The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Intervention on the Emotion Regulation Difficulties Components of Students with Conduct Disorder

Subject Areas : Educational Psychology

Nasrin Mohades ¹ (Tabriz)
Zeinab Khanjani ² (Tabriz)
Ali Naghi Aqdasi ³ (Tabriz)

Received: 2019-11-02 Accepted : 2020-02-24 Published : 2020-02-20

Keywords: conduct disorder, Emotion Regulation Difficulties, Mindfulness-Based Intervention,

Abstract :

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based intervention on emotion regulation difficulties in the middle school students with conduct disorder. The present study is a semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and control group design. The statistical population consisted of all male students from first to third grade of the first secondary school in Tabriz city in the academic years of 2018-2019. From this population, were selected a sample size of 40 people using children symptom inventory (CSI-4) and structured diagnostic and clinical interview by multi-stage cluster sampling and purposeful sampling method and were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Data were collected during pre-test and post-test stage of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS). Data analysis was performed using covariance analysis in spss version 25. Data analysis showed that mindfulness-based intervention resulted in a significant difference between groups in difficulty in emotion regulation 76% And its components included non-acceptance of emotional responses 16%, impulse control difficulties 38%, lack of emotional awareness 44%, limited access to emotion regulation strategies 62% (p<0.05). According to the findings, it can be suggested that mindfulness-based intervention reduces the problem of emotional regulation and its components in students with conduct disorder.

References:

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Barghi Irani, Z., bakhti, M., & bagiyan kulemars, M. (2015). The effectiveness of a cognitive processing-based social skills training on the effectiveness of cognitive processing based training of social skills on, emotional, psychological well-being and reducing the symptoms of children with conduct disorder. Social Cognition, 4(1), 157-175 [In Persian].

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Beauchaine, T. P., & Thayer, J. F. (2015). Heart rate variability as a transdiagnostic biomarker of psychopathology. International Journal if Psychophysiology, 98 (2), 338-350.

Cappadocia, M., Desrocher, M., Pepler, D., & Schroeder, J. H. (2009). Contextualizing the neurobiology of conduct disorder in an emotion dysregulation framework. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 506–518.

Cheshure, A., Zeigler-Hill, V., Sauls, D., Vrabel, J. K., & Lehtman, M. J. (2020). Narcissism and emotion dysregulation: Narcissistic admiration and narcissistic rivalry have divergent associations with emotion regulation difficulties. Personality and Individual Differences, 154 (Article In Press), 1-5.

Chiodelli, R., Mello, L. T. N., Jesus, S. N., & Andretta, I. (2018). Effects of a brief mindfulness-based intervention on emotional regulation and levels of mindfulness in senior students. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 31(21), 1-10. doi:10.1186/s41155-018-0099-7

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Deplus, S., Billieux, J., Scharff, C., & Philippot, P. (2016). A Mindfulness-Based Group Intervention for Enhancing Self-Regulation of Emotion in Late Childhood and Adolescence: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 14(5), 775-790. doi:10.1007/s11469-015-9627-1

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Folk, J. B., Zeman, J. L., Poon, J. A., & Dallaire, D. H. (2014). A longitudinal examination of emotion regulation: Pathways to anxiety and depressive symptoms in urban minority youth. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 19(4), 243–250.

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Garofalo, C., Neumann, C. S., & Velotti, P. (2018). Difficulties in emotion regulation and psychopathic traits in violent offenders. Journal of Criminal Justice, 57(4), 116-125.

Garofalo, C., Velotti, P., & Zavattini. (2018). Emotion regulation and aggression: the incremental contribution of alexithymia, impulsivity, and emotion dysregulation facets. Psychology of Violence, 8(4), 470–483.

Gratz, K. L. & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and validation of the Difficulties with Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 41–54.

Hasenkamp, W., Wilson-Mendenhall, C. D., Duncan, E., & Barsalou, L. W., 2012. Mind wandering and attention during focused meditation: a fine-grained temporal analysis of fluctuating cognitive states. Neuroimage, 59(1), 750–760.

Hillgaar, S. D. (2011). Mindfulness and Self-Regulated Learning. Master's Thesis in Social and Community Psychology. Trondheim.

