Effectiveness of Group Gestalt Therapy on Social Anxiety, Test Anxiety and Positive and Negative Affection of Female Students
Subject Areas : Educational PsychologyFatemeh Mohammadi 1 , Maryam Hafezian 2
1 - Sari
2 - استادیار گروه علوم تربیتی، واحد بجنورد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بجنورد، ایران
Keywords: social anxiety, Gestalt Therapy, test anxiety, Positive – Negative affection,
Abstract :
This research was conducted based on purpose of evaluating the effectiveness of group gestalt therapy on social anxiety, test anxiety and positive and negative affection of female students. The research design was semi-experimental and pre-test and post-test with control group. The statistical population of the study was all female undergraduate students of Sari Azad University in the academic year of 2015-2016. Of the total number of the target population, 50 people were willing to cooperate. Then, social anxiety scores, anxiety test, and the PANAS positive and negative affection scores were provided and pre-tested. Twenty students were selected using available sampling method (20 in the experimental group and 20 in the control group). Then, interventional therapy (8 sessions of 90 minutes) was performed on the experimental group. After the end of the sessions, the students of both groups were subjected to post-test. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis. The findings showed that Gestalt therapy explains about 37% of variance in reducing social anxiety. Also, gestalt therapy explains about 67% of the variance in reducing test anxiety, and gestalt therapy has been led to increase in positive affection and reduction in negative affection. The results showed that group gestalt therapy has an effect on social anxiety, test anxiety and negative and positive affection.
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Bitter, J. R. (2004). Two Approaches to Counseling a Parent Alone: Toward a Gestalt-Adlerian Integration.The Family Journal. 12(4), Sage Publieations.
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Hajihasani, M., Saadipour, S., Jaafarinejad, H., Rostami, K., Pirsaghi, F. (2012). The Effectiveness of Active Therapeutic Music Therapy and Gestalt Therapy on Reducing Test Anxiety. Thought Magazine and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 9, 20-33.[In Persian].
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Jaafari, N., & Fatehizadeh, M. (2012). The study of the relationship between internet addiction and depression, anxiety, psychological stress and social phobia in Isfahan University students. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, 17, 1-9. [In Persian].
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Martinez, E. (2002). Effectiveness of operationalized gestalt therapy role-playing in the Treatment of Phobic Behaviors.Gestalt Review. 6(2), 148-166.
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Navabinejad, Sh. (2007). Gestalt Therapy. Tehran: Faravan publication.[In Persian].
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Perls, F. S. (1969). Gestalt Therapy Verbatim. Moab,Utah,Real People press.
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Saadati, H., Younesi, J., Foroughan, M., Velsheni, L. (2012). The Effectiveness of Gestalt Therapy on Elderly Happiness. Elderly Dissertation, 8(2), 7-15.[In Persian].
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Shahla, R. (2012). The Effect of Gestalt Therapy on Anxiety Symptoms of Anxious, Children and the Level of Mental Well-being.28, 27.[In Persian].
Shilling, L. (1984). Advice Theories, (Translation by Khadijah Arian). Tehran: Information publication. [In Persian].
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Soudani, M., Nikrou, T., Hosseinpour, M. (2011). The effectiveness of group therapy gestalt therapy on increasing the life expectancy and self-esteem of retired women in education. Consulting research, 2(45).[In Persian].
Saduk, B., Saduk, V. A. (2007). Synopsis of psychiatry, (translated by Nasrollah Pourfakheri). publishing of shahreab.[In Persian].
Spielberger, C. D., & Vagg, P. R. (1995). Test anxiety: A transactional process model. Washington, D.C: Taylor & Francis.
Talebi, A. (2010). Comparison of the Effectiveness of Teaching Skills Training on Reducing the Anxiety of Extraterritorial and Extrovert Students. Master's Thesis. medical University Tehran.[In Persian].
Tuncacy, E. (2003). Effective Interventions on Test Anxiety Reduction.A Meta Analysis.School Psychology Interventional. 24(3).
Walter, F & Bruch, H. (2008). The positive group affect spiral: a dynamic model of the emergence of positive affective similarity in work groups. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(2), 239-261.
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Yousefi, N., Jahanbakhshi, Z., Aslani, Kh. (2012). The Effectiveness of Gestalt Therapy and Meaningful Mentality on Reducing Obsessive-Compulsive Menopause on the Eve of Marriage. Quarterly Journal of Clinical Psychology, No. 6, the second year, 1-26. [In Persian].
