The Mediating Role of Emotional Intelligence in the Relationship between the Stress Caused by Covid-19 and Productivity of South Khorasan Gas Company’s Employees
The Mediating Role of Emotional Intelligence in the Relationship between the Stress Caused by Covid-19 and Productivity of South Khorasan Gas Company’s Employees
Subject Areas : Human resources management)
Samira Pour
1
,
Negar Kargar
2
,
Mehdi Rashidi
3
1 - Assistant Professor of Organizational Behavior Management, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
2 - Graduated from Department of Public Administration, Payame Noor University,Tehran, Iran
3 - Assistant Professor, Department of Public Administration, Payame Noor University,Tehran, Iran
Keywords: emotional intelligence, Stress, individual performance, covid 19,
Abstract :
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the stress caused by Covid 19 on individual performance with a mediating role of emotional intelligence. The present study is an applied research in terms of purpose and a descriptive-correlational research in terms of data collection procedure. This research was conducted among 250 employees of South Khorasan Gas Company. Using Cochran's formula, the number of sample size was 152 people who were selected by simple random sampling procedure. The required data was gathered using standard questionnaires; for the questions related to the stress caused by Covid-19 Thorsen et al.'s questionnaire (2010), for the questions related to individual performance the Romas Villagrasa questionnaire (2019), and for the questions related to emotional intelligence the Weng and Lau questionnaire (2002) were used. In addition to using standard questionnaires, the face validity of the data collection instrument was approved by the relevant experts. Moreover, the reliability of the final questionnaire, measured by Cronbach's alpha, was reported to be 0.805 and favorable. The data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software and the hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling. The results of the data analysis showed that the stress caused by Covid-19 has a negative effect on the personal performance of employees and their emotional intelligence. Additionally, it was found that emotional intelligence has a positive significant effect on the employees’ individual performance and that their emotional intelligence has a mediating role in the relationship between the stress caused by Covid-19 and their individual performance.
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the stress caused by Covid 19 on individual performance with a mediating role of emotional intelligence. The present study is an applied research in terms of purpose and a descriptive-correlational research in terms of data collection procedure. This research was conducted among 250 employees of South Khorasan Gas Company. Using Cochran's formula, the number of sample size was 152 people who were selected by simple random sampling procedure. The required data was gathered using standard questionnaires; for the questions related to the stress caused by Covid-19 Thorsen et al.'s questionnaire (2010), for the questions related to individual performance the Romas Villagrasa questionnaire (2019), and for the questions related to emotional intelligence the Weng and Lau questionnaire (2002) were used. In addition to using standard questionnaires, the face validity of the data collection instrument was approved by the relevant experts. Moreover, the reliability of the final questionnaire, measured by Cronbach's alpha, was reported to be 0.805 and favorable. The data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software and the hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling. The results of the data analysis showed that the stress caused by Covid-19 has a negative effect on the personal performance of employees and their emotional intelligence. Additionally, it was found that emotional intelligence has a positive significant effect on the employees’ individual performance and that their emotional intelligence has a mediating role in the relationship between the stress caused by Covid-19 and their individual performance.
Key Words: stress, Covid 19, individual performance, emotional intelligence.
Abraham, R. (2000), The role of job controls as a moderator of emotional dissonance and emotional intelligence-outcome relationships. Journal of Psychology, 134(2): 169-184. doi:10.1080/00223980009600860
Alonazi, W. B. (2020). The impact of emotional intelligence on job performance during COVID-19 crisis: A cross-sectional analysis. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 13, 749–757. doi:10.2147%2FPRBM.S263656.
Amini, A.; Dorri Giv, R. & Ahmadi Zahrani, M. (2022). Identifying Factors Affecting Teleworking Productivity During COVID-19 Pandemic Using Fuzzy Techniques. Productivity Management, 2(61), 101-138. [In Persian] doi:10.30495/qjopm.2022.1938636.3213.
Arslan, G., Yıldırım, M., Tanhan, A., Buluş, M., and Allen, K. A. (2020). Coronavirus stress, optimism-pessimism, psychological inflexibility, and psychological health: psychometric properties of the Coronavirus stress measure. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 19(6):2423-2439. doi:0.1007/s11469-020-00337-6.
