Evaluation of the total phenolic and antioxidant activity of the 80 different populations belong to the Jashir genus (Prangos spp.)
Subject Areas :
Medicinal Plants
Peyman Azarkish
1
(Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.)
Mohammad Moghaddam
2
(Ferdowsi University of Mashhad)
Prof. Abdollah Ghasemi Pirbalouti
3
(Research Center for Medicinal Plants, IAU., Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Iran)
Fatimah Khakdan
4
(Department of Biology, Womens University of Senan (Farzanegan), Iran.)
Received: 2019-05-17
Accepted : 2021-06-14
Published : 2021-05-22
Keywords:
Habitat,
Extract,
antioxidant activity,
Total phenols,
Prangos,
Abstract :
Jashir (Prangos spp.) is a medicinal plant and native plant to some parts of Iran that is used in traditional medicine in the treatment of many diseases. This study aimed to investigate the total phenol content and antioxidant activity of aerial parts of 80 populations belonging to seven species P. hausslmechtii, P. lophoptera, P. corymbosa, P. uloptera, P. acaulis, P. platychlaena, and P. ferulacea at the flowering stage in spring and summer 2018 in six provinces of Lorestan, Isfahan, Fars, Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari as a randomized complete block design. Methanol extracts of plants were obtained by the maceration method. Total phenol content and antioxidant activity were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH (1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) methods, respectively. ANOVA and Duncan's tests were used for statistical analysis. The results showed that there is a difference between populations and different species of Jashir genus in terms of total phenol content and antioxidant activity. The total phenol content of these extracts belonging to 80 populations was different and ranged from 17.59 to 1.76 mg gallic acid/g extract and their antioxidant activity ranged from 61.77 to 96.2%. The highest total phenol content and antioxidant activity were observed in populations 5 (P. acaulis) and 48 (P. platychloena), and the lowest amount obtained from populations 80 (P. platychloena) and 36 (P. platychloena). Among seven species of Prangos spp., the highest amount of total phenol content and antioxidant activity was found in P. uloptera and P. acaulis. Due to the high antioxidant properties of Prangos spp. and because of the possible carcinogenicity of synthetic antioxidants, different species of this genus especially P. uloptera and P. acaulis are suggested as suitable substitutes for preservatives. So they can be used as rich and accessible resources in the food and pharmaceutical industries
References:
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Amini, S., Hassani, A., Alirezalu, A. and Maleki, R. 2018. Investigation of genetic diversity among Verbascum species in West Azerbaijan province by morphological and phytochemical markers. Journal of Plant Production Research, 24(3): 123-142.
Amonrat, T., Soottawat, B., Wonnop, V., Eric, A. and Decker, C. 2008. The effect of antioxidants on the quality changes of cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis) muscle during frozen storage. Food Science and Technology, 41(1): 169-161.
Azadedel, S., Hanachi, P. and Saboora, A. 2018. Investigation on antioxidant activity of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) skin extraction. Iranian Journal of Plant Research, 30(4): 722-731.
Baser, K.H.C., Demirci, B., Demirci, F., Bedir, E., Weyerstahl, P. ad Marschall, H. 2000. A new bisabolene derivative from the essential oil of Prangos uechtritzii fruits. Journal of Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research, 66(7): 674-677.
Bazdar, M., Sadeghi, H. and Hosseini S. 2018. Evaluation of oil profiles, total phenols and phenolic compounds in Prangos ferulacea leaves and flowers and their effects on antioxidant activities. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 14: 418-423.
Borneo, R., Leone, A.E., Aguirre, A., Ribotta, P. and Cantero, J.J. 2009. Antioxidant capacity of medicinal plants from the province of Cordoba (Argentina) and their in vitro testing in a model food system. Food Chemistry, 112(3): 670-664.
Conforti, F., Statti, G.A. and Menichini, F. 2007. Chemical and biological variability of hot pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum var. acuminatum L.) in relation to maturity stage. Food Chemistry, 102: 1096-1104.
Coruh, N., Celep, A.G.S. and Ozgokce, F. 2007. Antioxidant properties of Prangos ferulacea (L.) Lindl., Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss. and Heracleum persicum Desf. from Apiaceae family used as food in Eastern Anatolia and their inhibitory effects on glutathione-S-transferase. Food Chemistry, 100(3): 1237-1242.
