Isolation and identification of the conjunctival fungal flora in healthy Holstein cattle in Urmia district
Subject Areas :
Veterinary Clinical Pathology
M. Soodi
1
(Graduate of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran.)
A. Araghi-Sooreh
2
(Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran.)
Received: 2017-01-10
Accepted : 2017-07-26
Published : 2017-06-22
Keywords:
Aspergillus,
cattle,
Holstein,
Fungal flora,
Eye,
Abstract :
Fungi are considered as normal inhabitants of the ocular surface of healthy animals, however under certain conditions such as eye trauma could cause disease. This study was conducted with the purpose of identifying the fungal isolates of healthy eyes from Holstein cattle in Urmia district . Conjunctival swabs were taken from both eyes of 40 healthy Iranian Holstein cattle and cultured onto Sabouraud dextrose agar and malt extract agar. Plates were incubated at 25°C for 14 days. Effect of host age and sex on prevalence of isolates were analyzed by mann whitney and fisher’s exact tests using SAS software. Overall, 34 filamentous fungi were isolated from 24 (60%) cattle and 27 (33.75%) eyes. The isolated fungal genera in order of frequency were Aspergillus (44.12%), Curvularia (20.59%), Penicillium (14.7%), Pseudallescheria (14.7%), Fusarium (2.97%) and Scopulariopsis (2.97%). Isolation rate of fungi in older cattle (p=0.04) and male cattle (p=0.032) was significantly higher. This is the first report of ocular fungal flora in Iranian Holstein cattle.
References:
Araghi-Sooreh, A., Mokhber-Dezfuli, M.R. and Mohammadi-Chorsi, M. (2013a). Identification of fungal isolates from conjunctival sac in healthy goats. Journal of Veterinary Research, 68)4(: 327-332. [In Persian]
Araghi-Sooreh, A., Ebrahimi-Hamed, M., Mohammadpour, D. and Sadeghi-Zali, M.H. (2013b). Isolation and identification of normal conjunctival fungal flora in the Persian Arab horse. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 9)4(: 811-816. [In Persian]
Araghi-Sooreh, A. (2013). Identification of conjunctival fornix mycoflora of Equidae (horse and mule) in Urmia district. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 7)1(: 1736-1742. [In Persian]
Araghi-Sooreh, A. and Hassanpour, V. (2015). Prevalence of fungi in the conjunctival sac of clinically normal sheep. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 21(3): 425-427.
Araghi-Sooreh, A. and Mohammadi, N. (2013). Colonization of the normal conjunctiva in Iranian river buffalo by fungi. In proceeding of the 2nd International Congress of Large Animal Practitioners, Tehran, Iran, pp: 98.
Andrew, S.E., Nguyen, A., Jones, G.L. and Brooks, D.E. (2003). Seasonal effects on the aerobic bacterial and fungal conjunctival flora of normal thoroughbred brood mares in Florida. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 6(1): 45-50.
Andrew, S.E., Brooks, D.E., Smith, P.J., Gelatt, K.N., Chmielewski, N.T. and Whittaker, C.J.G. (1998). Equine ulcerative keratomicosis: visual outcome and ocular survival in 39 cases (1987-1996). Equine Veterinary Journal, 30(2): 109-116.
Brooks, B.E., Andrew, S.E., Andrew, S.E., Dillavou, C.L., Ellis, G. and Kubilis, P.S. (1998).
Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of fungi isolated from horses with ulcerative keratomycosis.
American Journal of Veterinary Research, 59(2): 138-142.
Dupont, C., Carrier, M. and Higgins, R. (1994). Bacterial and fungal flora in healthy eyes of birds of prey. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 35(11): 699-671.
Davidson, M.G. (1991). Equine ophthalmology. In: Veterinary Ophthalmology. Gelatt, K.N. editor. 2nd ed., Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, pp: 576-610.
Elligott, C.R., Wilkie, D.A., Kuonen, V.J., Bras, I.D. and Neihaus, A. (2006). Primary Aspergillus and Fusarium keratitis in a Holstein cow. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 9(3): 175-178.
Galera, P.D. and Brook, D.E. (2012). Optimal management of equine keratomycosis. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports, 3(1): 7-17.
Ledbetter, E.C., Patten, V.H., Scarlett, J.A. and Vermeylen, F.M. (2007). In vitro susceptibility patterns of fungi associated with keratomycosis in horses of the northeastern United States: 68 cases (1987-2006). Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 231(7): 1086-1091.
Nardoni, S., Sgorbini, M., Barsotti, G., Corazza, M. and Mancianti, F. (2007). Conjunctival fungal flora in healthy donkeys. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 10(4): 207-210.
Petruzzi, V., Schirru, F., Puddu, G., Incardona, A. and Di Pietro, S. (2002). Tamponi congiuntivali nel muflone (Ovis musimon): assetto micotico e batterico. In proceeding of the 10th International Fe Me Sprum Congress, pp: 48-49.
Quinn, P.J., Carter, M.E., Markey, B. and Carter, G.R. (1994). Clinical Veterinary Microbiology. London: Wolfe Publishing, pp: 367-421.
Reed, Z., Thomasy, S.M., Good, K.L., Maggs, D.J., Magdesian, K.G., Pusterla, N. and Hollingsworth, S.R. (2013). Equine keratomycosis in California from 1987 to 2010 (47 cases). Equine Veterinary Research, 45(3): 361-366.
Rosa, M., Cardozo, L.M., Pereira, J.S., Brooks, D.E., Martins, A.L.B., Florido, P.S.S., et al. (2003). Fungal flora of normal eyes of healthy horses from the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 6(1): 51-55.