Asadullahpour, M.; Tajari, J. & Paqa, A.A. & Sadeghi, A. (2018). Investigating the relationship between emotional intelligence and job performance considering the mediating role of organizational justice and job security of employees of Omid Entrepreneurship Fund of Golestan Province. The fourth national conference on accounting, management and financial engineering with emphasis on regional and world paradigms, Tehran, 1-14. [In Persian]
Ashkanasy, N. M., & Dorris, A. D. (2017). Emotions in the workplace. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 67-90. doi:10.1146/ annurev-orgpsych-032516-113231.
Baba, M. M. (2020). Navigating COVID-19 with emotional intelligence. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(8), 810-820. doi:10.1177%2F0020764020934519.
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273–285. doi:10.1037/ocp0000056.
Brooks, S.K., Webster, R.K., Smith, L.E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., et al., 2020. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 395, 912-920.
Carroll, D., Lovallo, W. R., and Phillips, A. C. (2009). Are large physiological reactions to acute psychological stress always bad for health. Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass 3(5), 725–743 doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009. 00205.x.
Ciarrochi. J., Deane, F.P., & Anderson S. (2002). Emotional intelligence moderates the relationship between stress and mental health. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 32(2), 197-209. doi.org/10.1016/ S0191-8869(01)00012-5.
Cote, S. (2014). Emotional intelligence in organizations. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 459–488. doi:10.1146/ annurev-orgpsych-031413-091233.
Dehghani Soltani, M.; Shiri, A.; Faraji, E. & Farsizadeh, H. (2016). The effect of emotional intelligence on employee performance in the hotel industry: the mediating role of acting strategies and emotional burnout. tourism management studies, 12(37), 71-94. [In Persian] https://www.sid.ir/ paper/202613/fa
Drigas, A., & Chara, P. (2020). The need for emotional intelligence training education in critical and stressful situations: The case of Covid-19. International Journal of Recent Contributions from Engineering, Science & IT (iJES), 8(3), 20–35. doi:10.3991/ijes. v8i3.17235.
Druskat, V. U., Mount, G., & Sala, F. (Eds.). (2005). Linking emotional intelligence and performance at work: Current research evidence with individuals and groups, 1-340.
Duman, N. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinde COVID-19 korkusu ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük. The Journal of Social Science, 4(8), 426-437. doi:10.30520/tjsosci.748404
Erer, Beyza, (2020), Impact of Covid-19 Fear on Employee Performance, Journal of Current Researches on Social Sciences, 10(4), 845-852. doi:10.26579/jocress.412
Fernandez-Berrocal, P., Alcaide, R., Extremera, N., & Pizarro, D. (2006). The role of emotional intelligence in anxiety and depression among adolescents. Individual Differences Research, 4(1), 16–27.
Fernández-Berrocal, P., Salovey, P., Vera, A., Extremera, N., & Ramos, N. (2005). Cultural influences on the relation between perceived emotional intelligence and depression. International Review of Social Psychology, 18(1), 91-107.
Fu, W. & Deshpande, S. p. (2014) The impact of Caring Climate, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment on job performance of employees in a china’s Insurance Company. Journal of business Ethics, 124(2), 339-349. doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1876-y.
Ganjnama vaghe, k. (2022). The effect of authentic leadership on the individual performance of employees of the education and training department with a focus on emotional performance (case study of the employees of the education and training department of Gilan province). Psychology studies and educational sciences, 4(35), 95-110. [In Persian]
Giorgi, G., Lecca, L. I., Alessio, F., Finstad, G. L., Bondanini, G., Lulli, L. G, & Mucci, N. (2020). COVID-19-related mental health effects in the workplace: A narrative review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 7857. doi:10.3390%2Fijerph17217857
Hu, Sh., & Zhang, Y. (2021), COVID-19 pandemic and firm performance: Cross-country evidence. International Review of Economics & Finance, 74, 365-372. doi:10.1016/j.iref.2021.03.016
Iranzadeh, S.; Khedevi, A. & Mushatzadegan, M. (2013). The relationship between managers' emotional intelligence and their performance in Bahman Industrial Group in 2012. Productivity Management, 7(27), 113-131. [In Persian] dor: 20.1001.1.27169979.1392.7.4.5.0
Kamara, S., Walder, A., Duncan, J., Kabbedijk, A., Hughes, P., & Muana, A. (2017). Mental health care during the Ebola virus disease outbreak in Sierra Leone. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 95(12), 842-847. doi:10.2471/blt.16.190470
Karakaş, M. (2020). Covid-19 salgınının çok boyutlu sosyolojisi ve yeni normal meselesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, 40(1), 541–573. doi:10.26650/SJ.2020.40.1.0048
Kavas, N.B., & Develi, A. (2020). Çalışma yaşamındaki sorunlar bağlamında Covid-19 pandemisinin kadın sağlık çalışanları üzerindeki etkisi. Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 4(2), 84-112.
