Analysis of physiologic characteristics of green algae for biodiesel production
Subject Areas : GeneticRamazanali Khavarinejad 1 , fatemeh malekahmadi 2 , neda soltani 3 , farzaneh najafi 4 , Taher Nejadsattari 5
1 - Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 - Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3 - Department of Petroleum Microbiology, Research Institute of Applied Science, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
4 - Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
5 - Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Keywords: Biodiesel, Gc, Green algae, Fatty acid percent,
Abstract :
Global warming, due to the excessive use of fossil fuels, rising prices, environmental pollution, and greenhouse gas emission, have made scientists produce a renewable fuel as a replacement for fossil fuels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of four species of green algae as raw materials for biodiesel production. After purification, samples were kept in BBM and N8 culture medium at 25° C, pH 7, and under constant light. Growth rate, chlorophyll content, carotenoid concentration, and lipid content were measured. The total fatty acid contents and fatty acid profiles were measured with FTIR and GC-Mass, respectively. Findings showed that the highest growth rate and biomass production, and the minimum division time and also the maximum lipid contents belonged to the green algae Scenedesmussp ISC 94. Moreover, palmitic acid (42.74%), stearic acid (29.56%), palmitoleic acid (10.2%), oleic acid (6.72%), linoleic acid (1.72%), and α-linolenic acid (1.64%) were measured in Scenedesmussp ISC 94. The fatty acid composition of the microalgal lipid comprised over %80 of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids with a double bound. Also, palmitic and oleic acids were the majore fatty acids isolated. Therefore, ecause of high lipid production and the best lipid content, Scenedesmussp ISC 94 is recommended for its potential as a biodiesel feedstock.
Bigogno, C., Khozin-Goldberg, I., Boussiba, S., Vonshak, A. and Cohen, Z. (2002). Lipid and fatty acid composition of the green oleaginous alga Parietochloris incisa, the richest plant source of arachidonic acid. Phytochemistry, 60 (5):497–503.
Canakci, M. and Sanli, H. (2008). Biodiesel production from various feedstocks and their effects on the fuel properties. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 35(5):431-441.
Chen, W., Zhang, C., Song, L., Sommerfeld, M. and Hu, Q., (2009). A high throughput Nile red method for quantitative measurement of neutral lipids in microalgae. Journal Microbiology Method, 77)1):41–47.
Da Ros, P.C. M., Silva, C.S. P., Silva-Stenico, M.E., Fiore, M.F. and De Castro, H.F. (2013). Assessment of Chemical and Physico-Chemical Properties of cyanobacterial lipids for Biodiesel Production. Marine Drugs. 11(7):2365-2381.
Damiani M.C. (2010). Popovich CA., Constenla., Leonardi PI lipid analysis in Haematococcus pluvialis to assess its potential use as a biodiesel feedstock. Bioresource Technology. 101: 3801–7.
Damiani, M.C., Popovich, C.A., Constenla, D., Martínez, A.M., Doria, E., Longoni, P. and Leonardi, P.I. (2014). Triacylglycerol content, productivity and fatty acid profile in Scenedesmus acutus PVUW12. Journal of Applied Phycology, 26(3): 1423-1430.
Dean, A.P., Sigee, D.C., Estrada, B., and Pittman, J.K. (2010). Using FTIR spectroscopy for rapid determination of lipid accumulation in response to nitrogen limitation in freshwater microalgae. Bioresource technology, 101(12): 4499-4507.
Diestra, E., Esteve, I., Castell, O. and Sole, A. (2007). Ultra structural changes in Microcoleus chthonoplastes growing in the presence of crude oil. Applications for ecological studies. Modern Research and Educational Topics in Microscopy, 3: 453-460.
Fenton, O. (2012). Agricultural nutrient surpluses as potential input sources to grow third generation biomass (microalgae): a review. Algal Research, 1(1): 49-56.
Foidl, N., Foidl, G., Sanchez, M., Mittelbach, M. and Hackel, S. (1996). Jatropha curcas L. as a source for the production of biofuel in Nicaragua. Bioresource Technology, 58(1):77–82.
Gardner, R., Peters, P., Peyton, B., and Cooksey, K.E. (2011). Medium pH and nitrate concentration effects on accumulation of triacylglycerol in two members of the chlorophyta.Journal of Applied Physiology, 23(6), 1005-1016.
Ghasemi, Y., Rasoul_Amini, S., Naseri, A. T., Montazeri_Najafabady, N., Mobasher, M.A. and Dabbagh, F. (2012). Microalgae biofuel potentials (Review). Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, 48(2):126–144.
