The Study of Self-efficacy, Social Anxiety and Psychological Hardiness Among High School Students with Different Levels of Happiness

Subject Areas : Educational Psychology

Sholeh Livarjani ¹ , Abdollah Mohammadin ² , Mahsomeh Azmode ³

1 - Department of Educational Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran
2 - Department of Educational Psychology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
3 - Department of Psychology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.

Received: 2018-11-06 Accepted : 2019-04-27 Published : 2019-08-23

Keywords: happiness, Self-efficacy, psychological hardiness, ‌social anxiety,

Abstract :

The purpose of this study was to compare the self-efficacy, social anxiety and psychological hardiness among the high schools’ students with high and low levels of happiness. The research design of this study is causal-comparative. The population of this study includes Mahabad city high school studentst; according to these 313 students were selected among boy’s high school students of Mahabad city using random cluster sampling and Morgan table. After the consent of the Participants asked them to complete the Oxford Happiness questionnaire, Lang and Goulet psychological Hardiness, Sherer Self-efficacy and Social Anxiety. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance and T independent groups test on 2 high and low level of happiness groups. The results showed that there is a significant difference between students with high and low levels of happiness in self-efficacy, social anxiety (Physiological discomfort component) and psychological hardiness (control component) scales. Among subjects with high happiness, they report high difference in psychological hardiness (control component) than the group with low happiness and also the show lower social anxiety than the group with low happiness, which is statistically significant. In other components, these differences were not significant. Based on the results, happiness can play a decisive and influential role on other traits and behaviors, and it increases the level of self-efficacy and psychological hardiness among them, while simultaneously reducing social anxiety

References:

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Atashzar, B., & Afsharinia, K. (2018). Effectiveness of the Impact of Hardiness on Increased Happiness and Academic Achievement of Students in Kermanshah City (High School of Medical Sciences) for the Academic Year 2016 – 2017. Journal Clin Res Paramed Sci, 7(1), e80288.

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Bahmani, B., Torabian, S. S., Rezaeinejad, S., Manzari, V., & Moeinifard, M. (2016). Effectiveness of emotional self-efficacy training on social adjustment and social anxiety in adolescents. Applied Psychological Research Quarterly, 7(2), 69-80.

Çakar, F. S. (2012). The Relationship between the Self-efficacy and Life Satisfaction of Young Adults. International Education Studies, 5(6), 123-130.

Caprara, G. V., Steca, P., Gerbino, M., pacielloi, M., & Vecchio, G. M. (2006). Looking for adolescents well-being: self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of positive thinking and happiness. Epidemio Psichiatr Soc, 15(1), 30-43.

Chianeh, J., & Kasraie, S. (2016). Academic self-efficacy and social anxiety with psychological wellbeing of high school students. Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods (MJLTM), 6 (4.1), 215-221.

Crosson, J. B. (2015). Moderating Effect of Psychological Hardiness on the Relationship between Occupational Stress and Self-Efficacy Among Georgia School Psychologists. Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection.

Dai, Q., & Chu, R. X. (2018). Anxiety, happiness and self-esteem of western Chinese left-behind children. Child abuse & neglect, 86, 403-413.

 Day, L., Hanson, K., Maltby, J., Proctor, C., & Wood, A. (2014). Hope uniquely predicts objective academic achievement above intelligence, personality, and previous academic achievement. J Res Pers, 44(1), 550-3.

Enright, R.D. (2014). Exploring forgiveness. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.

Freidlin, P., Littman-Ovadia, H., & Niemiec, R. M. (2017). Positive psychopathology: Social anxiety via character strengths underuse and overuse. Personality and Individual Differences, 108, 50-54.

Hasannia S., & Saleh Sedghpour, B. (2017). The Relationship between Assertiveness and Happiness with Self-efficacy: Structural Equation Modeling, Journal of Psychology, 1(18), 24-34. [In Persian].