Kelly, E. J., & Kaminskienė, N. (2016). Importance of emotional intelligence in negotiation and mediation. International Comparative Jurisprudence, 2(1), 55-60. doi:10.1016/j.icj.2016.07.001
Lazaurus, R.S., & Folkman, S. (1986). Stress appraisal and coping. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1-456.
Lea, R. G., Davis, S. K., Mahoney, B., & Qualter, P. (2019). Does emotional intelligence buffer the effects of acute stress? A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 810. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00810.
Martins, E.; Luis, E. O.; Fernández-Berrocal, P., Martínez, M., , Sarrionandia, A., (2021), The role of emotional intelligence and self-care in the stress perception during COVID-19 outbreak: An intercultural moderated mediation analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 177, 110679. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110679
Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., & Salovey, P. (2016). The ability model of emotional intelligence: Principles and updates. Emotion Review, 8(4), 290–300. doi:10.1177/1754073916639667.
Mensah, J. K., Bawole, J. N., and Wedchayanon, N. (2016). Unlocking the “black box” in the talent management employee performance relationship: evidence from Ghana. Manag. Res. Rev. 39, 1546–1566. doi:10.1108/MRR-08-2015-0190
Mergel, E., and Schützwohl, M. (2021). A longitudinal study on the COVID-19 pandemic and its divergent effects on social participation and mental health across different study groups with and without mental disorders. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 56, 1459–1468. doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02025-9
M´erida-L´opez, S., Bakker, A. B., & Extremera, N. (2019). How does emotional intelligence help teachers to stay engaged? Cross-validation of a moderated mediation model. Personality and Individual Differences, 151(4), Article 109393. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.04.048
Mishra, P. S., & Mohapatra, A. D. (2010). Relevance of emotional intelligence for effective job performance: An empirical study. Vikalpa, 35(1), 53–62. doi:10.1177% 2F0256090920100104.
Moro´n, M., & Biolik-Moro´n, M. (2021). Trait emotional intelligence and emotional experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in Poland: A daily diary study. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 1-11. doi:10.1016/ j. paid.2020.110348
Narayanamurthy, G., Tortorella, G., (2021), Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on employee performance – Moderating role of industry 4.0 base technologies, Int. J. Production Economics 234, 1-10. doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2021.108075
Tsaousis, I., & Nikolaou, I. (2005). Exploring the relationship of emotional intelligence with physical and psychological health functioning. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 21(2), 77–86. doi:10.1002/smi.1042
Pau, A.K., & Croucher, R. (2003). Emotional intelligence and perceived stress in dental undergraduates, Journal of Dental Education, 67(9), 1023-1028.
Por, J., Barriball, L., Fitzpatrick, J., & Roberts, J. (2011). Emotional intelligence: Its relationship to stress, coping, well-being and professional performance in nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 31(8), 855-860.
doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2010.12.023
Ramos Villagrasa, P. J., Barrada, J. R., Fern´andez del Río, E., & Koopmans, L. (2019). Assessing job performance using brief self-report scales: The case of the individual work performance questionnaire. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 35 (3), 195–205. doi:10.5093/jwop2019a21.
Rani, A. A., Abidin, I., and Hamid, M. R. (2013). The impact of spiritual intelligence on work performance: case studies in government hospitals of east coast of Malaysia. The Macrotheme Review. 2(3), 46–59.
