Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in raw milks of Saqez
Subject Areas :
Food Science and Technology
M.T Farajpour
1
,
M.H Sadeghi zali
2
,
مهدی Ghiamirad
3
1 - M.sc. student of Microbiology, Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahar, Iran
2 - Assistant Profssor, Department of Microbiology, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran
3 - Assistant Profssor, Department of Microbiology, Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahar, Iran
Received: 2014-04-21
Accepted : 2016-01-03
Published : 2015-11-22
Keywords:
Antibiotic susceptibility,
Staphylococcus aureus,
raw milk,
Saqez,
Abstract :
Staphylococcus aureus is considered as a major foodborne pathogen worldwide which can contaminate milk either through mastitis or unsuitable processing conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of S. aureus in raw milk of Saqez as well as to assess the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the isolates. For this reason, 100 raw milk samples were obtained across Saqez. Presence of S. aureus was determined using conventional culture method; moreover, the antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolates was studied by disc diffusion method. Results indicated that 51 samples were contaminated by S. aureus. Amongst, 19 (37.25%) were resistant to at least 1 antibiotic, 19 (37.25%) to 2 antibiotics, 3 (5.88%) to 3 antibiotics, 5 (9.80%) to 4 antibiotics, 3 (5.88%) to 5 antibiotics, 1 (1.98%) to 6 antibiotic and 1 (1.98%) isolate was found resistant to 8 antibiotics. Results revealed a high prevalence rate of S. aureus in raw milks and also the board antibiotic resistance of the isolates
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Wong, J.W., Li, K., Fang, M. and Su, D.C. (2001). Toxicity evaluation of sewage sludges in Hong Kong. Environment International, 27(5): 373-380.
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Antolín, M.C., Pascual, I., García, C., Polo, A. and Sánchez-Díaz, M. (2005). Growth, yield and solute content of barley in soils treated with sewage sludge under semiarid Mediterranean conditions. Field Crops Research, 94: 224-237.
Behbahaninia, A., Mirbagheri, S.A. and Azadi, A. (2011). The Impact of Irrigation with Effluent and Sewage Sludge on Heavy Metal Content in Plants, Plant and Ecosystem, 7(28): 59-70. [in Persian]
Black, C.A. (1985). Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Agronomy Monograph. 9. ASA, Medison, WI.
Cai, Q.Y., Mo, C.H., Wu, Q.T., Zeng, Q.Y. and Katsoyiannis, A. (2007a). Occurrence of organic contaminants in sewage sludges from eleven wastewater treatment plants, China. Chemosphere, 68(9): 1751-1762.
Cai, Q.Y., Mo, C.H., Wu, Q.T., Zeng, Q.Y. and Katsoyiannis, A. (2007b). Concentration and speciation of heavy metals in six different sewage sludgecomposts. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 147(3): 1063-1072.
Casado-Vela, J., Sellés, S., Díaz-Crespo, D., Navarro-Pedreño, J., Mataix-Beneyto, J., and Gómez, I. (2007). Effect of composted sewage sludge application to soil on sweet pepper crop (Capsicum annuum var. annuum) grown under two exploitation regimes. Waste Management, 27: 1509-1518.
Datta, S.P. and Young, S.D. (2005). Predicting metal uptake and risk to the human food chain from leaf vegetables grown on soils amended by long-term application of sewage sludge. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 163: 119-136.
Doelsch, E., Deroche, B. and Van de Kerchove, V. (2006). Impact of sewage sludge spreading on heavy metal speciation in tropical soils (Reunion, Indian Ocean). Chemosphere, 65(2): 286-293.
Hosseinpour, R. and Ghajar Sepanlou, M. (2013). Effects Of Integrated Municipal Sewage Sludge With Chemical Fertilizer On Micronutrient Concentration In Soil And Radish (Raphanus Sativus), IRANIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL RESEARCH (FORMERLY SOIL AND WATER SCIENCES), 27(3): 385-373. [in Persian]
Garrido, S., Del Campo, G.M., Esteller, M.V., Vaca, R. and Lugo, J. (2005). Heavy metals in soil treated with sewage sludge composting, their effect on yield and uptake of broad bean seeds (Vicia faba L.). Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 166: 303-319.