Huang, Q., Zhang, Q., An, Y., & Xu, W. (2019). The relationship between dispositional mindfulness and PTSD/PTG among firefighters: The mediating role of emotion regulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 151(16), 1-6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.07.002

Johnson, C., Burke, C., Brinkman, S., & Wade, T. (2016). Effectiveness of a school-based mindfulness program for transdiagnostic prevention in young adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 81(6), 1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.03.002https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.07.002

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Khanzadeh, M., Saeedian, M., Hossein Chari, M., Idrisi, F. (2012). Factor structure and psychometric properties of difficulty scale in emotion regulation. Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 6 (1), 96-87 [In Persian].

Loeber, R., Burke, J., & Pardini, A. D. (2009). Perspectives on oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and psychopathic features. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, 50 (1-2), 133-142.

Luberto, C., Cotton, S., & McLeish, A. (2012). P02.107. Mindfulness and emotion regulation: the mediating role of coping self-efficacy. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 12(1), 163-164. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-12-S1-P163

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Najafi, M., Foladchang, M., Alizadeh, H., & Mohammadifar, M. (2009). Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder. Journal of Exceptional Children, 9(3), 239-254 [In Persian].

Noordermeer, S. D., Luman, M., & Oosterlaan, J. (2016). A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Neuroimaging in Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and Conduct Disorder (CD) Taking Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Into Account. Neuropsychologyreview, 1(26), 44-72.

Pihet, S., Suter, M., Halfon, O., & Stephan, P. (2012). Profile of male adolescents with conduct disorder on intellectual efficacy, cognitive flexibility, cognitive coping, impulsivity and alexithymia: A comparison with high-risk controls. The European Journal of Psychiatry, 26(4), 215-226.

Pirsig, S. J. (2017). Evaluation of a Mindfulness Intervention for Children with Emotion Regulation Difficulties. All Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects. 737. http://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/etds/737

Rahbar Karbasdehi, E., Hossein Khanzadeh, A., & Rahbar Karbasdehi, F. (2017). The effect of cognitive-behavior anger management training on response inhibition in students with conduct disorder. Exceptional Education, 3(146), 9-14 [In Persian].

Raschle, N. M., Fehlbaum, L. V., Menks, W. M., Martinelli, A., Prätzlich, M., Bernhard, A., & Stadler, C. (2019). Atypical Dorsolateral Prefrontal Activity in Female Adolescents with Conduct Disorder during Effortful Emotion Regulation. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 4(11), 984-994.

Roemer, L., Williston, S. K., & Rollins, L. G. (2015). Mindfulness and emotion regulation. Current Opinion in Psychology, 3, 52-57.

Salami, F., Ashayeri, H., Estaki, M., Farzad, V., & Koochak Entezar, R. (2016). Mother-based combined training and its effect on the symptoms attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neuropsychology, 2(4), 31-44 [In Persian].

Sanger, K. L., & Dorjee, D. (2015). Mindfulness training for adolescents: A neurodevelopmental perspective on investigating modifications in attention and emotion regulation using event-related brain potentials. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 15(3), 696-711. doi:10.3758/s13415-015-0354-7

Schoorl, J., van Rijn, S., de Wied, M., van Goozen, S., & Swaab, H. (2016). Emotion Regulation Difficulties in Boys with Oppositional Defiant Disorder/Conduct Disorder and the Relation with Comorbid Autism Traits and Attention Deficit Traits. PLoS ONE, 11(7), e0159323.

Shonin, E., Van Gordon, W., Compare, A., Zangeneh, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Buddhist-Derived Loving-Kindness and Compassion Meditation for the Treatment of Psychopathology: a Systematic Review. Mindfulness, 6(5), 1161-1180. doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0368-1

Sohrabi, F., Asadzadeh, H., & Arabzadeh, Z. (2014). Effectiveness of barkley’s parental education program in reducing the symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder on preschool children. Journal of School Psychology, 3(2), 82-103 [In Persian].

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th ed.). Boston, MA Pearson.

Taheri, M. (2017). Comparison of executive functions and cognitive emotion regulation skills in adolescents with conduct disorder and normal. The Journal of New Advances in Behavioral Sciences, 2(8), 15-1 [In Persian].

Tang, Y.-Y., Tang, R., & Posner, M. I. (2016). Mindfulness meditation improves emotion regulation and reduces drug abuse. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 163(1), 13-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.041

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Babaei Nadinluye, K., Mikaeli Manee, F., Pezeshki, H., Bafande, H., & Abdi, H. (2017). Relationship between mindfulness and meta-emotion on predicting emotional adjustment of novice nurses. Iran Journal of Nursing, 30(105), 11-22 [In Persian].