Rezvani, A., & Khosravi, P. (2019). Emotional intelligence: The key to mitigating stress and fostering trust among software developers working on information system projects. International Journal of Information Management, 48, 139-150. doi:10.1016/ j. ijinfomgt.2019.02.007
Reich, J. W. (2006). Three psychological principles of resilience in natural disasters. Disaster Prevention and Management, 15(5):793-798. doi:10.1108/09653560610712739
Sadovyy, M. & Sanchez-Gomez, M & Bresó, E. (2021). COVID-19: How the stress generated by the pandemic may affect work performance through the moderating role of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences. 180, 1-8. 110986. 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110986.
Sanchez-Gomez, M., & Breso, E. (2020). In pursuit of work performance: Testing the contribution of emotional intelligence and burnout. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1-13. Article 5373. doi:10.3390/ijerph17155373.
Schaufeli, W. B., & Taris, T. W. (2014). A critical review of the job demands-resources model: Implications for improving work and health. In G. F. Bauer, & O. H¨ammig (Eds.), Bridging occupational, organizational and public health: A transdisciplinary approach (pp. 43–68). Dordrecht: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-007- 5640-3_4
Seward, J.P.(2007). Occupational stress, In: LaDou J. (ed.). Current Occupational and Environmental Medicine. New York: MC Grow Hill, 579-594.
Taha, S., Matheson, K., Cronin, T., & Anisman, H. (2014). Intolerance of uncertainty, ap-praisals, coping, and anxiety: The case of the 2009 H 1 N 1 pandemic. British journal of health psychology, 19(3), 592-605. doi:10.1111/bjhp.12058
Talaee, N., Varahram, M., Jamaati, H., Salimi, A., Attarchi, M., Kazempour Dizaji, M., et al. (2020). Stress and burnout in health care workers during COVID-19 pandemic: validation of a questionnaire. J. Public Health, 30(3):531-536. doi: 10.1007/s10389-020-01313.
Tayfun, A., & Çatır, O. (2013). Örgütsel sessizlik ve çalışanların performansları arasındaki ilişki üzerine bir araştırma. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(3), 114-134.
Thoresen, S., Tambs, K., Hussain, A., Heir, T., Johansen, V. A., & Bisson, J. I. (2010). Brief measure of posttraumatic stress reactions: Impact of Event Scale-6. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 45(3), 405–412. doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0073-x
Van Kleef, G. A., van den Berg, H., & Heerdink, M. W. (2015). The persuasive power of emotions: Effects of emotional expressions on attitude formation and change. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(4), 1124–1142. doi:10.1037/a pl0000003.
Vindegaard, N., and Benros, M. E. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: systematic review of the current evidence. Brain Behav. Immun. 89, 531–542. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048
Wong, C. S., & Law, K. S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(3),243–274.doi:10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00099-1.
Xiang, Y. T., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., & Ng, C. H. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), 228-229. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30046-8.
Yazdi Taghvaee, M. (2021). Presenting the job stress model and its impact on the personal and family performance of Mazandaran police force command staff. Police Management Studies, 16(1), 127-150. [In Persian]
Yıldırım, M., and Arslan, G. (2020). Exploring the associations between resilience, dispositional hope, preventive behaviours, subjective well-being, and psychological health among adults during early stage of COVID-19. Curr. Psychol. 41(8):5712-5722. doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01177-2
Yılmaz, E. (2017). 1847-1848 kolera salgını ve Osmanlı coğrafyasındaki etkileri.Avrasya İncelemeleri Dergisi,6(1),23–55. doi:10.26650/jes371499.
Yousef, D. A. (2016), Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction and Attitudes Toward Organizational Change: A Study in the Local Government. International Journal of Public Administration, 40(1), 77-88. doi:10.1080/01900692.2015.1072217.
_||_Abraham, R. (2000), The role of job controls as a moderator of emotional dissonance and emotional intelligence-outcome relationships. Journal of Psychology, 134(2): 169-184. doi:10.1080/00223980009600860
Alonazi, W. B. (2020). The impact of emotional intelligence on job performance during COVID-19 crisis: A cross-sectional analysis. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 13, 749–757. doi:10.2147%2FPRBM.S263656.
