The Presenting Causal Predictive Model of Academic Resilience Based on the External Locus of Control (with an Intermediate Academic Conflict): Application of Path Analysis
Subject Areas : Educational Psychology
Mahdi Yousefvand
1
(Khorramabad)
ezatolah ghadampour
2
(Associate Professor of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.)
Masoud Sadeghi
3
(Khorramabad)
Simin golamrezaei
4
(Khorramabad)
Keywords: academic resilience, external locus of control, academic conflict,
Abstract :
The present study was aimed to explain the causal relationship between academic conflict, external locus of control and academic resilience. Participants included 400 students from Lorestan University in the academic year of 2017-18, selected by simple random sampling method. In order to measure the variables of the research academic resilience, external locus of control and academic conflict questionnaires were used. To evaluate the proposed model, AMOS software and path analysis method were used. The findings showed that, according to the values of the indices, the data are fitted with the research model; the external locus of control, academic conflict, problem-oriented and positivist, skill of communication and future orientation Variable are positively predictive; academic conflict variable can positively affect the problem-orientation, communication skills and future orientation; Significant predictive value; external locus of control through academic conflict significantly predicts all aspects of academic resilience. Therefore, according to the results, it is obvious that increasing the tendency towards the external locus of control and consequently increasing the level of academic conflict will increase the problem-oriented and positivist level, communication skills and future orientation in the students
آناستازی، آن(1382). روانآزمایی(ترجمۀ محمدنقی براهنی). تهران: دانشگاه تهران.
بالاخانی، زیبا، ترخان، مرتض و صفاری نیا، مجید(1390). بررسی رابطه بین شیوه های فرزندپروری والدین با تابآوری، منبع کنترل و پرخاشگری فرزندان. پایاننامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه پیام نور.
بهادری خسروشاهی، جعفر؛ باباپور خیرالدین، جلیل و پورشریفی، حمید(1394). رابطه تابآوری و منبع کنترل با شادکامی دانشجویان. مجله پژوهشهای روانشناختی، 18(2)، 127-114.
حسینی، زینب السادات؛ حبیب مظاهری، نسترن و رحیمی نسب، مصیب(1395). ارتباط بین تفکر منطقی، خوش‌بینی و تابآوری با بهزیستی روانشناختی در پرستاران بیمارستان‌های شهر کرمانشاه. نشریه پژوهش پرستاری، 4(11)، 56-49.
سپاه منصور، مژگان؛ براتی، زهرا و بهزادی، ساره(1395). مدل تابآوری تحصیلی بر اساس شایستگی تحصیلی و رابطه معلم-شاگرد. روشها و مدلهای روانشناختی، 3(7)، 44-25.
سیف، علیاکبر. (1395). روانشناسی تربیتی نوین(ویرایش ششم)، تهران: انتشارات دوران.
شریف موسوی، فاطمه(1394). تاب آوری تحصیلی و درگیری تحصیلی در هنرستانهای شهر قم، اولین همایش ملی پژوهش های نوین در حوزه علوم انسانی و مطالعات اجتماعی ایران، تهران، مرکز مطالعات و تحقیقات اسلامی سروش حکمت مرتضوی.
فراهانی، محمدتقی(1374). منبع کنترل یک بعدی است یا چند بعدی؟مجله پژوهشهای روانشناختی، 3(3 و 4)، 38-27.
کجباف، محمدباقر؛ عریضی، حمیدرضا و خدابخشی، مهدی(1385). هنجاریابی، پایایی و روایی مقیاس درگیری و بررسی رابطه بین درگیری، خود – تسلط یابی و افسردگی در شهر اصفهان در سال تحصیلی 85-1384. مجله مطالعات روانشناختی الزهرا. 2(1 و 2)، 68-51.
کردمیرزا نیکوزاده، عزت الله. (1388). الگویابی زیستی- روانی- معنوی در افراد وابسته به مواد و تدوین برنامه مداخله برای ارتقاء تاب آوری مبتنی بر روایت شناسی شناختی و روانشناسی مثبت نگر. رساله دکتری رشته روانشناسی. دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی تهران. تهران.
