Comparison of Serum Levels of Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium and the Activity of Glutathione Peroxidase Enzyme in Horses Affected with Strangles and Healthy Horses
Subject Areas :
Veterinary Clinical Pathology
Mohammadreza Valilou
1
(Assistant Professor, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Medical Science Branch,Tabriz, Iran.)
Sina Moghaddam
2
(Resident, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.)
Ali Hassanpour
3
(Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Medical Science Branch,Tabriz, Iran.)
Received: 2022-02-20
Accepted : 2022-06-13
Published : 2022-05-22
Keywords:
vitamin E,
vitamin C,
selenium,
Strangles,
Glutathione peroxidase,
Abstract :
Strangles is a prevalent infectious and contagious disease among Equidae that is caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi. The present study was performed on patient and healthy horses to evaluate serum levels of vitamin C (vitamin C), vitamin E (vitamin E), selenium (Sel) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Clinical signs and bacterial culture confirmed sixty patient horses. To separate the serum, blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of the studied horses. Blood samples were also taken from 52 healthy horses with similar conditions (age, diet, etc.). Serum levels of Vit E, Vit C, Se and serum’s activity of GPx were measured in samples taken from healthy and patient horses. The mean serum concentration of vitamin E, selenium and serum glutathione peroxidase activity in patient horses were significantly reduced. A significant increase in the patient's hemoglobin concentration was observed. The study of the relationship between serum selenium and antioxidants (serum glutathione peroxidase activity, vitamin E and hemoglobin) showed that increasing serum selenium also increased the antioxidants studied. Serum antioxidant markers were significant in patient horses in all three cases. The final outcome is that in horses which infected to strangles antioxidants like selenium, glutathione peroxidase and vitamin E reduced and these antioxidant intakes for dealing with them this issue should be considered in treating these patients.
References:
Bazzano, M., McLean, A., Tesei, B., Gallina, E. and Laus, F. (2019). Selenium and vitamin E concentrations in a healthy donkey population in central Italy. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 78: 112-116.
Bedford, H.E., Valberg, S.J., Firshman, A.M., Lucio, M., Boyce, M.K. and Trumble, T.N. (2013). Histopathologic findings in the sacrocaudalis dorsalis medialis muscle of horses with vitamin E–responsive muscle atrophy and weakness. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 242(8): 1127-37.
Brown, J.C., Valberg, S.J., Hogg, M. and Finno, C.J. (2017). Effects of feeding two RRR‐α‐tocopherol formulations on serum, cerebrospinal fluid and muscle α‐tocopherol concentrations in horses with subclinical vitamin E deficiency. Equine Veterinary Journal, 49(6): 753-758.
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Cummins, K. and Brunner, C. (1989). Dietary ascorbic acid and immune response in dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 72(1): 129-134.
Fagan, M.M., Harris, P., Adams, A., Pazdro, R., Krotky, A., Call, J., et al. (2020). Form of vitamin E supplementation affects oxidative and inflammatory response in exercising horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 91: 103103.
Finno, C.J. and Valberg, S.J. (2018). How to effectively supplement horses with vitamin E. AAEP Proceedings. 64: 469-472.
Härtlová, H., Rajmon, R., Dörflerová, A., Zita, L., Řehák, D., Rosmus, J., et al. (2008). Effect of dietary supplementation with vitamin E and Selenium in Thoroughbred horses on the concentration of F 2-isoprostanes in the blood plasma as a marker of lipid peroxidation. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 77: 335-340.
Hassanpour, A., Alipour Kheirkhah, H.R. and Moghaddam, S. (2017). Evaluation of serumic concentration of Haptoglobin and Serum Amyloid-A in horses affected with strangles. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 11(3): 277-284. [In Persian]
Kao, P.T., Darch, T., McGrath, S.P., Kendall, N.R., Buss, H.L., Warren, H., et al. (2020). Factors influencing elemental micronutrient supply from pasture systems for grazing ruminants. Advances in Agronomy, 164: 161-229.
Kósa, C.A., Nagy, K., Szenci, O., Baska-Vincze, B., Andrásofszky, E., Szép, R., et al. (2021). The role of selenium and vitamin E in a Transylvanian enzootic equine recurrent rhabdomyolysis syndrome. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 69(3): 256-265.
Kulka, M., Kolodziejska-Lesisz, J. and Klucinski, W. (2016). Serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity and lipid metabolism parameters changes in different production cycle periods of Holstein-Friesian, Polish Red and Norwegian breeds. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 19(1): 165-173.
Mami, S., Khaje, G., Shahriari, A. and Gooraninejad, S. (2019). Evaluation of biological indicators of fatigue and muscle damage in Arabian horses after Race. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 78: 74-78.