Amini, A.; Dorri Giv, R. & Ahmadi Zahrani, M. (2022). Identifying Factors Affecting Teleworking Productivity During COVID-19 Pandemic Using Fuzzy Techniques. Productivity Management, 2(61), 101-138. [In Persian] doi:10.30495/qjopm.2022.1938636.3213.
Arslan, G., Yıldırım, M., Tanhan, A., Buluş, M., and Allen, K. A. (2020). Coronavirus stress, optimism-pessimism, psychological inflexibility, and psychological health: psychometric properties of the Coronavirus stress measure. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 19(6):2423-2439. doi:0.1007/s11469-020-00337-6.
Asadullahpour, M.; Tajari, J. & Paqa, A.A. & Sadeghi, A. (2018). Investigating the relationship between emotional intelligence and job performance considering the mediating role of organizational justice and job security of employees of Omid Entrepreneurship Fund of Golestan Province. The fourth national conference on accounting, management and financial engineering with emphasis on regional and world paradigms, Tehran, 1-14. [In Persian]
Ashkanasy, N. M., & Dorris, A. D. (2017). Emotions in the workplace. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 67-90. doi:10.1146/ annurev-orgpsych-032516-113231.
Baba, M. M. (2020). Navigating COVID-19 with emotional intelligence. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(8), 810-820. doi:10.1177%2F0020764020934519.
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273–285. doi:10.1037/ocp0000056.
Brooks, S.K., Webster, R.K., Smith, L.E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., et al., 2020. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 395, 912-920.
Carroll, D., Lovallo, W. R., and Phillips, A. C. (2009). Are large physiological reactions to acute psychological stress always bad for health. Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass 3(5), 725–743 doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009. 00205.x.
Ciarrochi. J., Deane, F.P., & Anderson S. (2002). Emotional intelligence moderates the relationship between stress and mental health. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 32(2), 197-209. doi.org/10.1016/ S0191-8869(01)00012-5.
Cote, S. (2014). Emotional intelligence in organizations. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 459–488. doi:10.1146/ annurev-orgpsych-031413-091233.
Dehghani Soltani, M.; Shiri, A.; Faraji, E. & Farsizadeh, H. (2016). The effect of emotional intelligence on employee performance in the hotel industry: the mediating role of acting strategies and emotional burnout. tourism management studies, 12(37), 71-94. [In Persian] https://www.sid.ir/ paper/202613/fa
Drigas, A., & Chara, P. (2020). The need for emotional intelligence training education in critical and stressful situations: The case of Covid-19. International Journal of Recent Contributions from Engineering, Science & IT (iJES), 8(3), 20–35. doi:10.3991/ijes. v8i3.17235.
Druskat, V. U., Mount, G., & Sala, F. (Eds.). (2005). Linking emotional intelligence and performance at work: Current research evidence with individuals and groups, 1-340.
Duman, N. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinde COVID-19 korkusu ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük. The Journal of Social Science, 4(8), 426-437. doi:10.30520/tjsosci.748404
Erer, Beyza, (2020), Impact of Covid-19 Fear on Employee Performance, Journal of Current Researches on Social Sciences, 10(4), 845-852. doi:10.26579/jocress.412
Fernandez-Berrocal, P., Alcaide, R., Extremera, N., & Pizarro, D. (2006). The role of emotional intelligence in anxiety and depression among adolescents. Individual Differences Research, 4(1), 16–27.
Fernández-Berrocal, P., Salovey, P., Vera, A., Extremera, N., & Ramos, N. (2005). Cultural influences on the relation between perceived emotional intelligence and depression. International Review of Social Psychology, 18(1), 91-107.
Fu, W. & Deshpande, S. p. (2014) The impact of Caring Climate, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment on job performance of employees in a china’s Insurance Company. Journal of business Ethics, 124(2), 339-349. doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1876-y.
