Prediction of Emotional and Educational Adjustment of Students Based on Family Functioning Dimensions
Subject Areas : Educational PsychologyKhalil Esmaeilpour 1 , Akram Farzaneh 2
1 - Tabriz
2 - کارشناس ارشد رشته مشاوره.
Keywords: Family functioning, Family cohesion, Emotional adjustment, Educational adjustment, Family adaptability,
Abstract :
The aim of this study was to predict emotional adjustment and educational adjustment of high school students based on the dimensions of family functioning. The population of this study included all the male and female high school students of Tabriz city in academic year 2016 – 2017. To do so, a sample consists of 256 high school students was selected through multi-stage sampling method. To data gathering, Olson Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES - IV), and Sinha and Singh Adjustment Inventory of High School Students (AISS) were used. The data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis methods. The results of the research showed that family cohesion could well predict emotional adjustment of high school students. However, educational adjustment predicted by their satisfaction about the family. According to the results of this study, distinct roles of family functioning dimensions was confirmed in the prediction of students' educational adjustment and their emotional adjustment. Therefore, it is necessary that family counselors and school counselors take into account relevant dimensions of family functioning in their works with students and helping students’ educational adjustment and emotional adjustment.
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Ahghar, Gh. (2012). An investigation of the role of family factors in high school students’ emotional, social, and educational adjustment. Journal of Family and Research, 8(13), 7-30 [In Persian].
Akhbarati, F., & Bashardoust, S. (2016). The prediction of psychological well-being according to family function and basic psychological needs of students. Fundamentals of Mental Health,18 (Special Issue), 374-379.
Alam, M. (2017). Study of impact of family on the adjustment of adolescents. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 4(4), 191-200.
Amanelahi Fard, A., Attari, Y. A., & Khojasteh Mehr, R. (2009). Investigating the relationship of family functioning and class psychosocial climate with unsociability among first grade high school students in Ahvaz city. Journal of Counseling Research & Developments, 8(30), 61-82 [In Persian].
Bascoe, S. M., Davies P. T., Sturge-Apple, M. L., & Cummings E. M. (2009). Children's representation of family relationships, peer information processing, and school adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 45(6), 1740-1751.
Basharati, M. (2010). Relationship of Cohesion and Flexibility with assertiveness among first grade high school students in Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni city. Master’s Thesis in psychology, Islamic Azad University, Marvdast Branch [In Persian].
Branje, S. J. T., Hale, W. W., Frijns, T., & Meeus, W. H. J. (2010). Longitudinal associations between perceived parent–child relationship quality and depressive symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(6), 751-763.
Chen, E., Brody, G. H., & Miller, G. E. (2017) Childhood close family relationships and health. American Psychologist. 72(6), 555–566.
Chou, K. L. (2000). Emotional autonomy and depression among Chines adolescent. Journal of Genetic Psychology. 2, 161-168.
Dasgupta, M., & Sain, R. R. (2015). The impact of family environment upon development of life skills and psychological hardiness among adolescent boys. The International Journal of Indian Psychology. 2(2), 110-120.
Deepshikha & Bhanot, S. (2011). Role of family environment on socio-emotional adjustment of adolescent girls in rural areas of eastern UttarPradesh. Journal of Psychology.2(1), 53-56.
Doratotaj Tehrani F. S., Hoseinian S., & Farahati M. (2014). The effect of parent- child relationship on psychological adjustment in adolescent girls. Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(2), 13-20 [In Persian].
Equihua, D. (2010). The relationship of mental health and family factors to parental involvement in their children`s education among Latina mothers. California State University, Long Bech.
Herman, K. C. Ostrander, R., & Tucker, C. M. (2007). Do family environments and negative cognitions of adolescents with depressive symptoms vary by ethnic group? Journal of Family Psychology, 21(3), 325–330.
Johnson, H. D., LaVoie, J. C., & Mahoney, M. (2001). Interparental conflict and family cohesion: Predictors of loneliness, social anxiety, and social avoidance in late adolescence. Journal of Adolescence Research. 16(3), 304-318.