Barghi Irani, Z., bakhti, M., & bagiyan kulemars, M. (2015). The effectiveness of a cognitive processing-based social skills training on the effectiveness of cognitive processing based training of social skills on, emotional, psychological well-being and reducing the symptoms of children with conduct disorder. Social Cognition, 4(1), 157-175 [In Persian].

Barmal, F., Salhi Fadardi, J., & Tabibi, Z. (2018). Effectiveness of mindfulness training on rumination, problem-solving styles, and cognitive emotion regulation persons with depression. Journal of Psychological Studies, 14(2), 91-107 [In Persian].

Beauchaine, T. P., & Thayer, J. F. (2015). Heart rate variability as a transdiagnostic biomarker of psychopathology. International Journal if Psychophysiology, 98 (2), 338-350.

Cappadocia, M., Desrocher, M., Pepler, D., & Schroeder, J. H. (2009). Contextualizing the neurobiology of conduct disorder in an emotion dysregulation framework. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 506–518.

Cheshure, A., Zeigler-Hill, V., Sauls, D., Vrabel, J. K., & Lehtman, M. J. (2020). Narcissism and emotion dysregulation: Narcissistic admiration and narcissistic rivalry have divergent associations with emotion regulation difficulties. Personality and Individual Differences, 154 (Article In Press), 1-5.

Chiodelli, R., Mello, L. T. N., Jesus, S. N., & Andretta, I. (2018). Effects of a brief mindfulness-based intervention on emotional regulation and levels of mindfulness in senior students. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 31(21), 1-10. doi:10.1186/s41155-018-0099-7

Deborde, A. S., Vanwalleghem Maury, S., & Aitel, S. (2015). Emotion regulation in adolescents with conduct disorder and controls. Encephale, 41(1), 62-69.

Deplus, S., Billieux, J., Scharff, C., & Philippot, P. (2016). A Mindfulness-Based Group Intervention for Enhancing Self-Regulation of Emotion in Late Childhood and Adolescence: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 14(5), 775-790. doi:10.1007/s11469-015-9627-1

Dickenson, J., Berkman, E.T., Arch, J., & Lieberman, M. D. (2012). Neural correlates of focused attention during a brief mindfulness induction. Soc Cognit Affect Neurosci, 8 (1), 40–47.

Farhadmanesh, N., Taheri, E., & Amiri, M. (2017). The effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on anxiety sensitivity and emotion regulation. Journal of Clinical Psychology Research & Counseling, 7(2), 122-105 [In Persian].

Farrington, D. P. (2013). Conduct Disorder, Aggression, and Delinquency. In Handbook of Adolescent Psychology (eds R. M. Lerner and L. Steinberg).

Folk, J. B., Zeman, J. L., Poon, J. A., & Dallaire, D. H. (2014). A longitudinal examination of emotion regulation: Pathways to anxiety and depressive symptoms in urban minority youth. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 19(4), 243–250.

Gall, D. M., Borg, W., & Gall, J. (2012). Qualitative and qualitative research methods in educational sciences and psychology, translated by ahmad reza nasr et al. Tehran: samt publications [In Persian].

Garofalo, C., Neumann, C. S., & Velotti, P. (2018). Difficulties in emotion regulation and psychopathic traits in violent offenders. Journal of Criminal Justice, 57(4), 116-125.

Garofalo, C., Velotti, P., & Zavattini. (2018). Emotion regulation and aggression: the incremental contribution of alexithymia, impulsivity, and emotion dysregulation facets. Psychology of Violence, 8(4), 470–483.

Gratz, K. L. & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and validation of the Difficulties with Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 41–54.

Hasenkamp, W., Wilson-Mendenhall, C. D., Duncan, E., & Barsalou, L. W., 2012. Mind wandering and attention during focused meditation: a fine-grained temporal analysis of fluctuating cognitive states. Neuroimage, 59(1), 750–760.

Hillgaar, S. D. (2011). Mindfulness and Self-Regulated Learning. Master's Thesis in Social and Community Psychology. Trondheim.