Hasannia S., Saleh Sedghpour, B., & Dmavandi, E. (2015). Modeling structural relationships of Emotional Intelligence and Happiness with Self-efficacy and Self-Regulatory Mediation. Journal of Studies Teaching and Learning, 6(2), 32-60. [In Persian].

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Hasanvand, B., Khaledian, M., & Merati, A. (2013). The relationship between psychological hardiness and attachment styles with the university student’s creativity. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3(3), 656-660.

Hojati, H., Emadi Zyarati, N., Hadadian, F., & Rezaee, H. (2013). Effect of training Fordyce happiness on iIncrease students' self-efficacy. Elixir Psychology, 57, 14268-14270.

Jazayeri, S. H., Delavar, A., & Dortaj, F. (2018). Developing a model of happiness based on personality traits, emotional intelligence, attachment style, voluntary activities and demographic characteristics. Counseling Culture and Psychotherapy, 9(35), 27-56. [In Persian].

Kajbaf, M. B., Naghavi, M., & Arab Bafrani, H. (2015). The effects of self-efficacy, empowerment, and happiness on teacher’s self-assertion teachers. Quarterly knowledge & research in applied psychology, 1(16), 88-96 [In Persian].

Kammann, R., & Flett, R. (1983). Affectometer 2: A scale to measure current level of general happiness. Australian Journal of Psychology, 35(2), 259-265.

Karamipour, M., Samandari, L., & Kazemi, K. (2016). Investigate The Relationship Between Life Skills with Mental Health and Self-Esteem of Female Students of High School in District 2 Of Rasht–Iran. Intl Res J Appl Basic Sci, 10(7), 894-905.

Karaşar, B., & Baytemir, K. (2018). Need for Social Approval and Happiness in College Students: The Mediation Role of Social Anxiety. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6(5), 919-927.

Khazaie, F., Shairi, M. R., Heidari-Nasab, L., & Jalali, M. R. (2014). Comparison of self-efficacy, self-esteem, social anxiety, shyness and aggression among high school students with different levels of assertiveness. Journal of Kashan University of Medical Sciences, 18 (3), 229-238.

Kobasa, S. C. (2014). Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness. J Pers Social Psychol, 37(1), 1-11.

Kord, B., Babakhani, A. (2016). The Role of self-compassion and Mindfulness in predicting the female students academic stress. J Educ psycho Stud, 13(24), 109- 26 [Persian].

Lee, J. y., & Ciftci, A. (2014). Asian international students’ socio-cultural adaptation: Influence of multicultural personality, assertiveness, academic self-efficacy, and social support. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 38, 97-105.

Lenz, A. S., Holman, R. L., & Dominguez, D. L. (2010). Encouraging connections: Integrating expressive art and drama into therapeutic social skills training with adolescents. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 5(2), 142-157.

Leslie, C., & Hutchinson, A. D. (2018). Emotional distress when studying sensitive topics in psychology, and its relationship with hardiness and mental health. High Educ Res Dev, 37, 549–564.

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Lyubomirsky, s., Sheldon, k. m., & Schkade, d. (2005) pursuing happiness: the architecture of sustainable change. The General psychology, 9(2), 111- 131.

Maddi, S. R. (2014). Comments on trends in hardiness research and theorizing. Consul Psychol J Prac Res, 51(3), 67-71.

Meyers, D. (2001). The friends, funds, and faith of happy people. American psychology, 55(1), 56- 67.

Noori, H., Ahadi, H., Malihi Alzakerini, S., & Kraskian, A. (2016). Development a Model of the Relationship of Psychological Well-Being with Self-Efficacy, Self-Esteem and Psychological Hardiness in Cancer Patients of Benign Brain Tumors. Int J Med Res Health Sci, 5(9S), 400-407.

Öztürk, A., & Mutlu, T. (2010). The relationship between attachment style, subjective well-being, happiness and social anxiety among university students’. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 1772-1776.

Parsai, S., Atai Gharache, N., & Rostami, R. (2017). The relationship between mental toughness and happiness in veteran and disable athletes in Shiraz in 2016. Pars Journal of Medical Sciences, 15(3), 16-23. [In Persian].