Coskun, B., Gulsen, N. and Umucalilar, H.D. 2004. The nutritive value of Prangos ferulacea. Grass and Forage Science, 59(1): 9-15.
Emamghoreishi, M., Taghavi, A. and Javidnia, K. 2012. The effect aqueous and methanolic extract of Prangos ferulacea on formalin-induced pain in mice. Journal of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, 9(4): 1-6.
Farokhi, F., Kaffash Farkhad, N., Togmechi, A. and Soltani Band, K.h. 2011. Preventive effects of Prangos ferulacea (L.) Lindle on liver damage of diabetic rats induced by alloxan. Journal of Phytomedicine, 2(2): 63-71.
Farhadi Chitgar, M., Varidi, M., Varidi, M.J. and Balandari, A. 2016. Comparative study on some physical and chemical properties of three native seed berberis genotypes from Semnan province. Iranian Food Science and Technology Research Journal, 12(2): 250-260.
Feia, X., Li, J., Kong, L., Hu, H., Tian, J., Liu, Y. and Wei A. 2020. miRNAs and their target genes regulate the antioxidant system of Zanthoxylum bungeanum under drought stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 150: 196-203.
Gairola, S., Shariff, N.M. and Bhatt, A. 2010. Influence of climate change on production of secondary chemicals in high altitude medicinal plants: Issues needs immediate attention. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(18): 1825-1829.
Ghasemi, K., Ghasemi, Y., Ehteshamnia, A., Nabavi, M., Nabavi, F. and Ebrahimzadeh, A. 2011. Influence of environmental factors on antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid content of walnut. Journal Medicinal Plant Research, 5(7): 1128-1133.
Gohari, A.R., Hajimehdipoor, H., Saeidnia, S., Ajani, Y. and Hadjiakhoondi, A. 2011. Antioxidant activity of some medicinal species using FRAP assay. Journal Medicinal Plant, 1(37): 54-60.
Hiroshi, H., Masako, K., Yutaka, S. and Chohachi, K. 1989. Mechanisms of hypoglycemic activity of Aconitan A, a glycan from Aconitum carmichaeli roots. Journal Ethnopharmacol, 25(3): 295-304.
Jafari, N., Alavi, Z. and Ebrahimzadeh, M. 2016. Assessment of total phenolic and flavonoid content of the two species of green algae by spectrophotometric and high performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Applied Biology, 29(1): 51-78.
Jaffarpour, P., Farokhzad, A., Alirezalou, A. and Najad HabibVash, F. 2018. Phytochemical diversity and antioxidant activity in different Salvia species in West Azerbaijan province. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 6(2): 1-12.
Jamshidi, M., Ahmadi, H.R., Rezazadeh, S.h., Fathi, F. and Mazanderani, M. 2010. Study on phenolicd and anioxidant activity of some selected plant of Mazandaran province. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 9(34): 177-183.
Jin, L., Zhang, Y., Yan, L., Guo, Y. and Niu, L. 2012. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of bulb extracts of six Lilium species native to China. Journal Molecules, 17(8): 9361-9378
Jovancevic, M., Balijagic, J., Menkovic, N., Scaron, K., Zdunic, G. and Jankovic, T. 2011. Analysis of phenolic compounds in wild populations of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) from Montenegro. Journal Medicinal Plant Research, 5(6): 910-914.
Kafash-Farkhad, N., Asadi-Samani, M. and Khaledifar, B. 2013. A review on secondary metabolites and pharmacological effects of Prangos ferulacea (L.) Lindl. Journal Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, 15(3): 98-108.
Kazerooni, T., Mousavizadeh, K., Abdollahee, A., Sarkarian, M. and Sattar, A. 2006. Abortifacient effect of Prangos ferulacia on pregnant rats. Contraception, 73(5): 554-556.
Mardani, V., Alami, M., Arabshahi, S., Khoda Bakhshi, R. and Ghaderi, M. 2013. Evaluating antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of phenolic essences extracted from Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) flowers. Iranian Food Science and Technology Research Journal, 9(2): 182-189.
