charrondière, U. R., Leblanc, J.-C., Pouillot, R., Noël, L. and Guérin, T. (2014). Concentration data for 25 elements in foodstuffs in Yaoundé: the Cameroonian Total Diet Study. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 34: 39-55.
González, N., Marques, M., Nadal, M. and Domingo, J.L. (2021). Temporal trend of the dietary exposure to metals/metalloids: A case study in Tarragona County, Spain. Food Research International, 147, 110469.
Hatami Manesh, M., Mirzayi, M., Bandegani, , Sadeghi, M. and Nazsabet, F. (2014). Determination of mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium and chromium in salt and water of Maharloo Lake, Iran, in different seasons. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 23: 91-98. [In Persian]
Jitaru, P., Ingenbleek, L., Marchond, N., Laurent, C., Adegboye, A., Hossou, S.E., et al. (2019). Occurrence of 30 trace elements in foods from a multi-centre Sub-Saharan Africa total diet study: focus on Al, as, Cd, Hg, and Pb. Environment International, 133: 1-12.
Khanna, P. (2011). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in different vegetables grown in and around urban areas. Research Journal of Environmental Toxicology, 5: 162.
Koh, E., Shin, H., Yon, M., Nam, J.W., Lee, Y., Kim, D., et al. (2012). Measures for a closer-to-real estimate of dietary exposure to total mercury and lead in total diet study for Koreans. Nutrition Research and Practice, 6: 436-443.
Kolahkaj, M., Battaleblooie, S., Amanipoor, H. and Modabberi, S. (2017). Study of Arsenic accumulation in rice and its exposure dose in residents of Meydavood area, Khoozestan province. Iranian Journal of Health & Environment, 9: 537-544. [In Persian]
Leblanc, J.-C., Guérin, T., Noël, L., Calamassi-tran, G., Volatier, J.-L. and Verger, (2005). Dietary exposure estimates of 18 elements from the 1st French Total Diet Study. Food additives and contaminants, 22: 624-641.
Li, L., Feng, H. and Wei, J. (2020). Toxic element (As and Hg) content and health risk assessment of commercially available rice for residents in Beijing based on their dietary consumption. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27: 13205-13214.
Llobet, J., Falco, G., Casas, C., Teixido, A. and Domingo, J. (2003). Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead in common foods and estimated daily intake by children, adolescents, adults, and seniors of Catalonia, Spain. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51: 838-842.
Maitani, T. (2004). Evaluation of exposure to chemical substances through foods-exposure to pesticides, heavy metals, dioxins, acrylamide and food additives in Japan. Journal of Health Science, 50: 205-209.
Martí-cid, R., Llobet, J.M., Castell, V. and Domingo, J.L. (2008). Dietary intake of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead by the population of Catalonia, Spain. Biological Trace Element Research, 125: 120-132.
Morgan, J.N. (1999). Effects of processing on heavy metal content of foods. Impact of Processing on Food Safety, 195-211.
Muñoz, O., Bastias, J.M., Araya, M., Morales, A., Orellana, C., Rebolledo, R., et al. (2005). Estimation of the dietary intake of cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic by the population of Santiago (Chile) using a Total Diet Study. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 43: 1647-1655.
Noël, L., Chekri, R., Millour, S., Vastel, C., Kadar, A., Sirot, V., et al. (2012). Li, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo levels in foodstuffs from the Second French TDS. Food Chemistry, 132: 1502-1513.
Organization, W.H. (1985). Guidelines for the study of dietary intakes of chemical contaminants. Guidelines for the study of dietary intakes of chemical contaminants.
Perello, G., Marticid, R., Llobet, J.M. and Domingo, J.L. (2008). Effects of various cooking processes on the concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead in foods. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 56: 11262-11269.
Pirsaheb, M., Dargahi, A. and Golestanifar, H. (2013). Determination of arsenic in agricultural products, animal products and drinking water of rural areas of Bijar and Gharve, Kurdestan Province. Food Hygiene, 2: 33-42. [In Persian]
Pourgheysari, H., Moazeni, M., Ebrahimi, A. and Khodabakhshi, A. (2015). Determining contamination of heavy metals in edible salts of Isfahan market in 2011. 14, 1-10. [In Persian]
Renzoni, A., Zino, F. and Franchi, E. 1998. Mercury levels along the food chain and risk for exposed populations. Environmental Research, 77: 68-72.
Rose, M., Baxter, M., Brereton, N. and Baskaran, C. (2010). Dietary exposure to metals and other elements in the 2006 UK Total Diet Study and some trends over the last 30 years. Food Additives and Contaminants, 27: 1380-1404.
Sirot, V., Traore, T., Guérin, T., Noël, L., Bachelot, M., Cravedi, J.-P., et al. (2018). French infant total diet study: Exposure to selected trace elements and associated health risks. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 120:625-633.
Ysart, G., Miller, P., Croasdale, M., Crews, H., Robb, P., Baxter, M., et al. (2000). 1997 UK Total Diet Study dietary exposures to aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, tin and zinc. Food Additives & Contaminants, 17: 775-786.
Zehra, A., Meena, M., Swapnil, P., Raytekar, N.A. and Upadhyay, R. (2020). Sustainable approaches to remove heavy metals from water. Microbial biotechnology: Basic Research and Applications, 127-146.