Kagan, J., Snidman, N., & Arcus, D. M. (1992). Initial reactions to unfamiliarity. Current Directions in Psychosocial Science, 1(6), 171-174.
Kashahu, L. Karaj, S., & Karaj, T. (2017). Academic achievements of adolescents and family functioning. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 5(31), 157-170.
Kashwell, C. S. (1995). Family functioning and self-esteem of middle school students: A matter of perspective. Journal of Humanistic Counseling. 34(2), 83-91.
Khodayari Fard, M. “Juvenile and adolescents’ problems”. Tehran: Parents and Teachers Association Publication. [In Persian]
Kouneski, E. (2001). Circumplex model and FACES: Review of literature. Available at: www.facesIV.com
Kuperminc, G. P., Darnell, A. J., & Alvarez-Jimenez, A. (2008). Parent involvement in the academic adjustment of Latino middle and high school youth: Teacher expectations and school belonging as mediators. Journal of Adolescence. 31(4), 469–483.
Lent, R. W., Taveira, M. C., Sheu, H. B., & Singley, D. (2009). Social cognitive predictors of academic adjustment and life satisfaction in Portuguese college students: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 190–198.
Lingren, H. G. (2003). Creating sustainable families. Cooperative Extension Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Available on: www.ianr.unl. unl.edu/pubs/family.
Lucia, V. C., & Breslau, N. (2006). Family cohesion and children's behavior problems: A longitudinal investigation. Psychiatry research, 141(2), 141-149.
Mohebi Noredinvand, M. H., Moshtaghi, S., & Shahbazi, M. (2011). Relationship between family emotional climate and development of social skills and achievement of elementary students. Journal of Research in Curriculum Planning, 8(30), 84-93. [In Persian]
Mirzaei, L. (2011). Relationship of mothers’ attachment styles with adolescent girls’ emotional and social adjustment in Varamin city. Master’s Thesis in school counseling, Allameh Tabata’i University [In Persian].
Mulyadi, S. Rahardjo, W., & Basuki, H. (2016). The Role of Parent-Child Relationship, Self- Esteem, Academic Self-Efficacy to Academic Stress. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 217, 603-608.
Nailing, X. (2010). Family factors and student outcomes. Rand Corporation, Ph.D. ERIC Document Reproduction Service, Retrieved. http://www.eric.ed.gov/ ERICPortal/record Detail? ac cno=EJ302109.
Olson, D. H. (1999). Circumplex model of marital Family system. Journal of Family Therapy. 17، 295- 310.
Olson, D. H. (2011). FACES IV and the Circumplex model: Validation study. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 37 (1), 64-80.
Parker, J. S., & Benson, M. J. (2004). Parent-adolescent relations and adolescent functioning: Self-esteem, substance abuse, and delinquency. Adolescence, 39(155), 519-530.
Parsa, N., Ahmad Panah, M., Parsa, P., & Ghaleiha,A. (2014). The relationship between parental attachment and students’ academic adjustments among first year student in Hamadan University of Medicine and Health Sciences. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences, 22(4),83-90 [In Persian].
Pallock, L. L., & Lamborn, S. D. (2006). Beyond parenting practices: Extended kinship support and the academic adjustment of African-American and European-American teens. Journal of Adolescence. 29(5), 813–828.
Peleg-Popko, O., & Dar, R. (2001). Marital quality, family patterns, and children's fears and social anxiety. Contemporary Family Therapy, 23(4), 465-487.
Rahiminezhad, A., & Paknezhad, M. (2014). The relationship between family functioning and psychological needs with adolescents’ mental health. Journal of Family Research, 10(1), 99-111 [In Persian].
Richmond, M. K., & Stocker, C. M. (2006). Associations between family cohesion and adolescent siblings' externalizing behavior. Journal of family Psychology, 20(4), 663-669.