Zademohammadi, A. (2010). Music Therapy Applications. Tehran: The Ages of Knowledge.[In Persian].
Zautra, A. J., Reich, J. W., Davis, M. C., Potter, P. T & Nicolson, N. A. (2000). The role ofstressful events in the relationship between positive and negative effects: Evidence from field and experimental studies. Journal of Personality. 68, 925-949.
_||_Adamrita, C.S. (2010). The effects of gestalt and cognitive- behavioral therapy group intervention on the assertiveness and self – steem of women with physical disabilities facing abuse. In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of philosophy, Wayne State University.
Abolghasemi, A. (2003). exam stress Ardebil: Nikkamooz publishing.[In Persian].
Asalitalkouyi, S. (2012). Test anxiety and reduce it. Magazine Growth School Consultant, 27, 29-30. [In Persian].
Bitter, J. R. (2004). Two Approaches to Counseling a Parent Alone: Toward a Gestalt-Adlerian Integration.The Family Journal. 12(4), Sage Publieations.
Bahrami, F., Soudani, M., Mehrabizadeh, M. (2010). The effect of gestalt therapy on self-esteem, depression and loneliness of divorced women. Social and psychological studies of women, 23,129-147. [In Persian].
Balouchi, M. H. (2013). The role of self-efficacy, social support and positive affection in anticipating the return to addiction, Master's Thesis. University of Sistan and Baluchestan. [In Persian].
Connor, K. M. Davidson, J.R. Churchill, L. E. Sherweed, A. Foa, E. B. (2000). Psychometric properties of the social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). The British Jurnal of Psychiatry, 176: 379-386.
Dadsetan, P. (1991). Developmental Psychology. Tehran: Jarf publication. [In Persian].
Etemadi, A., Hajhasani, M., Nadalipour, H., Nazari, E. (2014). The Effectiveness of Group Gestalt Therapy on Anxiety and Self-Esteem of Divorce Students. Journal of Psychology, Volume 18, 4 (72), 4 38-452. [In Persian].
Farahzadi, M., Zare bahramabadi, M., Mohammadifar, M. A. (2010). The Effectiveness of Gastric Therapy in Reducing Social Anxiety. The Evolutionary Psychology, 28,387-395. [In Persian].
Feingold, P. (1994). A Psychometric Study of the Test Anxiety Scale for a children in a Spanish sample. Psychological Bulletin. 6,429-456.
Harris, P. (2001). Growth of emotions in children. (Translation by Mohammad Yamini and Mohammad Davoudi), Publication of Tarbiat Moallem University (Release year 2001). [In Persian].
Hajihasani, M., Saadipour, S., Jaafarinejad, H., Rostami, K., Pirsaghi, F. (2012). The Effectiveness of Active Therapeutic Music Therapy and Gestalt Therapy on Reducing Test Anxiety. Thought Magazine and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 9, 20-33.[In Persian].
Heidarianfard, Z. (2013). Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on social anxiety, social self-efficacy and rumination among female students with social anxiety disorder. Master's Thesis. Islamic Azad University of Sari.[In Persian].
Hollandsworth, L. G.; Glazeski, R. C.; Kirkland, Jones, G., & Vannorman, L. (1989). An anxiety of the nature and effects of test anxiety. Cognitive therapy and research.vol 3.165-180.
Hoffmann, S. G., & Otto, M. (2010). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder, Translation of Chinifouroushan, M., Ageshte, M., Arjmand publication.[In Persian].
Jaafari, N., & Fatehizadeh, M. (2012). The study of the relationship between internet addiction and depression, anxiety, psychological stress and social phobia in Isfahan University students. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, 17, 1-9. [In Persian].
Jahanmehr, H. (2012). The effectiveness of group gestalt therapy on depression, self-efficacy and self-esteem in patients with sexual dysfunction. Master's Thesis. Payam Noor university of Tehran. [In Persian].
Jacobus, J., & Reilly, V. (2008). Students evaluate Carle Rogers and Perl’s relationship with Gloria: A brief report. The Journal of Humanistic Psychology.48, 32-43.
Karbalayi, M., Jalali, M. R., Kakavand, A. (2013).Title of the study and comparison of the effectiveness of gestalt therapy and educational retraining on increasing self-esteem and reducing student anxiety. Master's Thesis. International University of Imam Khomeini Qazvin.[In Persian].