Peterson, C. L. (2000). Explanatory style and academic performance among university freshmen. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 53, 603-607.

Reeve, J. (2014). Understanding motivation and emotion, translated by Seid Mohammadi Y. Tehran: Nahre Virayesh Publication [In Persian].

Roshan, R., & Shakeri, R. (2010). The study of the validity and reliability of hardiness scale for university students. Semi-annually clinical psychology & personality (daneshvar raftar), 17(40), 45-52 [In Persian].

Sadook, B., & Sadook, B. (2010). The Summary of Psychiatry, translated by Rezaee F. Tehran: Nasle Farda Publication [In Persian].

Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2012). The challenge of staying happier: Testing the hedonic adaptation prevention model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(5), 670-680.

Shorey, H. S. (2012). Theories of intelligence, academic, hope, and effort extorted after a failure experience. Unpublished master thesis. University of kanas, Lawrence Press.

Silva, R. G., & Figueiredo-Braga, M. (2018). Evaluation of the relationships    among happiness, stress, anxiety, and depression in pharmacy students.Currentsin Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 10(7), 903-910.

Smaeeli Far, N., ShafiAbadi, A., & Ahghar, Gh. (2011). Proportion of Self- efficacy in the Prediction of happiness. Thought and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 5 (19), 27-34. [In Persian].

Snyder, C. R. (2012). Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness. J Pers Social Psychol, 37(1), 1-11.

 Stets, J. E., & Trettevik, R. (2016). Happiness and Identities. Social science research, 58, 1-13.

Szczygieł, D., & Mikolajczak, M. (2017). Why are people high in emotional intelligence happier? They make the most of their positive emotions. Personality and Individual Differences, 117, 177-181.

Yaprak, P., Güçlü, M., & Ayyildiz Durhan, T. (2018). The Happiness, Hardiness, and Humor Styles of Students with a Bachelor’s Degree in Sport Sciences. Behav Sci, 8, 82-102.

Zakeri, L. R. (2015). The Teacher's Guide to Student Mental Health. School Social Work Journal, 40(1), 82.

Abdel-Khalek, M. A., & Lester, D. (2017). The association between religiosity, generalized self-efficacy, mental health, and happiness in Arab college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 109(15), 12-16.

Abedzade Yami, m., & Mahdian, H. (2016). The Study of the Relationship between Social Anxiety and Happiness in High School Girl Students in Bojnourd. National Conference on Literacy and Health Promotion[In Persian].

 Agbo, A. A., & Ngwu, C. N. (2017). Aversion to happiness and the experience of happiness: The moderating roles of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 111, 227-231.

Argyle, M (2001). The Psychology of Happiness. New York. Routledge.

Argyle, M and Lu, L (1995). Testing for Nappiness. Washington DC; Taylor and Francis.

Atashzar, B., & Afsharinia, K. (2018). Effectiveness of the Impact of Hardiness on Increased Happiness and Academic Achievement of Students in Kermanshah City (High School of Medical Sciences) for the Academic Year 2016 – 2017. Journal Clin Res Paramed Sci, 7(1), e80288.

Bahadori Khosroshahi, J., & Hashemi Nosrat Abad, T. (2012). The relationship between social anxiety, optimism and self-efficacy with psychological well-being in students. Journal Urmia University Med Science, 23(2), 115-122 [In Persian].

Bahmani, B., Torabian, S. S., Rezaeinejad, S., Manzari, V., & Moeinifard, M. (2016). Effectiveness of emotional self-efficacy training on social adjustment and social anxiety in adolescents. Applied Psychological Research Quarterly, 7(2), 69-80.

Çakar, F. S. (2012). The Relationship between the Self-efficacy and Life Satisfaction of Young Adults. International Education Studies, 5(6), 123-130.

Caprara, G. V., Steca, P., Gerbino, M., pacielloi, M., & Vecchio, G. M. (2006). Looking for adolescents well-being: self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of positive thinking and happiness. Epidemio Psichiatr Soc, 15(1), 30-43.