گودرزی، علی(۱۳۸۱). رابطه علی بین نگرشهای مذهبی، خوش‌بینی، سلامت روان و سلامت جسمانی در بیندانشجویان دانشگاه چمران اهواز.مجله علوم تربیتی دانشگاه شهید چمران، 3(1 و 2)، 34 – 19.
هاشمی‌شیخ‌شبان، علی(1390). ارتباط بین پیشبینی کنندههای مهم خودناتوانسازی تحصیلی و تابآوری تحصیلی و تأثیر این عوامل بر میزان پیشرفت تحصیلی دانش آموزان سال اول دبیرستان شهر اهواز، پایان نامه دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز.
یازرلو، محمدتقی؛ رشیدنژاد، مهسا؛ سعادتمند، خدیجه و کلانتری، مهرداد(۱۳۹۴). نقش واسطه ای تاب آوری در رابطه هوش هیجانی و خوش بینی با سلامت روان دانشجویان دانشگاه اصفهان، دومین کنفرانس بین‌المللی پژوهش در علوم و تکنولوژی، ترکیه - استانبول، موسسه سرآمدهمایش کارین.
Anastasiya, A. (2002). Psychoanalysis (translated by Mohammad Nadihi Brahoni). Tehran: Tehran University [In Persian].
Antonie, D. (2018). Contextual identity experiencing facilitates resilience in Native American academics. The Social Science Journal, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online
Bahadori Khosroshahi, J., Babapour Khairddin, J., & Pursarifi, H. (2014). The Relation between Vibration and Control Source with Happiness of Students. Journal of Psychological Research, 18 (2), 127-114 [In Persian].
Bailis, D. S., & Chipperfield, J. G. (2012). Hope and optimism. In: Ramachandran VS. Encyclopedia of Human Behavior. 2nd ed. UK: Elsevier, 69(18): 172-188.
Balakhani, Z., Tarkhan, M., & Safarian Nia, M. (2010). Investigating the relationship between parental parenting practices and their survival, source control, and child aggression. Master's Degree, Payame Noor University [In Persian].
Benard, B. (1991). Fostering resiliency in kids: Protective factors in the family, school and community. National Resilience Resource Center. Retrived from internet: www.cce.umn.edu/nrrc.
Carver, C.S., Scheier, M. F., & Segerstrom, S.C. (2010). Optimism clinical psychology. Coving ton, M. U. (1994). The self-worth theory of a chievement motivation: Findings and implications. Elementary school Journal, 85(1): 5-20.
Cheng, H., & Furnham, A. (2007). Personality, self-esteem, and demographic
predictions of happiness and depression: Personality and Individual Differences, 34(9): 921-942.
Collie, R & Martin, A. (2017). Students’ adaptability in mathematics: Examining self-reports and teachers’ reports and links with engagement and achievement outcomes. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 49(8): 355-366.
Farahani, MT. (1994). The source of control is one dimensional or multidimensional? Journal of Psychological Research, 3 (3 and 4), 38-27 [In Persian].
Finn, J. D. (1998). Parental engagement that makes a difference. Educational Leadership, 55(8): 20-24.
Fredericks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence. Review of Educational; Research, 74(10): 59-69.
Garbowski, M. A. (2010). Transformational leadership and the dispositional
effects of hope, optimism and resilience on governmental leaders. For the Ph.D. Dissertation, Regent University, United States, Virginia, proquest, 1 22 pages: AAT 3425737.
Gonzalez, R., & Padilla, A. M. (1997). The academic resilience of Mexican American high school students. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 19(10): 301–317.
Goodarzi, A. (2001). The causal relationship between religious attitudes, optimism, mental health and physical health among students of Chamran University of Ahwaz. Journal of Educational Sciences, Shahid Chamran University, 3 (1 and 2), 34-19 [In Persian].
Gutman, T. M. & Shean, F.T (2013). Increasing Resilience in Adolescent Nursing Students. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation. The University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
Hadsell, L. (201 0). Achivement goals, locus ofcontrol, and academic success and effort in introductory and intermedia microeconomics. Department of economics, State University of New York, NY 13820.