KHayyat, E., Pasha, GH. R., Soudani, M. (2009). The Effectiveness of Gestalt Group Counseling on Anxiety Reduction in Men Referring to Ahwaz Oil Consultation Center. National Conference on New Findings in Psychology. Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch.[In Persian].
Lotfabadi, H. (2000). The emotions and identities of teens and young people. Tehran: Third generation publication.[In Persian].
Martinez, E. (2002). Effectiveness of operationalized gestalt therapy role-playing in the Treatment of Phobic Behaviors.Gestalt Review. 6(2), 148-166.
Natas, J. (2009). The integration of gestalt play therapy in occupational therapy: a needs assessment. [On line] Available at:http://hdl.handle.net.
Naderi, F. (2009). Psychology of anxiety and (test anxiety, death anxiety and computer anxiety). Ahvaz: Azad University Publication.[In Persian].
Navabinejad, Sh. (2004). Group counseling and psychotherapy theories. Tehran: Samt publication.[In Persian].
Navabinejad, Sh. (2007). Gestalt Therapy. Tehran: Faravan publication.[In Persian].
Parsa, M. (2000). Motivation and excitement. Tehran: Payame Noor University.[In Persian].
Perls, F. S. (1969). Gestalt Therapy Verbatim. Moab,Utah,Real People press.
Polster, E. & M. Polster. (1973). Gestalt Therapy Integrated: Countours of Theory & Practice.New York, Random House Inc.1973.
Saadati, H., Younesi, J., Foroughan, M., Velsheni, L. (2012). The Effectiveness of Gestalt Therapy on Elderly Happiness. Elderly Dissertation, 8(2), 7-15.[In Persian].
Sarason, I. G. (1980). Test anxiety: Theory, research, and application. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Sarason, IG. & Sarason, B. R. (1990). "Test Anxiety", in H. Leitenberg (ed). Handbook of Social and Evaluative Anxiety.P.P.475-96. New York. Plenium Press.
Shahla, R. (2012). The Effect of Gestalt Therapy on Anxiety Symptoms of Anxious, Children and the Level of Mental Well-being.28, 27.[In Persian].
Shilling, L. (1984). Advice Theories, (Translation by Khadijah Arian). Tehran: Information publication. [In Persian].
Shafiabadi, A., Naseri, GH. R. (2010). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy. Tehran: Academic Publishing Center. [In Persian].
Soudani, M., Nikrou, T., Hosseinpour, M. (2011). The effectiveness of group therapy gestalt therapy on increasing the life expectancy and self-esteem of retired women in education. Consulting research, 2(45).[In Persian].
Saduk, B., Saduk, V. A. (2007). Synopsis of psychiatry, (translated by Nasrollah Pourfakheri). publishing of shahreab.[In Persian].
Spielberger, C. D., & Vagg, P. R. (1995). Test anxiety: A transactional process model. Washington, D.C: Taylor & Francis.
Talebi, A. (2010). Comparison of the Effectiveness of Teaching Skills Training on Reducing the Anxiety of Extraterritorial and Extrovert Students. Master's Thesis. medical University Tehran.[In Persian].
Tuncacy, E. (2003). Effective Interventions on Test Anxiety Reduction.A Meta Analysis.School Psychology Interventional. 24(3).
Walter, F & Bruch, H. (2008). The positive group affect spiral: a dynamic model of the emergence of positive affective similarity in work groups. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(2), 239-261.
Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual Structure of Mood. Psychological Bulletin. 98(2), 219-235.
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (2003). The PANAS-X manual for the positive and negative affect schedule expanded. Retrieved 24 September 1989, from: http://www.psychology.uiowa.edu/Faculty/Watson/ PANAS-pdf.
Yousefi, N., Jahanbakhshi, Z., Aslani, Kh. (2012). The Effectiveness of Gestalt Therapy and Meaningful Mentality on Reducing Obsessive-Compulsive Menopause on the Eve of Marriage. Quarterly Journal of Clinical Psychology, No. 6, the second year, 1-26. [In Persian].
Zademohammadi, A. (2010). Music Therapy Applications. Tehran: The Ages of Knowledge.[In Persian].
Zautra, A. J., Reich, J. W., Davis, M. C., Potter, P. T & Nicolson, N. A. (2000). The role ofstressful events in the relationship between positive and negative effects: Evidence from field and experimental studies. Journal of Personality. 68, 925-949.