Samani, S., & Razavieh, A. (2007). The relationship between family cohesion and emotional autonomy with emotional problems. Journal of Research in Psychological Health, 1(1), 30-37.[In Persian]
Sharma, S. (2015). A study to find the effect of family climate on emotional and social adjustment of school students. International Journal of Applied Research, 1(8), 221-224.
Shek, D. T. L. (1998). A longitudinal study of Hong Kong adolescents’ and parents’ perceptions of family functioning and well-being. SREL. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 159(4), 389-403.
Smith, E. P., Prinz, R. J., Dumas, J. E., & Laughlin, J. (2001). Latent model of family process in African American families: Relationships to child competence, achievement, and problem behavior. Journal of marriage and family, 63(4), 967- 980.
Tajalli, F., Ardalan, E. (2010). Relationship of family communication patterns with self-efficacy and academic adjustment. Journal of Psychology, 14(1), 62-78. [In Persian]
Taylor, R. D., & Lopez, E. I. (2005). Family management practice, school achievement, and problem behavior in African American adolescents: Mediating processes. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 26(1), 39–49.
Trumpeter, N. N., Watson, P. J., O’Leary, B. J., & Weathington, B. L. (2008). Self-functioning and perceived parenting: Relations of parental empathy and love inconsistency with narcissism, depression, and self-esteem. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 169(1), 51-71.
Vaghela, K. J. (2015). Adjustment among Adolescent Girl Students of Secondary School with Respect to their type of Family. International Journal of Applied Research, 1(8), 781-784.
Vahedi, Sh., & Moradi, S. (2009). The relationship between parents' attachment styles and students' social, behavioral, and emotional adjustments in non-local freshmen university students. Journal of fundamentals of mental health, 11(3), 223-232 [In Persian].
Victor, A. M., Bernat, D. H., Bernstein, G. A., & layne, A. E. (2007). Effects of parent and family characteristics on treatment outcome of anxious children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(6), 835- 848.
Weissberg, R. P., & Greenberg, M. T. (1998). School and community competence enhancement and prevention programs. In: Damon, W., Sigel, I.E. & Renninger, K.A., (editors). Handbook of child psychology, (vol. 4.) Child psychology in practice. (5th ed). New York: John Wiley & Sons Press; pp, 877-954.
Yoselyani, Gh., Habibi, M., & Soleymani S. (2012). The relationship between desired discipline behavior and family functioning, locus of control and self-esteem of students. Journal of School Psychology, 1(2), 114-134. [In Persian]
Zareh, M., & Samani, S. (2008). The role of family flexibility and cohesion in child goal orientation. Journal of Family Research, 4(13), 17-36 [In Persian].
_||_Ahghar, Gh. (2012). An investigation of the role of family factors in high school students’ emotional, social, and educational adjustment. Journal of Family and Research, 8(13), 7-30 [In Persian].
Akhbarati, F., & Bashardoust, S. (2016). The prediction of psychological well-being according to family function and basic psychological needs of students. Fundamentals of Mental Health,18 (Special Issue), 374-379.
Alam, M. (2017). Study of impact of family on the adjustment of adolescents. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 4(4), 191-200.
Amanelahi Fard, A., Attari, Y. A., & Khojasteh Mehr, R. (2009). Investigating the relationship of family functioning and class psychosocial climate with unsociability among first grade high school students in Ahvaz city. Journal of Counseling Research & Developments, 8(30), 61-82 [In Persian].
Bascoe, S. M., Davies P. T., Sturge-Apple, M. L., & Cummings E. M. (2009). Children's representation of family relationships, peer information processing, and school adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 45(6), 1740-1751.
Basharati, M. (2010). Relationship of Cohesion and Flexibility with assertiveness among first grade high school students in Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni city. Master’s Thesis in psychology, Islamic Azad University, Marvdast Branch [In Persian].
Branje, S. J. T., Hale, W. W., Frijns, T., & Meeus, W. H. J. (2010). Longitudinal associations between perceived parent–child relationship quality and depressive symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(6), 751-763.