Hanewald, R.(2011). Reviewing the literature on “At-Risk” and resilient children and young people, Australian Journal of Teacher Education . 36(2):457-469.
Hashemi Sheikh Shaban, A. (2010). The Relationship between Important Predictors of Educational Self-Self-Educational and Academic Resilience and Their Impact on the Academic Achievement of First-year High School Students in Ahwaz, Thesis of Ahwaz Shahid Chamran University[In Persian].
Hoei, H., Tartre, G., & Volfolk, H. (2013). The interactive effect of optimism with goal orientation on attention bias. Contemporary Psychology, 7(2): 41- 50.
Hosseini, Z. S., Habib Mazaheri, N., & Rahimi Nasab, M. (2015). The relationship between logical thinking, optimism and resilience with psychological well-being in nurses of hospitals in Kermanshah. Journal of Nursing Research, 4 (11), 56-49[In Persian].
Kajbaf, MB., Arizi, HR., & Khodabakhshi, M. (2006). Standardization, reliability and validity of the conflict scale and the relationship between conflict, self - esteem and depression in Isfahan city in the academic year of 2005-2006. Journal of Alzahra Psychological Studies. 2 (1 and 2), 68-51[In Persian].
Kivimaki, W., Rousele, T., Zheng, J., Roche. U., & Forgesh, E. (2005). Academic procrastination and the role of hope as a coping strategy. Journal personality and individual differences, 42(7): 1301- 1310.
Korhonen, M. (2007). Resilience: overcoming challenges and moving on positively. (N. Keeninak, Trans.). Ottawa: National Aboriginal Health Organization. (Original work published?).
Kudmirza Nikozadeh, E. (2008). Psychosocial-psychological imaging in drug-dependent individuals and the development of an intervention program to promote resilience based on cognitive and psychological narratives. Ph.D. thesis of psychology. Allameh Tabatabai University of Tehran. Tehran [In Persian].
Lazarus, R. (1968). Emotion and adaptation: Conceptual and empirical relations. 16(2):175-266.
Linnenbrink, E.A., & Pintrich, P.R. (2003). The role of self-efficacy beliefs in student engagement & learning in the classroom. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 19(4): 119-37.
Luthans, F., Youssef, C., & Avolio, B. (2007). Psychological capital: Developing the human competitive edge. New York: Oxford University Press.
Luthar, S. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2000). The construct of resilience: Implications for interventions and social policies. Development and Psychopathology, 12(7): 857–885.
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(17): 543-562.
Luthar, S.S. (2003) (Ed.) Resilience and vulnerability. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
Martin, A.J., & Marsh, H.W. (2006). Academic resilience and its psychological and educational correlates: A construct validity approach. Psychology in the Schools, 43(13): 267-282.
Martin, V. C. (2003) Goal theory, motivation, and school achievement: An Integrative Review. Annual Review o, 96(5): 201-220.
Moljord, E.O., Moksnes, U.K., Epsnes, G.A., Hjemeld, O &Eriksen, L. (2016). Physical activity, resilience, and depressive symptoms in adolescence. Mental health and physical activity, 7(2): 79-85.
Neal, D (2017). Academic resilience and caring adults: The experiences of former foster youth, Children and Youth Services Review, 79(15): 242-248.
O′connor, R., & Cassidy, F. (2007). [Effectiveness of group therapy based on Hope therapy approach to increase the life expectancy of women with breast cancer]. [Dissertation]. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad: School of Education and Psychology, 7(9):113-131[In Persian].
Parsons, M & Thoms, M (2017). From academic to applied: Operationalizing resilience in river systems, Geomorphology, In Press, and Corrected Proof Available online.
Pintrich R, Degroot E. (1999). Classroom and individual differences in early adolescents, motivation. J of Early, 14(42): 139-61.
Prince-Embury, S. & Saklofske, D. H. (2013). Resilience in children, adolescents, and adults: Translating research into practice. Springer: New York, NY, US.
Reschly, A., & Christenson, S. L. (2006). School completion. In G. Bear and K. Minke. Children’s needs: Development, prevention, and intervention (pp.147 169). Washington DC: National Association of School Psychologist.