Minaii, E. and Araghi-Sooreh, A. (2020). Assessment of Streptococcus equi infection in apparently healthy working horses of Urmia region by indirect ELISA method. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 14(3): 219-227. [In Persian]
Moghaddam, S., Hassanpour, A. and Shayegh, J. (2021). The relationship between the serological prevalence of strangles disease with the parameters of age, gender, breed, respiratory disease, and geographical region in Tabriz area. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 15(58): 143-154.
Muirhead, T.L., Wichtel, J.J., Stryhn, H. and McClure, J.T. (2010). The selenium and vitamin E status of horses in Prince Edward Island. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 51(9): 979-985.
Paillot, R., Lopez‐Alvarez, M., Newton, J. and Waller, A. (2017). Strangles: A modern clinical view from the 17th century. Wiley Online Library, 49(2): 141-145.
Reed, S.M., Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C. (2017). Equine Internal Medicine-E-Book: Elsevier Health Sciences, pp: 331-338.
Richardson, S., Siciliano, P., Engle, T., Larson, C. and Ward, T. (2006). Effect of selenium supplementation and source on the selenium status of horses. Journal of Animal Science. 84(7): 1742-1748.
Saleh, M.A., Al-Salahy, M.B. and Sanousi, S.A. (2008). Corpuscular oxidative stress in desert sheep naturally deficient in copper. Small Ruminant Research. 80(1-3): 33-38.
Smarsh, D.N. and Williams, C.A. (2016). Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in standardbreds: effect of age and acute exercise before and after training. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 47: 92-106.
Smith, C., Kruger, M.J., Smith, R.M. and Myburgh, K.H. (2008). The inflammatory response to skeletal muscle injury. Sports Medicine. 38(11): 947-969.
Velázquez-Cantón, E., De la Cruz-Rodríguez, N., Zarco, L., Rodríguez, A., Ángeles-Hernández, J.C., Ramírez-Orejel, J.C., et al. (2018). Effect of selenium and vitamin E supplementation on lactate, cortisol, and malondialdehyde in horses undergoing moderate exercise in a polluted environment. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 69: 136-144.
White, S.H., Johnson, S.E., Bobel, J.M. and Warren, L.K. (2016). Dietary selenium and prolonged exercise alter gene expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes in equine skeletal muscle. Journal of Animal Science, 94(7): 2867-2878.
White, A., Estrada, M., Walker, K., Wisnia, P., Filgueira, G., Valdés, F., et al. (2001). Role of exercise and ascorbate on plasma antioxidant capacity in thoroughbred race horses. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 128(1): 99-104.
Willians, C. and Carlucci, S. (2006). Oral Vitamin E supplementation and oxidative stress, vitamin and antioxidant status in intensely exercising horses. Equine Veterinary Journal, 36: 617-621.
Wyganowska, A., Górski, K., Jania, B., Danielewicz, A. and Andraszek, K. (2017). The effect of selenium on proper body function in horses. JAPS: Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 27(5): 1448-1453.
Yavari, A., Javadi, M., Mirmiran, P. and Bahadoran, Z. (2015). Exercise-induced oxidative stress and dietary antioxidants. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 6(1): e24898.
Youssef, M.A., El-Khodery, S.A. and Ibrahim, H.M.M. (2012). Antioxidant trace elements in serum of draft horses with acute and chronic lower airway disease. Biological Trace Element Research. 150(1): 123-129.
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Bazzano, M., McLean, A., Tesei, B., Gallina, E. and Laus, F. (2019). Selenium and vitamin E concentrations in a healthy donkey population in central Italy. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 78: 112-116.
Bedford, H.E., Valberg, S.J., Firshman, A.M., Lucio, M., Boyce, M.K. and Trumble, T.N. (2013). Histopathologic findings in the sacrocaudalis dorsalis medialis muscle of horses with vitamin E–responsive muscle atrophy and weakness. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 242(8): 1127-37.
Brown, J.C., Valberg, S.J., Hogg, M. and Finno, C.J. (2017). Effects of feeding two RRR‐α‐tocopherol formulations on serum, cerebrospinal fluid and muscle α‐tocopherol concentrations in horses with subclinical vitamin E deficiency. Equine Veterinary Journal, 49(6): 753-758.
Constable, P.D., Hinchcliff, K.W., Done, S.H. and Grünberg, W. (2017). Veterinary medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats. 11th ed., USA: Philadelphia, Elsevier Health Sciences, pp: 1019-1026.
Cummins, K. and Brunner, C. (1989). Dietary ascorbic acid and immune response in dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science. 72(1): 129-134.
Fagan, M.M., Harris, P., Adams, A., Pazdro, R., Krotky, A., Call, J., et al. (2020). Form of vitamin E supplementation affects oxidative and inflammatory response in exercising horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 91: 103103.
Finno, C.J. and Valberg, S.J. (2018). How to effectively supplement horses with vitamin E. AAEP Proceedings. 64: 469-472.