Mavi, A., Terzi, Z., Ozgen, U., Yildirim, A. and Coskun, M. 2004. Antioxidant properties of some medicinal plants: Prangos ferulacea (Apiaceae), Sedum sempervivoides (Crassulaceae), Malva neglecta (Malvaceae), Cruciata taurica (Rubiaceae), Rosa pimpinellifolia (Rosaceae), Galium verum subsp. verum (Rubiaceae), Urtica dioica (Urticaceae). Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 27(5): 702-705.
Mazandarani, M., Moghaddam, P.Z., Baiat, H., Zolfaghari, M.R., Ghaemi, E.A. and Hemati, H. 2011. Antioxidant activity, phenol, flavonoid and anthocyanin contents in various extracts of Onosma dichroanthum Boiss. in north of Iran. Journal of Plant Physiology, 1(3): 169-176.
Moon, J.H. and Terao, J. 1998. Antioxidant activity of caffeic acid and dihydrocaffeic acid in lard and human low-density lipoprotein. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 46(12): 5062-5065.
Mottaghipisheh, J., Kiss, T., Toth, B. and Csupor D. 2020. The Prangos genus: a comprehensive review on traditional use, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities. Phytochemistry Reviews, 19: 1449-1470.
MuneebAhmad, M. 2021. Recent trends in chemical modification and antioxidant activities of plants-based polysaccharides: A review. Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications, 2: 100045.
Najjarfirozjaee, M., Hemmati, Kh., Khorasaninejhad, S., Daraei Garmakhany, A. and Bagherifard, A. 2014. Effect of altitude on morphological and biochemical characteristics of nettle (Urtica dioica L.) plant in mazandaran and golestan provinces. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research, 9(3): 1-14.
Nasiri, Z., Farokhzad, A.R. and Fattahi, A.R. 2018. Evaluation of distribution, phytochemical diversity and essential oil content of different populations of four Prangos species in north-west of Iran. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 34(3): 478-491.
Nazari, S., Nazarnezhad, N. and Ebrahimzadeh, M. 2014. Phenolic and flavonoid bark Acer velutinum and Alnus subcordata, and evaluation of their antioxidant effects. Journal Birjand University of Medical Sciences, 21(1): 77-85.
Nosrati, M. and Behbahani, M. 2015. The evaluation effect of methanol extracts from Prangos ferulacea and Prangos acaulis on human lymphocytes proliferation and their mutagenicity in Ames test. Arak Medical University Journal, 18(97): 81-93.
Omidbaigi, R. 2012. Production and processing of medicinal plants. Tehran University. 283 p.
Osia, N., Musavi Khalili, A., Mazandarani, M., Bayat, H. and Borhani, G. 2013. Aut ecology, ethnopharmacology, antioxidant activity of Achillea millefolium L. sub sp. millefolium and floristic spectrum of medicine plants in Charbagh mountain in south east of Golestan province. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 1(1): 68-84.
Razavi, S.M., Zahri, S., Zarrini, G., Nazemiyeh, H. and Mohammadi, S. 2010. Biological activity of quercetin-3-O-glucoside, a known plant flavonoid. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry, 35(3): 376-378.
Rechinger, K. and Hedge, I. 1987, Flora Iranica. Graz: Akademische Druck-u Verlagsanstalt. 387-425 p.
Rouhani, R., Eyenafshar, S. and Ahmadzadeh, R. 2015. Study of anthocyanin and antionidant compounds derived ethanol extract saffron flag with the help of ultrasound technology, Iranian Food Science and Technology Research Journal, 11(2): 161-170.
Saboura, A., Ahmadi, A., Zeynali, A. and Parsa, M. 2013. Comparison between the contents of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and aerial part antioxidant activity in Scutellaria pinnatifida in two North Iranian Populations. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 13(3): 249-266.
Shokrollahi, S.H., Heshmatii, G.H. and Yosefzadeh, H. 2018. Study the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of the extract Lily (Lilium ledebourii (Baker) Boiss). Journal of Fasa University of Medical Sciences, 8(2): 727-734.
Siddeeg, A., AlKehayez, N.M., Abu-Hiamed, H.A., Al-Sanea, E.A. and AL-Farga, A.M. 2021. Mode of action and determination of antioxidant activity in the dietary sources: An overview. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(3): 1633-1644.