Resnick, B. (2010). The relationship between resilience and motivation. In Rensick, B., Gwyther, L. P., & Roberto, K. A. (Eds.), Resilience in aging: Concepts, research and outcomes. (pp. 199-215). NewYork: Springer.
Richardson, S. T. (1990). Adolescents Resilience, family adversity and wellbeing among Hawaiian and non-Hawaiian adolescents. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 52(291): 859-867.
Rojas, F., & Fernanda, L (2015). Factors Affecting Academic Resilience in Middle School Students: A Case Study (Factores que Afectan la Resiliencia Académica end Estudiantes de Bachillerato). GIST Education and Learning Research Journal, 11(8): 63-78.
Rutter, J. (1966). Creation and validation of the source control scale. Educational Peculiarities. 2 (17): 628-631.
Saif, A. (2015). New Educational Psychology (Sixth Edition), Tehran: Doran Publication [In Persian].
Samoelz, Y. (2004). Qualification Questionnaire resiliency. Journal of Psychiatry, 18(3):254-263.
Scheier, MF. & Corver, CS. (1985). Optimism pessimism, and psychological wellbeing. In E. C. Change (Ed.), optimism and pessimism: Implications for theory research and practice. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 25(4): 189-216.
Seligman, ME. (1998). Positive social science. APA Monitor, 29(1): 2-5.
Sharif Mousavi, F. (2014). Academic resilience and educational conflict in Qom, the first national conference on modern research in the field of humanities and social studies of Iran, Islamic Studies and Research Center of Soroush Hekmat Mortazavi[In Persian].
SiahMansoor, M., Barati, Z., & Behzadi, S. (2015). Educational resilience model based on academic competence and student-student relationship. Methods and psychological models, 3 (7), 44-25[In Persian].
Steptoe. A., & Wardle, J. (2001). Locus of control and health behavior revised: A multi-variate analysis of young adults from 18 countries. British Journal of Psychology, 22(4): 659-672.
Strassle, C G., Mckee, EA. & Plant, DD. (2000). Optimism an indicator of psychological health: Using psychological assessment wisely. Personality Assessment, 72(2):190-199.
Theresa, C. (2017). Influencing Optimum Health for Nurses. Short communication AORN Journal, 105(2):228-231.
Trina, R. H. (2002). Self-handicapping among Comparison of Honors and traditional college students utilization, Retrived from www. Google. Com.
Yazerloo, MT., Rashtindeh, M., Sadeqmand, K., & Kalantari, M. (2014). Mediating Resilience in the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Optimism with Mental Health of Students of Isfahan University, 2nd International Conference on Science and Technology Research, Turkey - Istanbul, Karin Institute of Education [In Persian].
_||_Anastasiya, A. (2002). Psychoanalysis (translated by Mohammad Nadihi Brahoni). Tehran: Tehran University [In Persian].
Antonie, D. (2018). Contextual identity experiencing facilitates resilience in Native American academics. The Social Science Journal, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online
Bahadori Khosroshahi, J., Babapour Khairddin, J., & Pursarifi, H. (2014). The Relation between Vibration and Control Source with Happiness of Students. Journal of Psychological Research, 18 (2), 127-114 [In Persian].
Bailis, D. S., & Chipperfield, J. G. (2012). Hope and optimism. In: Ramachandran VS. Encyclopedia of Human Behavior. 2nd ed. UK: Elsevier, 69(18): 172-188.
Balakhani, Z., Tarkhan, M., & Safarian Nia, M. (2010). Investigating the relationship between parental parenting practices and their survival, source control, and child aggression. Master's Degree, Payame Noor University [In Persian].
Benard, B. (1991). Fostering resiliency in kids: Protective factors in the family, school and community. National Resilience Resource Center. Retrived from internet: www.cce.umn.edu/nrrc.
Carver, C.S., Scheier, M. F., & Segerstrom, S.C. (2010). Optimism clinical psychology. Coving ton, M. U. (1994). The self-worth theory of a chievement motivation: Findings and implications. Elementary school Journal, 85(1): 5-20.
Cheng, H., & Furnham, A. (2007). Personality, self-esteem, and demographic
predictions of happiness and depression: Personality and Individual Differences, 34(9): 921-942.