Chianeh, J., & Kasraie, S. (2016). Academic self-efficacy and social anxiety with psychological wellbeing of high school students. Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods (MJLTM), 6 (4.1), 215-221.

Crosson, J. B. (2015). Moderating Effect of Psychological Hardiness on the Relationship between Occupational Stress and Self-Efficacy Among Georgia School Psychologists. Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection.

Dai, Q., & Chu, R. X. (2018). Anxiety, happiness and self-esteem of western Chinese left-behind children. Child abuse & neglect, 86, 403-413.

 Day, L., Hanson, K., Maltby, J., Proctor, C., & Wood, A. (2014). Hope uniquely predicts objective academic achievement above intelligence, personality, and previous academic achievement. J Res Pers, 44(1), 550-3.

Enright, R.D. (2014). Exploring forgiveness. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.

Freidlin, P., Littman-Ovadia, H., & Niemiec, R. M. (2017). Positive psychopathology: Social anxiety via character strengths underuse and overuse. Personality and Individual Differences, 108, 50-54.

Hasannia S., & Saleh Sedghpour, B. (2017). The Relationship between Assertiveness and Happiness with Self-efficacy: Structural Equation Modeling, Journal of Psychology, 1(18), 24-34. [In Persian].

Hasannia S., Saleh Sedghpour, B., & Dmavandi, E. (2015). Modeling structural relationships of Emotional Intelligence and Happiness with Self-efficacy and Self-Regulatory Mediation. Journal of Studies Teaching and Learning, 6(2), 32-60. [In Persian].

Hasanvand Amouzadeh, M. (2012). The relationship between shyness, self-esteem, self-efficacy and assertiveness with social anxiety. Quarterly journal of social psychology (new findings in psychology), 7(24), 35-56 [In Persian].

Hasanvand, B., Khaledian, M., & Merati, A. (2013). The relationship between psychological hardiness and attachment styles with the university student’s creativity. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3(3), 656-660.

Hojati, H., Emadi Zyarati, N., Hadadian, F., & Rezaee, H. (2013). Effect of training Fordyce happiness on iIncrease students' self-efficacy. Elixir Psychology, 57, 14268-14270.

Jazayeri, S. H., Delavar, A., & Dortaj, F. (2018). Developing a model of happiness based on personality traits, emotional intelligence, attachment style, voluntary activities and demographic characteristics. Counseling Culture and Psychotherapy, 9(35), 27-56. [In Persian].

Kajbaf, M. B., Naghavi, M., & Arab Bafrani, H. (2015). The effects of self-efficacy, empowerment, and happiness on teacher’s self-assertion teachers. Quarterly knowledge & research in applied psychology, 1(16), 88-96 [In Persian].

Kammann, R., & Flett, R. (1983). Affectometer 2: A scale to measure current level of general happiness. Australian Journal of Psychology, 35(2), 259-265.

Karamipour, M., Samandari, L., & Kazemi, K. (2016). Investigate The Relationship Between Life Skills with Mental Health and Self-Esteem of Female Students of High School in District 2 Of Rasht–Iran. Intl Res J Appl Basic Sci, 10(7), 894-905.

Karaşar, B., & Baytemir, K. (2018). Need for Social Approval and Happiness in College Students: The Mediation Role of Social Anxiety. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6(5), 919-927.

Khazaie, F., Shairi, M. R., Heidari-Nasab, L., & Jalali, M. R. (2014). Comparison of self-efficacy, self-esteem, social anxiety, shyness and aggression among high school students with different levels of assertiveness. Journal of Kashan University of Medical Sciences, 18 (3), 229-238.

Kobasa, S. C. (2014). Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness. J Pers Social Psychol, 37(1), 1-11.

Kord, B., Babakhani, A. (2016). The Role of self-compassion and Mindfulness in predicting the female students academic stress. J Educ psycho Stud, 13(24), 109- 26 [Persian].