Ganjnama vaghe, k. (2022). The effect of authentic leadership on the individual performance of employees of the education and training department with a focus on emotional performance (case study of the employees of the education and training department of Gilan province). Psychology studies and educational sciences, 4(35), 95-110. [In Persian]
Giorgi, G., Lecca, L. I., Alessio, F., Finstad, G. L., Bondanini, G., Lulli, L. G, & Mucci, N. (2020). COVID-19-related mental health effects in the workplace: A narrative review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 7857. doi:10.3390%2Fijerph17217857
Hu, Sh., & Zhang, Y. (2021), COVID-19 pandemic and firm performance: Cross-country evidence. International Review of Economics & Finance, 74, 365-372. doi:10.1016/j.iref.2021.03.016
Iranzadeh, S.; Khedevi, A. & Mushatzadegan, M. (2013). The relationship between managers' emotional intelligence and their performance in Bahman Industrial Group in 2012. Productivity Management, 7(27), 113-131. [In Persian] dor: 20.1001.1.27169979.1392.7.4.5.0
Kamara, S., Walder, A., Duncan, J., Kabbedijk, A., Hughes, P., & Muana, A. (2017). Mental health care during the Ebola virus disease outbreak in Sierra Leone. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 95(12), 842-847. doi:10.2471/blt.16.190470
Karakaş, M. (2020). Covid-19 salgınının çok boyutlu sosyolojisi ve yeni normal meselesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, 40(1), 541–573. doi:10.26650/SJ.2020.40.1.0048
Kavas, N.B., & Develi, A. (2020). Çalışma yaşamındaki sorunlar bağlamında Covid-19 pandemisinin kadın sağlık çalışanları üzerindeki etkisi. Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 4(2), 84-112.
Kelly, E. J., & Kaminskienė, N. (2016). Importance of emotional intelligence in negotiation and mediation. International Comparative Jurisprudence, 2(1), 55-60. doi:10.1016/j.icj.2016.07.001
Lazaurus, R.S., & Folkman, S. (1986). Stress appraisal and coping. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1-456.
Lea, R. G., Davis, S. K., Mahoney, B., & Qualter, P. (2019). Does emotional intelligence buffer the effects of acute stress? A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 810. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00810.
Martins, E.; Luis, E. O.; Fernández-Berrocal, P., Martínez, M., , Sarrionandia, A., (2021), The role of emotional intelligence and self-care in the stress perception during COVID-19 outbreak: An intercultural moderated mediation analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 177, 110679. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110679
Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., & Salovey, P. (2016). The ability model of emotional intelligence: Principles and updates. Emotion Review, 8(4), 290–300. doi:10.1177/1754073916639667.
Mensah, J. K., Bawole, J. N., and Wedchayanon, N. (2016). Unlocking the “black box” in the talent management employee performance relationship: evidence from Ghana. Manag. Res. Rev. 39, 1546–1566. doi:10.1108/MRR-08-2015-0190
Mergel, E., and Schützwohl, M. (2021). A longitudinal study on the COVID-19 pandemic and its divergent effects on social participation and mental health across different study groups with and without mental disorders. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 56, 1459–1468. doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02025-9
M´erida-L´opez, S., Bakker, A. B., & Extremera, N. (2019). How does emotional intelligence help teachers to stay engaged? Cross-validation of a moderated mediation model. Personality and Individual Differences, 151(4), Article 109393. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.04.048
Mishra, P. S., & Mohapatra, A. D. (2010). Relevance of emotional intelligence for effective job performance: An empirical study. Vikalpa, 35(1), 53–62. doi:10.1177% 2F0256090920100104.
Moro´n, M., & Biolik-Moro´n, M. (2021). Trait emotional intelligence and emotional experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in Poland: A daily diary study. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 1-11. doi:10.1016/ j. paid.2020.110348
Narayanamurthy, G., Tortorella, G., (2021), Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on employee performance – Moderating role of industry 4.0 base technologies, Int. J. Production Economics 234, 1-10. doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2021.108075
Tsaousis, I., & Nikolaou, I. (2005). Exploring the relationship of emotional intelligence with physical and psychological health functioning. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 21(2), 77–86. doi:10.1002/smi.1042
Pau, A.K., & Croucher, R. (2003). Emotional intelligence and perceived stress in dental undergraduates, Journal of Dental Education, 67(9), 1023-1028.
Por, J., Barriball, L., Fitzpatrick, J., & Roberts, J. (2011). Emotional intelligence: Its relationship to stress, coping, well-being and professional performance in nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 31(8), 855-860.
doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2010.12.023
Ramos Villagrasa, P. J., Barrada, J. R., Fern´andez del Río, E., & Koopmans, L. (2019). Assessing job performance using brief self-report scales: The case of the individual work performance questionnaire. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 35 (3), 195–205. doi:10.5093/jwop2019a21.