Girisha,S.T.,Krishnappa,R., Venkatachalapathy, G., and Mrunalini, B. R. (2014). Growing of Chlorella, Scenedesmus and Botryococus in sewage water for biodiesel production. Archives of Applied Science Research, 6(1): 131-138.
Guana, W., Zhao, H., Lu, X., Wang, C., Yang, M., and Bai, F. (2011). Quantitative analysis of fatty-acid-based biofuels produced by wild-type and genetically engineered cyanobacteria by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1218(45), 8289-8293. (1): 131-138.
Gunstone, F.D., Harwood, J.L., and Dijkstra, A.J. (2007). The lipid handbook with CD-ROM. CRC press.
Huerlimann, R., de Nys, R. and Heimann, K. (2010). Growth, lipid content, productivity and fatty-acid composition of tropical microalgae for scale-up production. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 107 (2):245–257.
Kenyon, C.N., Rippka, R. and Stanier, R.Y. (1972). Fatty acid composition and physiological properties of some filamentous blue-green algae. Archives of Microbiology, 83(3):216-236.
Kiaei, E., Soltani, N., Mazaheriasadi., M,Khavari-Nejad, R and Dezfolian., M. (2014). Study on physiological characteristics of different temperature on cyanobacteria as a candidate for biodiesel production. Journal of Iranian plant Ecophysiological Research, 34:185-195.
Leganes, F., Sanchez-Maeso, E. and Fernandez-Valiente, E. (1987). Effect of Indoleacetic Acid on Growth and Dinitrogen Fixation in Cyanobacteria. Plant Cell Physiology, 28(3): 529-533.
Lu, X., Guana, W., Zhao, H., Wanga, C., Yanga, M. and Baia, F. (2011). Quantitative analysis of fatty-acid-based biofuels produced by wild-type and genetically engineered cyanobacteria by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography, 1218: 8289– 8293.
Lu, Y.J., Zhang, Y.M, Grimes, K.D., Qi, J., Lee, R.E., and Rock, C.O. (2006). Acylphosphates initiate membrane phospholipid synthesis in gram-positive pathogens. Molecular Cell, 23 (5): 765-22.
Mandal, S. and N. Mallick, (2009). Microalga Scenedesmus obliquus as a potential source for biodiesel production. Applied. Microbiology. Biotechnology. 84: 281-291.
Fedorov et al., 2005, Kapadan & Kargi, 2006; Matat., martin A and Caetano N. (2010). Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications (Review). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14: 217-232.
Mutanda, T., Ramesh, D., Karthikeyan, S., Kumari, S., Anandraj, A., and Bux, F. (2011). Bioprospecting for hyper-lipid producing microalgal strains for sustainable biofuel production. Bioresource Technology, 102(1): 57-70.
Najafi, G., Ghobadian, B., Tavakoli, T. and Yusaf T. (2009). Potential of bioethanol production from agricultural wastes in Iran. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(6):1418-1427.
Oncel, S.S. (2013). Microalgae for a macroenergy world. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 26: 241-264.
Pittman, K.J., Estrada, B., Sigee, D.C. and Dean, A.P. (2010). Using FTIR spectroscopy for rapid determination of lipid accumulation in response to nitrogen limitation in freshwater microalgae. Bioresource Technology, 101:4499–4507.
Quintana, N., Van der Kooy, F., Van de Rhee, M.D., Voshol, G.P. and Verpoorte, R. (2011). Renewable energy from Cyanobacteria: energy production optimization by metabolic pathway engineering. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 91(3):471–490.
Rodolfi, L., Chini Zittelli, G., Bassi, N., Padovani, G., Biondi, N., Bonini, G. and Tredici, M.R. (2009). Microalgae for oil: Strain selection, induction of lipid synthesis and outdoor mass cultivation in a low‐cost photobioreactor. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 102(1): 100-112.
Sivakumar, G. (2012). Thompson. R and Randol. P. Integrated green algal technology for bioremediation and biofuel. Bioresource Technology. 107: 1-9
Tabatabaeia, M., Tohidfara, M., Salehi Jouzania, G., Safarnejada, MR. and Pazoukib, M. (2011). Biodiesel production from genetically engineered microalgae: Future of bioenergy in Iran. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15:1918–1927.
Unpaprom, Y., Tipnee, S., and Ramaraj, R. (2015). Biodiesel from green alga Scenedesmus acuminatus. International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy. Special Issue: Renewable Energy Applications in the Agricultural Field and Natural Resource Technology, 4(1-1): 1-6.