Collie, R & Martin, A. (2017). Students’ adaptability in mathematics: Examining self-reports and teachers’ reports and links with engagement and achievement outcomes. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 49(8): 355-366.
Farahani, MT. (1994). The source of control is one dimensional or multidimensional? Journal of Psychological Research, 3 (3 and 4), 38-27 [In Persian].
Finn, J. D. (1998). Parental engagement that makes a difference. Educational Leadership, 55(8): 20-24.
Fredericks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence. Review of Educational; Research, 74(10): 59-69.
Garbowski, M. A. (2010). Transformational leadership and the dispositional
effects of hope, optimism and resilience on governmental leaders. For the Ph.D. Dissertation, Regent University, United States, Virginia, proquest, 1 22 pages: AAT 3425737.
Gonzalez, R., & Padilla, A. M. (1997). The academic resilience of Mexican American high school students. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 19(10): 301–317.
Goodarzi, A. (2001). The causal relationship between religious attitudes, optimism, mental health and physical health among students of Chamran University of Ahwaz. Journal of Educational Sciences, Shahid Chamran University, 3 (1 and 2), 34-19 [In Persian].
Gutman, T. M. & Shean, F.T (2013). Increasing Resilience in Adolescent Nursing Students. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation. The University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
Hadsell, L. (201 0). Achivement goals, locus ofcontrol, and academic success and effort in introductory and intermedia microeconomics. Department of economics, State University of New York, NY 13820.
Hanewald, R.(2011). Reviewing the literature on “At-Risk” and resilient children and young people, Australian Journal of Teacher Education . 36(2):457-469.
Hashemi Sheikh Shaban, A. (2010). The Relationship between Important Predictors of Educational Self-Self-Educational and Academic Resilience and Their Impact on the Academic Achievement of First-year High School Students in Ahwaz, Thesis of Ahwaz Shahid Chamran University[In Persian].
Hoei, H., Tartre, G., & Volfolk, H. (2013). The interactive effect of optimism with goal orientation on attention bias. Contemporary Psychology, 7(2): 41- 50.
Hosseini, Z. S., Habib Mazaheri, N., & Rahimi Nasab, M. (2015). The relationship between logical thinking, optimism and resilience with psychological well-being in nurses of hospitals in Kermanshah. Journal of Nursing Research, 4 (11), 56-49[In Persian].
Kajbaf, MB., Arizi, HR., & Khodabakhshi, M. (2006). Standardization, reliability and validity of the conflict scale and the relationship between conflict, self - esteem and depression in Isfahan city in the academic year of 2005-2006. Journal of Alzahra Psychological Studies. 2 (1 and 2), 68-51[In Persian].
Kivimaki, W., Rousele, T., Zheng, J., Roche. U., & Forgesh, E. (2005). Academic procrastination and the role of hope as a coping strategy. Journal personality and individual differences, 42(7): 1301- 1310.
Korhonen, M. (2007). Resilience: overcoming challenges and moving on positively. (N. Keeninak, Trans.). Ottawa: National Aboriginal Health Organization. (Original work published?).
Kudmirza Nikozadeh, E. (2008). Psychosocial-psychological imaging in drug-dependent individuals and the development of an intervention program to promote resilience based on cognitive and psychological narratives. Ph.D. thesis of psychology. Allameh Tabatabai University of Tehran. Tehran [In Persian].
Lazarus, R. (1968). Emotion and adaptation: Conceptual and empirical relations. 16(2):175-266.
Linnenbrink, E.A., & Pintrich, P.R. (2003). The role of self-efficacy beliefs in student engagement & learning in the classroom. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 19(4): 119-37.
Luthans, F., Youssef, C., & Avolio, B. (2007). Psychological capital: Developing the human competitive edge. New York: Oxford University Press.
Luthar, S. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2000). The construct of resilience: Implications for interventions and social policies. Development and Psychopathology, 12(7): 857–885.
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(17): 543-562.
Luthar, S.S. (2003) (Ed.) Resilience and vulnerability. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
Martin, A.J., & Marsh, H.W. (2006). Academic resilience and its psychological and educational correlates: A construct validity approach. Psychology in the Schools, 43(13): 267-282.