Singleton, V.L. and Rossi, J.A. 1965. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16(3): 144-158.
Stoilova, A., Krastano, A., Dtoyanova, P., Senev, P. and Farfova, S. 2007. Antioxidant activity of ginger extract (Zingiber Officinale). Food Chemistry, 102(3): 770-764.
Zarghami Moghaddam, P., Maz, M., Zolfaghari, M.R., Badeleh, M.T. and Ghaemi, E.A. 2012. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of root extract of Onosma dichroanthum Boiss. in north of Iran. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 6(8): 1776-1781.
Zhang, S., Ji, J., Zhang, S., Xiao, W., Guan, C., Wang, G. and Wang, Y. 2020. Changes in the phenolic compound content and antioxidant activity in developmental maize kernels and expression profiles of phenolic biosynthesis-related genes. Journal of Cereal Science, 96: 103113.
Yarley, O.P.N., Kojob, A.B., Zhou, C., Yu, X., Gideon, A., Kwadwo, H.H. and Richard, O. 2021. (Reviews on mechanisms of in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer activities of water-soluble plant polysaccharides. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (In Press).
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Akbarinia, A. and Mirza, M. 2008. Identification of essential oil components of Thymus daenesis Celak. in field condition in Qazvin. Journal of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, 12: 58-62.
Amini, S., Hassani, A., Alirezalu, A. and Maleki, R. 2018. Investigation of genetic diversity among Verbascum species in West Azerbaijan province by morphological and phytochemical markers. Journal of Plant Production Research, 24(3): 123-142.
Amonrat, T., Soottawat, B., Wonnop, V., Eric, A. and Decker, C. 2008. The effect of antioxidants on the quality changes of cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis) muscle during frozen storage. Food Science and Technology, 41(1): 169-161.
Azadedel, S., Hanachi, P. and Saboora, A. 2018. Investigation on antioxidant activity of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) skin extraction. Iranian Journal of Plant Research, 30(4): 722-731.
Baser, K.H.C., Demirci, B., Demirci, F., Bedir, E., Weyerstahl, P. ad Marschall, H. 2000. A new bisabolene derivative from the essential oil of Prangos uechtritzii fruits. Journal of Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research, 66(7): 674-677.
Bazdar, M., Sadeghi, H. and Hosseini S. 2018. Evaluation of oil profiles, total phenols and phenolic compounds in Prangos ferulacea leaves and flowers and their effects on antioxidant activities. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 14: 418-423.
Borneo, R., Leone, A.E., Aguirre, A., Ribotta, P. and Cantero, J.J. 2009. Antioxidant capacity of medicinal plants from the province of Cordoba (Argentina) and their in vitro testing in a model food system. Food Chemistry, 112(3): 670-664.
Conforti, F., Statti, G.A. and Menichini, F. 2007. Chemical and biological variability of hot pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum var. acuminatum L.) in relation to maturity stage. Food Chemistry, 102: 1096-1104.
Coruh, N., Celep, A.G.S. and Ozgokce, F. 2007. Antioxidant properties of Prangos ferulacea (L.) Lindl., Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss. and Heracleum persicum Desf. from Apiaceae family used as food in Eastern Anatolia and their inhibitory effects on glutathione-S-transferase. Food Chemistry, 100(3): 1237-1242.
Coskun, B., Gulsen, N. and Umucalilar, H.D. 2004. The nutritive value of Prangos ferulacea. Grass and Forage Science, 59(1): 9-15.
Emamghoreishi, M., Taghavi, A. and Javidnia, K. 2012. The effect aqueous and methanolic extract of Prangos ferulacea on formalin-induced pain in mice. Journal of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, 9(4): 1-6.
Farokhi, F., Kaffash Farkhad, N., Togmechi, A. and Soltani Band, K.h. 2011. Preventive effects of Prangos ferulacea (L.) Lindle on liver damage of diabetic rats induced by alloxan. Journal of Phytomedicine, 2(2): 63-71.
Farhadi Chitgar, M., Varidi, M., Varidi, M.J. and Balandari, A. 2016. Comparative study on some physical and chemical properties of three native seed berberis genotypes from Semnan province. Iranian Food Science and Technology Research Journal, 12(2): 250-260.