Vasudevan, P.T., and Briggs, M. (2008). Biodiesel production-current state of the art and challenges. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 35(5): 421–430.
Violet Makarevičienė, Vaida Andrulevičiūtė, Virginija Skorupskaitė and Jūratė Kasperovičienė. (2011). Cultivation of Microalgae Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp. as a Potential Biofuel Feedstock Environmental Research, Engineering and Management, 3(57): 21–27.
Zhu, L., Wang, Z., Shu, Q., Takala, J., Hiltunen, E., Feng, P., and Yuan, Z. (2013). Nutrient removal and biodiesel production by integration of freshwater algae cultivation with piggery wastewater treatment. Water Research, 47(13): 4294-4302.
_||_
Bigogno, C., Khozin-Goldberg, I., Boussiba, S., Vonshak, A. and Cohen, Z. (2002). Lipid and fatty acid composition of the green oleaginous alga Parietochloris incisa, the richest plant source of arachidonic acid. Phytochemistry, 60 (5):497–503.
Canakci, M. and Sanli, H. (2008). Biodiesel production from various feedstocks and their effects on the fuel properties. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 35(5):431-441.
Chen, W., Zhang, C., Song, L., Sommerfeld, M. and Hu, Q., (2009). A high throughput Nile red method for quantitative measurement of neutral lipids in microalgae. Journal Microbiology Method, 77)1):41–47.
Da Ros, P.C. M., Silva, C.S. P., Silva-Stenico, M.E., Fiore, M.F. and De Castro, H.F. (2013). Assessment of Chemical and Physico-Chemical Properties of cyanobacterial lipids for Biodiesel Production. Marine Drugs. 11(7):2365-2381.
Damiani M.C. (2010). Popovich CA., Constenla., Leonardi PI lipid analysis in Haematococcus pluvialis to assess its potential use as a biodiesel feedstock. Bioresource Technology. 101: 3801–7.
Damiani, M.C., Popovich, C.A., Constenla, D., Martínez, A.M., Doria, E., Longoni, P. and Leonardi, P.I. (2014). Triacylglycerol content, productivity and fatty acid profile in Scenedesmus acutus PVUW12. Journal of Applied Phycology, 26(3): 1423-1430.
Dean, A.P., Sigee, D.C., Estrada, B., and Pittman, J.K. (2010). Using FTIR spectroscopy for rapid determination of lipid accumulation in response to nitrogen limitation in freshwater microalgae. Bioresource technology, 101(12): 4499-4507.
Diestra, E., Esteve, I., Castell, O. and Sole, A. (2007). Ultra structural changes in Microcoleus chthonoplastes growing in the presence of crude oil. Applications for ecological studies. Modern Research and Educational Topics in Microscopy, 3: 453-460.
Fenton, O. (2012). Agricultural nutrient surpluses as potential input sources to grow third generation biomass (microalgae): a review. Algal Research, 1(1): 49-56.
Foidl, N., Foidl, G., Sanchez, M., Mittelbach, M. and Hackel, S. (1996). Jatropha curcas L. as a source for the production of biofuel in Nicaragua. Bioresource Technology, 58(1):77–82.
Gardner, R., Peters, P., Peyton, B., and Cooksey, K.E. (2011). Medium pH and nitrate concentration effects on accumulation of triacylglycerol in two members of the chlorophyta.Journal of Applied Physiology, 23(6), 1005-1016.
Ghasemi, Y., Rasoul_Amini, S., Naseri, A. T., Montazeri_Najafabady, N., Mobasher, M.A. and Dabbagh, F. (2012). Microalgae biofuel potentials (Review). Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, 48(2):126–144.
Girisha,S.T.,Krishnappa,R., Venkatachalapathy, G., and Mrunalini, B. R. (2014). Growing of Chlorella, Scenedesmus and Botryococus in sewage water for biodiesel production. Archives of Applied Science Research, 6(1): 131-138.
Guana, W., Zhao, H., Lu, X., Wang, C., Yang, M., and Bai, F. (2011). Quantitative analysis of fatty-acid-based biofuels produced by wild-type and genetically engineered cyanobacteria by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1218(45), 8289-8293. (1): 131-138.
Gunstone, F.D., Harwood, J.L., and Dijkstra, A.J. (2007). The lipid handbook with CD-ROM. CRC press.