Martin, V. C. (2003) Goal theory, motivation, and school achievement: An Integrative Review. Annual Review o, 96(5): 201-220.
Moljord, E.O., Moksnes, U.K., Epsnes, G.A., Hjemeld, O &Eriksen, L. (2016). Physical activity, resilience, and depressive symptoms in adolescence. Mental health and physical activity, 7(2): 79-85.
Neal, D (2017). Academic resilience and caring adults: The experiences of former foster youth, Children and Youth Services Review, 79(15): 242-248.
O′connor, R., & Cassidy, F. (2007). [Effectiveness of group therapy based on Hope therapy approach to increase the life expectancy of women with breast cancer]. [Dissertation]. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad: School of Education and Psychology, 7(9):113-131[In Persian].
Parsons, M & Thoms, M (2017). From academic to applied: Operationalizing resilience in river systems, Geomorphology, In Press, and Corrected Proof Available online.
Pintrich R, Degroot E. (1999). Classroom and individual differences in early adolescents, motivation. J of Early, 14(42): 139-61.
Prince-Embury, S. & Saklofske, D. H. (2013). Resilience in children, adolescents, and adults: Translating research into practice. Springer: New York, NY, US.
Reschly, A., & Christenson, S. L. (2006). School completion. In G. Bear and K. Minke. Children’s needs: Development, prevention, and intervention (pp.147 169). Washington DC: National Association of School Psychologist.
Resnick, B. (2010). The relationship between resilience and motivation. In Rensick, B., Gwyther, L. P., & Roberto, K. A. (Eds.), Resilience in aging: Concepts, research and outcomes. (pp. 199-215). NewYork: Springer.
Richardson, S. T. (1990). Adolescents Resilience, family adversity and wellbeing among Hawaiian and non-Hawaiian adolescents. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 52(291): 859-867.
Rojas, F., & Fernanda, L (2015). Factors Affecting Academic Resilience in Middle School Students: A Case Study (Factores que Afectan la Resiliencia Académica end Estudiantes de Bachillerato). GIST Education and Learning Research Journal, 11(8): 63-78.
Rutter, J. (1966). Creation and validation of the source control scale. Educational Peculiarities. 2 (17): 628-631.
Saif, A. (2015). New Educational Psychology (Sixth Edition), Tehran: Doran Publication [In Persian].
Samoelz, Y. (2004). Qualification Questionnaire resiliency. Journal of Psychiatry, 18(3):254-263.
Scheier, MF. & Corver, CS. (1985). Optimism pessimism, and psychological wellbeing. In E. C. Change (Ed.), optimism and pessimism: Implications for theory research and practice. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 25(4): 189-216.
Seligman, ME. (1998). Positive social science. APA Monitor, 29(1): 2-5.
Sharif Mousavi, F. (2014). Academic resilience and educational conflict in Qom, the first national conference on modern research in the field of humanities and social studies of Iran, Islamic Studies and Research Center of Soroush Hekmat Mortazavi[In Persian].
SiahMansoor, M., Barati, Z., & Behzadi, S. (2015). Educational resilience model based on academic competence and student-student relationship. Methods and psychological models, 3 (7), 44-25[In Persian].
Steptoe. A., & Wardle, J. (2001). Locus of control and health behavior revised: A multi-variate analysis of young adults from 18 countries. British Journal of Psychology, 22(4): 659-672.
Strassle, C G., Mckee, EA. & Plant, DD. (2000). Optimism an indicator of psychological health: Using psychological assessment wisely. Personality Assessment, 72(2):190-199.
Theresa, C. (2017). Influencing Optimum Health for Nurses. Short communication AORN Journal, 105(2):228-231.
Trina, R. H. (2002). Self-handicapping among Comparison of Honors and traditional college students utilization, Retrived from www. Google. Com.
Yazerloo, MT., Rashtindeh, M., Sadeqmand, K., & Kalantari, M. (2014). Mediating Resilience in the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Optimism with Mental Health of Students of Isfahan University, 2nd International Conference on Science and Technology Research, Turkey - Istanbul, Karin Institute of Education [In Persian].