Huang, Q., Zhang, Q., An, Y., & Xu, W. (2019). The relationship between dispositional mindfulness and PTSD/PTG among firefighters: The mediating role of emotion regulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 151(16), 1-6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.07.002

Johnson, C., Burke, C., Brinkman, S., & Wade, T. (2016). Effectiveness of a school-based mindfulness program for transdiagnostic prevention in young adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 81(6), 1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2016.03.002https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.07.002

Kaufman, E. A., Xia, M., Fosco, G., Yaptangco, M., Skidmore, C. R., & Crowell, S. E. (2016). The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Short Form (DERS-SF): Validation and Replication in Adolescent and Adult Samples. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(3), 443-455.

Khanzadeh, M., Saeedian, M., Hossein Chari, M., Idrisi, F. (2012). Factor structure and psychometric properties of difficulty scale in emotion regulation. Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 6 (1), 96-87 [In Persian].

Loeber, R., Burke, J., & Pardini, A. D. (2009). Perspectives on oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and psychopathic features. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, 50 (1-2), 133-142.

Luberto, C., Cotton, S., & McLeish, A. (2012). P02.107. Mindfulness and emotion regulation: the mediating role of coping self-efficacy. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 12(1), 163-164. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-12-S1-P163

Mohamadesmaiel, E., & Alipour, A. (2002). A preliminary study on the reliability, validity and cut off points of the disorders of children symptom inventory-4 (CSI-4). Journal of Exceptional Children, 2(3), 239-254 [In Persian].

Najafi, M., Foladchang, M., Alizadeh, H., & Mohammadifar, M. (2009). Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder. Journal of Exceptional Children, 9(3), 239-254 [In Persian].

Noordermeer, S. D., Luman, M., & Oosterlaan, J. (2016). A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Neuroimaging in Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and Conduct Disorder (CD) Taking Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Into Account. Neuropsychologyreview, 1(26), 44-72.

Pihet, S., Suter, M., Halfon, O., & Stephan, P. (2012). Profile of male adolescents with conduct disorder on intellectual efficacy, cognitive flexibility, cognitive coping, impulsivity and alexithymia: A comparison with high-risk controls. The European Journal of Psychiatry, 26(4), 215-226.

Pirsig, S. J. (2017). Evaluation of a Mindfulness Intervention for Children with Emotion Regulation Difficulties. All Theses, Dissertations, and Other Capstone Projects. 737. http://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/etds/737

Rahbar Karbasdehi, E., Hossein Khanzadeh, A., & Rahbar Karbasdehi, F. (2017). The effect of cognitive-behavior anger management training on response inhibition in students with conduct disorder. Exceptional Education, 3(146), 9-14 [In Persian].

Raschle, N. M., Fehlbaum, L. V., Menks, W. M., Martinelli, A., Prätzlich, M., Bernhard, A., & Stadler, C. (2019). Atypical Dorsolateral Prefrontal Activity in Female Adolescents with Conduct Disorder during Effortful Emotion Regulation. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 4(11), 984-994.

Roemer, L., Williston, S. K., & Rollins, L. G. (2015). Mindfulness and emotion regulation. Current Opinion in Psychology, 3, 52-57.

Salami, F., Ashayeri, H., Estaki, M., Farzad, V., & Koochak Entezar, R. (2016). Mother-based combined training and its effect on the symptoms attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neuropsychology, 2(4), 31-44 [In Persian].

Sanger, K. L., & Dorjee, D. (2015). Mindfulness training for adolescents: A neurodevelopmental perspective on investigating modifications in attention and emotion regulation using event-related brain potentials. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 15(3), 696-711. doi:10.3758/s13415-015-0354-7

Schoorl, J., van Rijn, S., de Wied, M., van Goozen, S., & Swaab, H. (2016). Emotion Regulation Difficulties in Boys with Oppositional Defiant Disorder/Conduct Disorder and the Relation with Comorbid Autism Traits and Attention Deficit Traits. PLoS ONE, 11(7), e0159323.

Shonin, E., Van Gordon, W., Compare, A., Zangeneh, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Buddhist-Derived Loving-Kindness and Compassion Meditation for the Treatment of Psychopathology: a Systematic Review. Mindfulness, 6(5), 1161-1180. doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0368-1

Sohrabi, F., Asadzadeh, H., & Arabzadeh, Z. (2014). Effectiveness of barkley’s parental education program in reducing the symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder on preschool children. Journal of School Psychology, 3(2), 82-103 [In Persian].

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