Huerlimann, R., de Nys, R. and Heimann, K. (2010). Growth, lipid content, productivity and fatty-acid composition of tropical microalgae for scale-up production. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 107 (2):245–257.
Kenyon, C.N., Rippka, R. and Stanier, R.Y. (1972). Fatty acid composition and physiological properties of some filamentous blue-green algae. Archives of Microbiology, 83(3):216-236.
Kiaei, E., Soltani, N., Mazaheriasadi., M,Khavari-Nejad, R and Dezfolian., M. (2014). Study on physiological characteristics of different temperature on cyanobacteria as a candidate for biodiesel production. Journal of Iranian plant Ecophysiological Research, 34:185-195.
Leganes, F., Sanchez-Maeso, E. and Fernandez-Valiente, E. (1987). Effect of Indoleacetic Acid on Growth and Dinitrogen Fixation in Cyanobacteria. Plant Cell Physiology, 28(3): 529-533.
Lu, X., Guana, W., Zhao, H., Wanga, C., Yanga, M. and Baia, F. (2011). Quantitative analysis of fatty-acid-based biofuels produced by wild-type and genetically engineered cyanobacteria by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography, 1218: 8289– 8293.
Lu, Y.J., Zhang, Y.M, Grimes, K.D., Qi, J., Lee, R.E., and Rock, C.O. (2006). Acylphosphates initiate membrane phospholipid synthesis in gram-positive pathogens. Molecular Cell, 23 (5): 765-22.
Mandal, S. and N. Mallick, (2009). Microalga Scenedesmus obliquus as a potential source for biodiesel production. Applied. Microbiology. Biotechnology. 84: 281-291.
Fedorov et al., 2005, Kapadan & Kargi, 2006; Matat., martin A and Caetano N. (2010). Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications (Review). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14: 217-232.
Mutanda, T., Ramesh, D., Karthikeyan, S., Kumari, S., Anandraj, A., and Bux, F. (2011). Bioprospecting for hyper-lipid producing microalgal strains for sustainable biofuel production. Bioresource Technology, 102(1): 57-70.
Najafi, G., Ghobadian, B., Tavakoli, T. and Yusaf T. (2009). Potential of bioethanol production from agricultural wastes in Iran. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(6):1418-1427.
Oncel, S.S. (2013). Microalgae for a macroenergy world. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 26: 241-264.
Pittman, K.J., Estrada, B., Sigee, D.C. and Dean, A.P. (2010). Using FTIR spectroscopy for rapid determination of lipid accumulation in response to nitrogen limitation in freshwater microalgae. Bioresource Technology, 101:4499–4507.
Quintana, N., Van der Kooy, F., Van de Rhee, M.D., Voshol, G.P. and Verpoorte, R. (2011). Renewable energy from Cyanobacteria: energy production optimization by metabolic pathway engineering. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 91(3):471–490.
Rodolfi, L., Chini Zittelli, G., Bassi, N., Padovani, G., Biondi, N., Bonini, G. and Tredici, M.R. (2009). Microalgae for oil: Strain selection, induction of lipid synthesis and outdoor mass cultivation in a low‐cost photobioreactor. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 102(1): 100-112.
Sivakumar, G. (2012). Thompson. R and Randol. P. Integrated green algal technology for bioremediation and biofuel. Bioresource Technology. 107: 1-9
Tabatabaeia, M., Tohidfara, M., Salehi Jouzania, G., Safarnejada, MR. and Pazoukib, M. (2011). Biodiesel production from genetically engineered microalgae: Future of bioenergy in Iran. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15:1918–1927.
Unpaprom, Y., Tipnee, S., and Ramaraj, R. (2015). Biodiesel from green alga Scenedesmus acuminatus. International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy. Special Issue: Renewable Energy Applications in the Agricultural Field and Natural Resource Technology, 4(1-1): 1-6.
Vasudevan, P.T., and Briggs, M. (2008). Biodiesel production-current state of the art and challenges. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 35(5): 421–430.
Violet Makarevičienė, Vaida Andrulevičiūtė, Virginija Skorupskaitė and Jūratė Kasperovičienė. (2011). Cultivation of Microalgae Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp. as a Potential Biofuel Feedstock Environmental Research, Engineering and Management, 3(57): 21–27.
Zhu, L., Wang, Z., Shu, Q., Takala, J., Hiltunen, E., Feng, P., and Yuan, Z. (2013). Nutrient removal and biodiesel production by integration of freshwater algae cultivation with piggery wastewater treatment. Water Research, 47(13): 4294-4302.