Chen, E., Brody, G. H., & Miller, G. E. (2017) Childhood close family relationships and health. American Psychologist. 72(6), 555–566.
Chou, K. L. (2000). Emotional autonomy and depression among Chines adolescent. Journal of Genetic Psychology. 2, 161-168.
Dasgupta, M., & Sain, R. R. (2015). The impact of family environment upon development of life skills and psychological hardiness among adolescent boys. The International Journal of Indian Psychology. 2(2), 110-120.
Deepshikha & Bhanot, S. (2011). Role of family environment on socio-emotional adjustment of adolescent girls in rural areas of eastern UttarPradesh. Journal of Psychology.2(1), 53-56.
Doratotaj Tehrani F. S., Hoseinian S., & Farahati M. (2014). The effect of parent- child relationship on psychological adjustment in adolescent girls. Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(2), 13-20 [In Persian].
Equihua, D. (2010). The relationship of mental health and family factors to parental involvement in their children`s education among Latina mothers. California State University, Long Bech.
Herman, K. C. Ostrander, R., & Tucker, C. M. (2007). Do family environments and negative cognitions of adolescents with depressive symptoms vary by ethnic group? Journal of Family Psychology, 21(3), 325–330.
Johnson, H. D., LaVoie, J. C., & Mahoney, M. (2001). Interparental conflict and family cohesion: Predictors of loneliness, social anxiety, and social avoidance in late adolescence. Journal of Adolescence Research. 16(3), 304-318.
Kagan, J., Snidman, N., & Arcus, D. M. (1992). Initial reactions to unfamiliarity. Current Directions in Psychosocial Science, 1(6), 171-174.
Kashahu, L. Karaj, S., & Karaj, T. (2017). Academic achievements of adolescents and family functioning. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 5(31), 157-170.
Kashwell, C. S. (1995). Family functioning and self-esteem of middle school students: A matter of perspective. Journal of Humanistic Counseling. 34(2), 83-91.
Khodayari Fard, M. “Juvenile and adolescents’ problems”. Tehran: Parents and Teachers Association Publication. [In Persian]
Kouneski, E. (2001). Circumplex model and FACES: Review of literature. Available at: www.facesIV.com
Kuperminc, G. P., Darnell, A. J., & Alvarez-Jimenez, A. (2008). Parent involvement in the academic adjustment of Latino middle and high school youth: Teacher expectations and school belonging as mediators. Journal of Adolescence. 31(4), 469–483.
Lent, R. W., Taveira, M. C., Sheu, H. B., & Singley, D. (2009). Social cognitive predictors of academic adjustment and life satisfaction in Portuguese college students: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 190–198.
Lingren, H. G. (2003). Creating sustainable families. Cooperative Extension Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Available on: www.ianr.unl. unl.edu/pubs/family.
Lucia, V. C., & Breslau, N. (2006). Family cohesion and children's behavior problems: A longitudinal investigation. Psychiatry research, 141(2), 141-149.
Mohebi Noredinvand, M. H., Moshtaghi, S., & Shahbazi, M. (2011). Relationship between family emotional climate and development of social skills and achievement of elementary students. Journal of Research in Curriculum Planning, 8(30), 84-93. [In Persian]
Mirzaei, L. (2011). Relationship of mothers’ attachment styles with adolescent girls’ emotional and social adjustment in Varamin city. Master’s Thesis in school counseling, Allameh Tabata’i University [In Persian].
Mulyadi, S. Rahardjo, W., & Basuki, H. (2016). The Role of Parent-Child Relationship, Self- Esteem, Academic Self-Efficacy to Academic Stress. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 217, 603-608.
Nailing, X. (2010). Family factors and student outcomes. Rand Corporation, Ph.D. ERIC Document Reproduction Service, Retrieved. http://www.eric.ed.gov/ ERICPortal/record Detail? ac cno=EJ302109.
Olson, D. H. (1999). Circumplex model of marital Family system. Journal of Family Therapy. 17، 295- 310.