Samuelson, D.A., Andresen, T.L. and Gwin, R.M. (1984). Conjunctival fungal flora in horses, cattle, dogs, and cats. American Veterinary Medical Association, 184(10): 1240-1242.
Smith, L.N. and Hoffman, S.B. (2010). A case series of unilateral orbital Aspergillosis in three cats and treatment with voriconazole. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 13(4): 227-234.
Sgorbini, M., Barsotti, G., Nardoni, S., Brombin, M., Sbrana, A., Mancianti, F., et al. (2010). Seasonal prevalence of fungi in the conjunctival fornix of healthy cows during a 2-year study. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 13(4): 227-234.
Voelter-Ratson, K., Monod, M., Braun, U. and Spiess, B.M. (2013). Ulcerative fungal keratitis in a Brown Swiss cow. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 16(6): 464-466.
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Araghi-Sooreh, A., Mokhber-Dezfuli, M.R. and Mohammadi-Chorsi, M. (2013a). Identification of fungal isolates from conjunctival sac in healthy goats. Journal of Veterinary Research, 68)4(: 327-332. [In Persian]
Araghi-Sooreh, A., Ebrahimi-Hamed, M., Mohammadpour, D. and Sadeghi-Zali, M.H. (2013b). Isolation and identification of normal conjunctival fungal flora in the Persian Arab horse. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 9)4(: 811-816. [In Persian]
Araghi-Sooreh, A. (2013). Identification of conjunctival fornix mycoflora of Equidae (horse and mule) in Urmia district. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 7)1(: 1736-1742. [In Persian]
Araghi-Sooreh, A. and Hassanpour, V. (2015). Prevalence of fungi in the conjunctival sac of clinically normal sheep. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 21(3): 425-427.
Araghi-Sooreh, A. and Mohammadi, N. (2013). Colonization of the normal conjunctiva in Iranian river buffalo by fungi. In proceeding of the 2nd International Congress of Large Animal Practitioners, Tehran, Iran, pp: 98.
Andrew, S.E., Nguyen, A., Jones, G.L. and Brooks, D.E. (2003). Seasonal effects on the aerobic bacterial and fungal conjunctival flora of normal thoroughbred brood mares in Florida. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 6(1): 45-50.
Andrew, S.E., Brooks, D.E., Smith, P.J., Gelatt, K.N., Chmielewski, N.T. and Whittaker, C.J.G. (1998). Equine ulcerative keratomicosis: visual outcome and ocular survival in 39 cases (1987-1996). Equine Veterinary Journal, 30(2): 109-116.
Brooks, B.E., Andrew, S.E., Andrew, S.E., Dillavou, C.L., Ellis, G. and Kubilis, P.S. (1998).
Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of fungi isolated from horses with ulcerative keratomycosis.
American Journal of Veterinary Research, 59(2): 138-142.
Dupont, C., Carrier, M. and Higgins, R. (1994). Bacterial and fungal flora in healthy eyes of birds of prey. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 35(11): 699-671.
Davidson, M.G. (1991). Equine ophthalmology. In: Veterinary Ophthalmology. Gelatt, K.N. editor. 2nd ed., Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, pp: 576-610.
Elligott, C.R., Wilkie, D.A., Kuonen, V.J., Bras, I.D. and Neihaus, A. (2006). Primary Aspergillus and Fusarium keratitis in a Holstein cow. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 9(3): 175-178.
Galera, P.D. and Brook, D.E. (2012). Optimal management of equine keratomycosis. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports, 3(1): 7-17.
Ledbetter, E.C., Patten, V.H., Scarlett, J.A. and Vermeylen, F.M. (2007). In vitro susceptibility patterns of fungi associated with keratomycosis in horses of the northeastern United States: 68 cases (1987-2006). Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 231(7): 1086-1091.
Nardoni, S., Sgorbini, M., Barsotti, G., Corazza, M. and Mancianti, F. (2007). Conjunctival fungal flora in healthy donkeys. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 10(4): 207-210.
Petruzzi, V., Schirru, F., Puddu, G., Incardona, A. and Di Pietro, S. (2002). Tamponi congiuntivali nel muflone (Ovis musimon): assetto micotico e batterico. In proceeding of the 10th International Fe Me Sprum Congress, pp: 48-49.
Quinn, P.J., Carter, M.E., Markey, B. and Carter, G.R. (1994). Clinical Veterinary Microbiology. London: Wolfe Publishing, pp: 367-421.
Reed, Z., Thomasy, S.M., Good, K.L., Maggs, D.J., Magdesian, K.G., Pusterla, N. and Hollingsworth, S.R. (2013). Equine keratomycosis in California from 1987 to 2010 (47 cases). Equine Veterinary Research, 45(3): 361-366.
Rosa, M., Cardozo, L.M., Pereira, J.S., Brooks, D.E., Martins, A.L.B., Florido, P.S.S., et al. (2003). Fungal flora of normal eyes of healthy horses from the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 6(1): 51-55.
Samuelson, D.A., Andresen, T.L. and Gwin, R.M. (1984). Conjunctival fungal flora in horses, cattle, dogs, and cats. American Veterinary Medical Association, 184(10): 1240-1242.
Smith, L.N. and Hoffman, S.B. (2010). A case series of unilateral orbital Aspergillosis in three cats and treatment with voriconazole. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 13(4): 227-234.
Sgorbini, M., Barsotti, G., Nardoni, S., Brombin, M., Sbrana, A., Mancianti, F., et al. (2010). Seasonal prevalence of fungi in the conjunctival fornix of healthy cows during a 2-year study. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 13(4): 227-234.
Voelter-Ratson, K., Monod, M., Braun, U. and Spiess, B.M. (2013). Ulcerative fungal keratitis in a Brown Swiss cow. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 16(6): 464-466.