Feia, X., Li, J., Kong, L., Hu, H., Tian, J., Liu, Y. and Wei A. 2020. miRNAs and their target genes regulate the antioxidant system of Zanthoxylum bungeanum under drought stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 150: 196-203.
Gairola, S., Shariff, N.M. and Bhatt, A. 2010. Influence of climate change on production of secondary chemicals in high altitude medicinal plants: Issues needs immediate attention. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(18): 1825-1829.
Ghasemi, K., Ghasemi, Y., Ehteshamnia, A., Nabavi, M., Nabavi, F. and Ebrahimzadeh, A. 2011. Influence of environmental factors on antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid content of walnut. Journal Medicinal Plant Research, 5(7): 1128-1133.
Gohari, A.R., Hajimehdipoor, H., Saeidnia, S., Ajani, Y. and Hadjiakhoondi, A. 2011. Antioxidant activity of some medicinal species using FRAP assay. Journal Medicinal Plant, 1(37): 54-60.
Hiroshi, H., Masako, K., Yutaka, S. and Chohachi, K. 1989. Mechanisms of hypoglycemic activity of Aconitan A, a glycan from Aconitum carmichaeli roots. Journal Ethnopharmacol, 25(3): 295-304.
Jafari, N., Alavi, Z. and Ebrahimzadeh, M. 2016. Assessment of total phenolic and flavonoid content of the two species of green algae by spectrophotometric and high performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Applied Biology, 29(1): 51-78.
Jaffarpour, P., Farokhzad, A., Alirezalou, A. and Najad HabibVash, F. 2018. Phytochemical diversity and antioxidant activity in different Salvia species in West Azerbaijan province. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 6(2): 1-12.
Jamshidi, M., Ahmadi, H.R., Rezazadeh, S.h., Fathi, F. and Mazanderani, M. 2010. Study on phenolicd and anioxidant activity of some selected plant of Mazandaran province. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 9(34): 177-183.
Jin, L., Zhang, Y., Yan, L., Guo, Y. and Niu, L. 2012. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of bulb extracts of six Lilium species native to China. Journal Molecules, 17(8): 9361-9378
Jovancevic, M., Balijagic, J., Menkovic, N., Scaron, K., Zdunic, G. and Jankovic, T. 2011. Analysis of phenolic compounds in wild populations of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) from Montenegro. Journal Medicinal Plant Research, 5(6): 910-914.
Kafash-Farkhad, N., Asadi-Samani, M. and Khaledifar, B. 2013. A review on secondary metabolites and pharmacological effects of Prangos ferulacea (L.) Lindl. Journal Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, 15(3): 98-108.
Kazerooni, T., Mousavizadeh, K., Abdollahee, A., Sarkarian, M. and Sattar, A. 2006. Abortifacient effect of Prangos ferulacia on pregnant rats. Contraception, 73(5): 554-556.
Mardani, V., Alami, M., Arabshahi, S., Khoda Bakhshi, R. and Ghaderi, M. 2013. Evaluating antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of phenolic essences extracted from Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) flowers. Iranian Food Science and Technology Research Journal, 9(2): 182-189.
Mavi, A., Terzi, Z., Ozgen, U., Yildirim, A. and Coskun, M. 2004. Antioxidant properties of some medicinal plants: Prangos ferulacea (Apiaceae), Sedum sempervivoides (Crassulaceae), Malva neglecta (Malvaceae), Cruciata taurica (Rubiaceae), Rosa pimpinellifolia (Rosaceae), Galium verum subsp. verum (Rubiaceae), Urtica dioica (Urticaceae). Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 27(5): 702-705.
Mazandarani, M., Moghaddam, P.Z., Baiat, H., Zolfaghari, M.R., Ghaemi, E.A. and Hemati, H. 2011. Antioxidant activity, phenol, flavonoid and anthocyanin contents in various extracts of Onosma dichroanthum Boiss. in north of Iran. Journal of Plant Physiology, 1(3): 169-176.
Moon, J.H. and Terao, J. 1998. Antioxidant activity of caffeic acid and dihydrocaffeic acid in lard and human low-density lipoprotein. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 46(12): 5062-5065.
Mottaghipisheh, J., Kiss, T., Toth, B. and Csupor D. 2020. The Prangos genus: a comprehensive review on traditional use, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities. Phytochemistry Reviews, 19: 1449-1470.