Lee, J. y., & Ciftci, A. (2014). Asian international students’ socio-cultural adaptation: Influence of multicultural personality, assertiveness, academic self-efficacy, and social support. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 38, 97-105.

Lenz, A. S., Holman, R. L., & Dominguez, D. L. (2010). Encouraging connections: Integrating expressive art and drama into therapeutic social skills training with adolescents. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 5(2), 142-157.

Leslie, C., & Hutchinson, A. D. (2018). Emotional distress when studying sensitive topics in psychology, and its relationship with hardiness and mental health. High Educ Res Dev, 37, 549–564.

Lewis, C.A., & Cruise, S.M. (1995). Religion and happiness: Consensus, contradictions, comments and concerns. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 9, 213-225.

Lyubomirsky, s., Sheldon, k. m., & Schkade, d. (2005) pursuing happiness: the architecture of sustainable change. The General psychology, 9(2), 111- 131.

Maddi, S. R. (2014). Comments on trends in hardiness research and theorizing. Consul Psychol J Prac Res, 51(3), 67-71.

Meyers, D. (2001). The friends, funds, and faith of happy people. American psychology, 55(1), 56- 67.

Noori, H., Ahadi, H., Malihi Alzakerini, S., & Kraskian, A. (2016). Development a Model of the Relationship of Psychological Well-Being with Self-Efficacy, Self-Esteem and Psychological Hardiness in Cancer Patients of Benign Brain Tumors. Int J Med Res Health Sci, 5(9S), 400-407.

Öztürk, A., & Mutlu, T. (2010). The relationship between attachment style, subjective well-being, happiness and social anxiety among university students’. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 1772-1776.

Parsai, S., Atai Gharache, N., & Rostami, R. (2017). The relationship between mental toughness and happiness in veteran and disable athletes in Shiraz in 2016. Pars Journal of Medical Sciences, 15(3), 16-23. [In Persian].

Peterson, C. L. (2000). Explanatory style and academic performance among university freshmen. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 53, 603-607.

Reeve, J. (2014). Understanding motivation and emotion, translated by Seid Mohammadi Y. Tehran: Nahre Virayesh Publication [In Persian].

Roshan, R., & Shakeri, R. (2010). The study of the validity and reliability of hardiness scale for university students. Semi-annually clinical psychology & personality (daneshvar raftar), 17(40), 45-52 [In Persian].

Sadook, B., & Sadook, B. (2010). The Summary of Psychiatry, translated by Rezaee F. Tehran: Nasle Farda Publication [In Persian].

Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2012). The challenge of staying happier: Testing the hedonic adaptation prevention model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(5), 670-680.

Shorey, H. S. (2012). Theories of intelligence, academic, hope, and effort extorted after a failure experience. Unpublished master thesis. University of kanas, Lawrence Press.

Silva, R. G., & Figueiredo-Braga, M. (2018). Evaluation of the relationships    among happiness, stress, anxiety, and depression in pharmacy students.Currentsin Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 10(7), 903-910.

Smaeeli Far, N., ShafiAbadi, A., & Ahghar, Gh. (2011). Proportion of Self- efficacy in the Prediction of happiness. Thought and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 5 (19), 27-34. [In Persian].

Snyder, C. R. (2012). Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness. J Pers Social Psychol, 37(1), 1-11.

 Stets, J. E., & Trettevik, R. (2016). Happiness and Identities. Social science research, 58, 1-13.

Szczygieł, D., & Mikolajczak, M. (2017). Why are people high in emotional intelligence happier? They make the most of their positive emotions. Personality and Individual Differences, 117, 177-181.

Yaprak, P., Güçlü, M., & Ayyildiz Durhan, T. (2018). The Happiness, Hardiness, and Humor Styles of Students with a Bachelor’s Degree in Sport Sciences. Behav Sci, 8, 82-102.

Zakeri, L. R. (2015). The Teacher's Guide to Student Mental Health. School Social Work Journal, 40(1), 82.