Härtlová, H., Rajmon, R., Dörflerová, A., Zita, L., Řehák, D., Rosmus, J., et al. (2008). Effect of dietary supplementation with vitamin E and Selenium in Thoroughbred horses on the concentration of F 2-isoprostanes in the blood plasma as a marker of lipid peroxidation. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 77: 335-340.
Hassanpour, A., Alipour Kheirkhah, H.R. and Moghaddam, S. (2017). Evaluation of serumic concentration of Haptoglobin and Serum Amyloid-A in horses affected with strangles. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 11(3): 277-284. [In Persian]
Kao, P.T., Darch, T., McGrath, S.P., Kendall, N.R., Buss, H.L., Warren, H., et al. (2020). Factors influencing elemental micronutrient supply from pasture systems for grazing ruminants. Advances in Agronomy, 164: 161-229.
Kósa, C.A., Nagy, K., Szenci, O., Baska-Vincze, B., Andrásofszky, E., Szép, R., et al. (2021). The role of selenium and vitamin E in a Transylvanian enzootic equine recurrent rhabdomyolysis syndrome. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 69(3): 256-265.
Kulka, M., Kolodziejska-Lesisz, J. and Klucinski, W. (2016). Serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity and lipid metabolism parameters changes in different production cycle periods of Holstein-Friesian, Polish Red and Norwegian breeds. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 19(1): 165-173.
Mami, S., Khaje, G., Shahriari, A. and Gooraninejad, S. (2019). Evaluation of biological indicators of fatigue and muscle damage in Arabian horses after Race. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 78: 74-78.
Minaii, E. and Araghi-Sooreh, A. (2020). Assessment of Streptococcus equi infection in apparently healthy working horses of Urmia region by indirect ELISA method. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 14(3): 219-227. [In Persian]
Moghaddam, S., Hassanpour, A. and Shayegh, J. (2021). The relationship between the serological prevalence of strangles disease with the parameters of age, gender, breed, respiratory disease, and geographical region in Tabriz area. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 15(58): 143-154.
Muirhead, T.L., Wichtel, J.J., Stryhn, H. and McClure, J.T. (2010). The selenium and vitamin E status of horses in Prince Edward Island. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 51(9): 979-985.
Paillot, R., Lopez‐Alvarez, M., Newton, J. and Waller, A. (2017). Strangles: A modern clinical view from the 17th century. Wiley Online Library, 49(2): 141-145.
Reed, S.M., Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C. (2017). Equine Internal Medicine-E-Book: Elsevier Health Sciences, pp: 331-338.
Richardson, S., Siciliano, P., Engle, T., Larson, C. and Ward, T. (2006). Effect of selenium supplementation and source on the selenium status of horses. Journal of Animal Science. 84(7): 1742-1748.
Saleh, M.A., Al-Salahy, M.B. and Sanousi, S.A. (2008). Corpuscular oxidative stress in desert sheep naturally deficient in copper. Small Ruminant Research. 80(1-3): 33-38.
Smarsh, D.N. and Williams, C.A. (2016). Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in standardbreds: effect of age and acute exercise before and after training. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 47: 92-106.
Smith, C., Kruger, M.J., Smith, R.M. and Myburgh, K.H. (2008). The inflammatory response to skeletal muscle injury. Sports Medicine. 38(11): 947-969.
Velázquez-Cantón, E., De la Cruz-Rodríguez, N., Zarco, L., Rodríguez, A., Ángeles-Hernández, J.C., Ramírez-Orejel, J.C., et al. (2018). Effect of selenium and vitamin E supplementation on lactate, cortisol, and malondialdehyde in horses undergoing moderate exercise in a polluted environment. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 69: 136-144.
White, S.H., Johnson, S.E., Bobel, J.M. and Warren, L.K. (2016). Dietary selenium and prolonged exercise alter gene expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes in equine skeletal muscle. Journal of Animal Science, 94(7): 2867-2878.
White, A., Estrada, M., Walker, K., Wisnia, P., Filgueira, G., Valdés, F., et al. (2001). Role of exercise and ascorbate on plasma antioxidant capacity in thoroughbred race horses. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 128(1): 99-104.
Willians, C. and Carlucci, S. (2006). Oral Vitamin E supplementation and oxidative stress, vitamin and antioxidant status in intensely exercising horses. Equine Veterinary Journal, 36: 617-621.
Wyganowska, A., Górski, K., Jania, B., Danielewicz, A. and Andraszek, K. (2017). The effect of selenium on proper body function in horses. JAPS: Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 27(5): 1448-1453.
Yavari, A., Javadi, M., Mirmiran, P. and Bahadoran, Z. (2015). Exercise-induced oxidative stress and dietary antioxidants. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 6(1): e24898.
Youssef, M.A., El-Khodery, S.A. and Ibrahim, H.M.M. (2012). Antioxidant trace elements in serum of draft horses with acute and chronic lower airway disease. Biological Trace Element Research. 150(1): 123-129.