MuneebAhmad, M. 2021. Recent trends in chemical modification and antioxidant activities of plants-based polysaccharides: A review. Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications, 2: 100045.
Najjarfirozjaee, M., Hemmati, Kh., Khorasaninejhad, S., Daraei Garmakhany, A. and Bagherifard, A. 2014. Effect of altitude on morphological and biochemical characteristics of nettle (Urtica dioica L.) plant in mazandaran and golestan provinces. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research, 9(3): 1-14.
Nasiri, Z., Farokhzad, A.R. and Fattahi, A.R. 2018. Evaluation of distribution, phytochemical diversity and essential oil content of different populations of four Prangos species in north-west of Iran. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 34(3): 478-491.
Nazari, S., Nazarnezhad, N. and Ebrahimzadeh, M. 2014. Phenolic and flavonoid bark Acer velutinum and Alnus subcordata, and evaluation of their antioxidant effects. Journal Birjand University of Medical Sciences, 21(1): 77-85.
Nosrati, M. and Behbahani, M. 2015. The evaluation effect of methanol extracts from Prangos ferulacea and Prangos acaulis on human lymphocytes proliferation and their mutagenicity in Ames test. Arak Medical University Journal, 18(97): 81-93.
Omidbaigi, R. 2012. Production and processing of medicinal plants. Tehran University. 283 p.
Osia, N., Musavi Khalili, A., Mazandarani, M., Bayat, H. and Borhani, G. 2013. Aut ecology, ethnopharmacology, antioxidant activity of Achillea millefolium L. sub sp. millefolium and floristic spectrum of medicine plants in Charbagh mountain in south east of Golestan province. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 1(1): 68-84.
Razavi, S.M., Zahri, S., Zarrini, G., Nazemiyeh, H. and Mohammadi, S. 2010. Biological activity of quercetin-3-O-glucoside, a known plant flavonoid. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry, 35(3): 376-378.
Rechinger, K. and Hedge, I. 1987, Flora Iranica. Graz: Akademische Druck-u Verlagsanstalt. 387-425 p.
Rouhani, R., Eyenafshar, S. and Ahmadzadeh, R. 2015. Study of anthocyanin and antionidant compounds derived ethanol extract saffron flag with the help of ultrasound technology, Iranian Food Science and Technology Research Journal, 11(2): 161-170.
Saboura, A., Ahmadi, A., Zeynali, A. and Parsa, M. 2013. Comparison between the contents of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and aerial part antioxidant activity in Scutellaria pinnatifida in two North Iranian Populations. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 13(3): 249-266.
Shokrollahi, S.H., Heshmatii, G.H. and Yosefzadeh, H. 2018. Study the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of the extract Lily (Lilium ledebourii (Baker) Boiss). Journal of Fasa University of Medical Sciences, 8(2): 727-734.
Siddeeg, A., AlKehayez, N.M., Abu-Hiamed, H.A., Al-Sanea, E.A. and AL-Farga, A.M. 2021. Mode of action and determination of antioxidant activity in the dietary sources: An overview. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(3): 1633-1644.
Singleton, V.L. and Rossi, J.A. 1965. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16(3): 144-158.
Stoilova, A., Krastano, A., Dtoyanova, P., Senev, P. and Farfova, S. 2007. Antioxidant activity of ginger extract (Zingiber Officinale). Food Chemistry, 102(3): 770-764.
Zarghami Moghaddam, P., Maz, M., Zolfaghari, M.R., Badeleh, M.T. and Ghaemi, E.A. 2012. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of root extract of Onosma dichroanthum Boiss. in north of Iran. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 6(8): 1776-1781.
Zhang, S., Ji, J., Zhang, S., Xiao, W., Guan, C., Wang, G. and Wang, Y. 2020. Changes in the phenolic compound content and antioxidant activity in developmental maize kernels and expression profiles of phenolic biosynthesis-related genes. Journal of Cereal Science, 96: 103113.
Yarley, O.P.N., Kojob, A.B., Zhou, C., Yu, X., Gideon, A., Kwadwo, H.H. and Richard, O. 2021. (Reviews on mechanisms of in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer activities of water-soluble plant polysaccharides. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (In Press).