Olson, D. H. (2011). FACES IV and the Circumplex model: Validation study. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 37 (1), 64-80.
Parker, J. S., & Benson, M. J. (2004). Parent-adolescent relations and adolescent functioning: Self-esteem, substance abuse, and delinquency. Adolescence, 39(155), 519-530.
Parsa, N., Ahmad Panah, M., Parsa, P., & Ghaleiha,A. (2014). The relationship between parental attachment and students’ academic adjustments among first year student in Hamadan University of Medicine and Health Sciences. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences, 22(4),83-90 [In Persian].
Pallock, L. L., & Lamborn, S. D. (2006). Beyond parenting practices: Extended kinship support and the academic adjustment of African-American and European-American teens. Journal of Adolescence. 29(5), 813–828.
Peleg-Popko, O., & Dar, R. (2001). Marital quality, family patterns, and children's fears and social anxiety. Contemporary Family Therapy, 23(4), 465-487.
Rahiminezhad, A., & Paknezhad, M. (2014). The relationship between family functioning and psychological needs with adolescents’ mental health. Journal of Family Research, 10(1), 99-111 [In Persian].
Richmond, M. K., & Stocker, C. M. (2006). Associations between family cohesion and adolescent siblings' externalizing behavior. Journal of family Psychology, 20(4), 663-669.
Samani, S., & Razavieh, A. (2007). The relationship between family cohesion and emotional autonomy with emotional problems. Journal of Research in Psychological Health, 1(1), 30-37.[In Persian]
Sharma, S. (2015). A study to find the effect of family climate on emotional and social adjustment of school students. International Journal of Applied Research, 1(8), 221-224.
Shek, D. T. L. (1998). A longitudinal study of Hong Kong adolescents’ and parents’ perceptions of family functioning and well-being. SREL. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 159(4), 389-403.
Smith, E. P., Prinz, R. J., Dumas, J. E., & Laughlin, J. (2001). Latent model of family process in African American families: Relationships to child competence, achievement, and problem behavior. Journal of marriage and family, 63(4), 967- 980.
Tajalli, F., Ardalan, E. (2010). Relationship of family communication patterns with self-efficacy and academic adjustment. Journal of Psychology, 14(1), 62-78. [In Persian]
Taylor, R. D., & Lopez, E. I. (2005). Family management practice, school achievement, and problem behavior in African American adolescents: Mediating processes. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 26(1), 39–49.
Trumpeter, N. N., Watson, P. J., O’Leary, B. J., & Weathington, B. L. (2008). Self-functioning and perceived parenting: Relations of parental empathy and love inconsistency with narcissism, depression, and self-esteem. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 169(1), 51-71.
Vaghela, K. J. (2015). Adjustment among Adolescent Girl Students of Secondary School with Respect to their type of Family. International Journal of Applied Research, 1(8), 781-784.
Vahedi, Sh., & Moradi, S. (2009). The relationship between parents' attachment styles and students' social, behavioral, and emotional adjustments in non-local freshmen university students. Journal of fundamentals of mental health, 11(3), 223-232 [In Persian].
Victor, A. M., Bernat, D. H., Bernstein, G. A., & layne, A. E. (2007). Effects of parent and family characteristics on treatment outcome of anxious children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21(6), 835- 848.
Weissberg, R. P., & Greenberg, M. T. (1998). School and community competence enhancement and prevention programs. In: Damon, W., Sigel, I.E. & Renninger, K.A., (editors). Handbook of child psychology, (vol. 4.) Child psychology in practice. (5th ed). New York: John Wiley & Sons Press; pp, 877-954.
Yoselyani, Gh., Habibi, M., & Soleymani S. (2012). The relationship between desired discipline behavior and family functioning, locus of control and self-esteem of students. Journal of School Psychology, 1(2), 114-134. [In Persian]
Zareh, M., & Samani, S. (2008). The role of family flexibility and cohesion in child goal orientation. Journal of Family Research, 4(13), 17-36 [In Persian].