Rani, A. A., Abidin, I., and Hamid, M. R. (2013). The impact of spiritual intelligence on work performance: case studies in government hospitals of east coast of Malaysia. The Macrotheme Review. 2(3), 46–59.
Rezvani, A., & Khosravi, P. (2019). Emotional intelligence: The key to mitigating stress and fostering trust among software developers working on information system projects. International Journal of Information Management, 48, 139-150. doi:10.1016/ j. ijinfomgt.2019.02.007
Reich, J. W. (2006). Three psychological principles of resilience in natural disasters. Disaster Prevention and Management, 15(5):793-798. doi:10.1108/09653560610712739
Sadovyy, M. & Sanchez-Gomez, M & Bresó, E. (2021). COVID-19: How the stress generated by the pandemic may affect work performance through the moderating role of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences. 180, 1-8. 110986. 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110986.
Sanchez-Gomez, M., & Breso, E. (2020). In pursuit of work performance: Testing the contribution of emotional intelligence and burnout. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1-13. Article 5373. doi:10.3390/ijerph17155373.
Schaufeli, W. B., & Taris, T. W. (2014). A critical review of the job demands-resources model: Implications for improving work and health. In G. F. Bauer, & O. H¨ammig (Eds.), Bridging occupational, organizational and public health: A transdisciplinary approach (pp. 43–68). Dordrecht: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-007- 5640-3_4
Seward, J.P.(2007). Occupational stress, In: LaDou J. (ed.). Current Occupational and Environmental Medicine. New York: MC Grow Hill, 579-594.
Taha, S., Matheson, K., Cronin, T., & Anisman, H. (2014). Intolerance of uncertainty, ap-praisals, coping, and anxiety: The case of the 2009 H 1 N 1 pandemic. British journal of health psychology, 19(3), 592-605. doi:10.1111/bjhp.12058
Talaee, N., Varahram, M., Jamaati, H., Salimi, A., Attarchi, M., Kazempour Dizaji, M., et al. (2020). Stress and burnout in health care workers during COVID-19 pandemic: validation of a questionnaire. J. Public Health, 30(3):531-536. doi: 10.1007/s10389-020-01313.
Tayfun, A., & Çatır, O. (2013). Örgütsel sessizlik ve çalışanların performansları arasındaki ilişki üzerine bir araştırma. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(3), 114-134.
Thoresen, S., Tambs, K., Hussain, A., Heir, T., Johansen, V. A., & Bisson, J. I. (2010). Brief measure of posttraumatic stress reactions: Impact of Event Scale-6. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 45(3), 405–412. doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0073-x
Van Kleef, G. A., van den Berg, H., & Heerdink, M. W. (2015). The persuasive power of emotions: Effects of emotional expressions on attitude formation and change. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(4), 1124–1142. doi:10.1037/a pl0000003.
Vindegaard, N., and Benros, M. E. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: systematic review of the current evidence. Brain Behav. Immun. 89, 531–542. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048
Wong, C. S., & Law, K. S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(3),243–274.doi:10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00099-1.
Xiang, Y. T., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., & Ng, C. H. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), 228-229. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30046-8.
Yazdi Taghvaee, M. (2021). Presenting the job stress model and its impact on the personal and family performance of Mazandaran police force command staff. Police Management Studies, 16(1), 127-150. [In Persian]
Yıldırım, M., and Arslan, G. (2020). Exploring the associations between resilience, dispositional hope, preventive behaviours, subjective well-being, and psychological health among adults during early stage of COVID-19. Curr. Psychol. 41(8):5712-5722. doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01177-2
Yılmaz, E. (2017). 1847-1848 kolera salgını ve Osmanlı coğrafyasındaki etkileri.Avrasya İncelemeleri Dergisi,6(1),23–55. doi:10.26650/jes371499.
Yousef, D. A. (2016), Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction and Attitudes Toward Organizational Change: A Study in the Local Government. International Journal of Public Administration, 40(1), 77-88. doi:10.1080/01900692.2015.1072217.