Guerra, F., Trevizam, A.R., Muraoka, T., Chaves Marcante, N. and Canniatti-Brazaca, S.G. (2012). Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human health. Scientia Agricola, 69(1): 54-60.
Farzadkia, M. (2002). Investigation Of Sludge Stabilization And Reuse In Four Small Sewage Treatment Plants Of Tehran City, Scientific Journal Of Hamadan University Of Medical Sciences And Health Services, 9(2): 55-62. [in Persian]
Horwitz, W. (2000). Official methods of Analysis of AOAC, In: Metals and other elements, 17nd ed, AOAC International, 22-27.
Kalavrouziotis, I.K. and Koukoulakis P.H. (2012). Soil pollution under the effect of treated municipal wastewater. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184: 6297-6305.
Kim, B., McBride, M.B., Richards, B.K. and Steenhuis, T.S. (2007). The long-term effect of sludge application on Cu, Zn, and Mo behavior in soils and accumulation in soybean seeds. Plant and Soil, 299: 227-236.
Karami, M., Rezainejad, Y., Afyuni, M. and Shariatmadari, H. (2007). Cumulative and Residual Effects of Sewage Sludge on Lead and Cadmium Concentration in Soil and Wheat, Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources - Isfahan University of Technology, 11(1): 79-95. [in Persian]
Karami, M., Rezainejad, Y., Afyuni, M. and Shariatmadari, H. (2007). Cumulative and Residual Effects of Sewage Sludge on Zinc and copper Concentration in Soil and Wheat, Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources - Isfahan University of Technology, 12(46): 654-639. [in Persian]
Najafi, N., Mardomi, S. and Oustan, SH. (2012). Influence of Waterlogging, Sewage Sludge and Manure on The Heavy Metals Concentrations in Roots and Shoots of Sunflower in a loamy SAnd Soil, Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources - Isfahan University of Technology, 15(58): 139-157. [in Persian]
Olsen, S.R., Cole, C.V., Watanabe, F.S. and Dean, L.A. (1954). Estimation of available, phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. USDA Circular Number 939, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC.
Paramasivam, S., Sajwan, K.S. and Alva, A.K. (2006). Incinerated sewage sludge products as amendments for agricultural soils: Leaching and plant uptake of trace elements. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 171: 273-290.
Rahimi Alashty, S., Bahmanyar, M.A. and Ghajar Sepanlou, M. (2011). The effects of sewage sludge application on pH, EC, O.C, Pb and Cd in soil and lettuce and radish plants, Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 18(3): 147-133. [in Persian]
Rahimi Alashty, S., Bahmanyar, M.A. and Ghajar Sepanlou, M. (2011). Effect of accumulated and residual sewage sludge on concentration of lead, chromium, nickel and cadmium in plant parts of creeping wheatgrass (Agropyrum repen L.) And berseem (Trifolum alexandrium L.), Rangeland, 5(1): 69-58. [in Persian]
Singh, R.P. and Agrawal, M. (2010). Effect of different sewage sludge applications on growth and yield of Vigna radiata L. field crop: Metal uptake by plant. Ecological Engineering, 36(7): 969-972.
Smith, S.R. (2000). Are controls on organic contaminants necessary to protect the environment when sewage sludge is used in agriculture?. Progress in Environmental Science, 2(2): 129-146.
Soltanpour, P.N., Johnson, C.W., Workman, S.M., Jones, J.B. and Miller, R.O. (1998). Advances in ICP emission and ICP mass spectroscopy Adv. Agronomy, 64: 28-113.
Tu, J., Zhao, Q., Wei, L. and Yang, Q. (2012). Heavy metal concentration and speciation of seven representative municipal sludges from wastewater treatment plants in Northeast China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184: 1645-1655.
Walter, I., Mart Nez, F. and Cala, V. (2006). Heavy metal speciation and phytotoxic effects of three representative sewage sludges for agricultural uses. Environmental Pollution, 139(3): 507-514.
Wong, J.W., Li, K., Fang, M. and Su, D.C. (2001). Toxicity evaluation of sewage sludges in Hong Kong. Environment International, 27(5): 373-380.
