Investigation of some growth and physiological traits changes and heavy metals accumulation in saffron (Crocus sativus L.) under different climates cultivation
Subject Areas :
Environmental ecology
Habibioallah Farokhi
1
,
Ahmad Asgharzadeh
2
,
Maliheh Kazemi Samadi
3
1 - 1. P.hD student of Medicinal Plant, Shirvan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shirvan, Iran
2 - 2. Department of Horticulture, Shirvan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shirvan, Iran
3 - 3. Department of Chemistry, Bojnurd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bojnurd, Iran
Received: 2021-09-13
Accepted : 2022-01-11
Published : 2022-06-03
Keywords:
Crocus sativus L,
Climatic parameters,
antioxidant activity,
Safranal,
Relative humidity content,
Abstract :
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) the most valuable agricultural and pharmaceutical product in the world, has a special place among Iran's industrial and export products. The aim of this study was to study the changes in quantitative, qualitative, physiological traits, and heavy metals accumulation in cultivated saffron samples in three important saffron producing provinces, North Khorasan (Shirvan city), Razavi Khorasan (Torbat-Heydariyeh city), and South Khorasan (Ghaen city), based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2019-2020 crop year.In this study, quantitative traits (flower and stigma yield), qualitative traits (safranal, picrocrocin, and crocin content extracted by aqueous method and measured by spectrophotometry), physiological characteristics (anthocyanin, flavonoid, total phenol, and antioxidant activity extracted by alcohol andmeasured by spectrophotometry) and the selenium, lead, and nickel metals accumulation (by acid extraction and atomic absorption measurements) were investigated. Also, the effect of climatic parameters on quantitative and qualitative yield was investigated. The results showed that the samples cultivated in these provinces had significant differences in terms of quantitative, qualitative, physiological, and metal accumulation characteristics. North and Razavi Khorasan provinces with the highest flowers and stigmas yield, as well as safranal and crocin content, had the highest quantity and quality.In addition, the highest anthocyanins, flavonoids, and total phenol content, antioxidant activity, and lead content was obtained in North Khorasan province. The two climatic parameters of relative humidity content and average annual rainfall had a high correlation with quantitative and qualitative yield and are the most influential environmental factors on the quantity and quality of saffron. In general, North and Razavi Khorasan provinces had a significant advantage in terms of quantitative and qualitative yield of saffron compared to South Khorasan provinces.
References:
Al Madini, A.M., Sassine, Y.N., El-Ganainy, S.M., Hourani, W. and Sebaaly. Z.E. 2019. Comparative study on phenology, yield and quality of iranian saffron cultivated in Lebanon and Iran. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 28: 9655-9660.
Amirnia, R., Bayat, M. and Tajbakhsh, M. 2014. Effects of nano fertilizer application and maternal corm weight on flowering at some saffron (Crocus sativus) ecotypes. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 19: 158-168.
3. Asishirazi, H., Hosseini, S.A. and Keikhosravi, F. 2017. Hypoglycemic interactional effects of saffron (Crocus sativus) aqueous extract and swimming training in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, 24(4): 273-279.
Baba, S.A., Malik, A.H., Wani, Z.A., Mohiuddin, T., Shah, Z., Abbas, N. and Ashraf, N. 2015. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of different tissue types of Crocus sativus and oxidative stress alleviating potential of saffron extract in plants, bacteria, and yeast. South African Journal of Botany, 99: 80-87.
Baghalian, K., Sheshtamand, M.S. and Jamshidi, A. 2010. Genetic variation and heritability of agro-morphological and phytochemical traits in Iranian Saffron (Crocus sativus) populations. Industrial Crops and Products, 31: 401-406.
Barki Vandi, N., Sobhan Ardakani, S. and Cheraghi, M. 2017. Health risk assessment of heavy metals (As, Al, Zn and Cu) in lemon balm and borage Marketed in Hamedan City. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, 24: 265-271.
Cardone, L., Castronuovo, D., Perniola, M., Cicco, N. and Candido, V. 2019. Evaluation of corm origin and climatic conditions on Saffron (Crocus sativus) yield and quality. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 99: 5858-5869.
Cardone, L., Castronuovo, D., Perniola, M., Cicco, N. and Candido, V. 2020. Saffron (Crocus sativus), the king of spices: An overview. Scientia Horticulturae, 272: 109560.
Caser, M., Victorino, Í.M.M., Demasi, S., Berruti, A., Donno, D., Lumini, E., Bianciotto, V. and Scariot. V. 2019. Saffron cultivation in marginal alpine environments: how AMF inoculation modulates yield and bioactive compounds. Agronomy, 9: 12-18.
Esfanjani, A.F., Jafari, S.M. and Assadpour, E. 2017. Preparation of a multiple emulsion based on pectin-whey protein complex for encapsulation of saffron extract nanodroplets. Food Chemistry, 221: 1962-1969.
Esmaeelian, M., Jahani, M., Feizy, J. and Einafshar, S. 2020. Effects of ultrasound-assisted and direct solvent extraction methods on the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Saffron (Crocus sativus) corm extract. Food Analytical Methods, 15: 1-14.
Esmaeili, N., Ebrahimzadeh, H., Abdi, K., Mirmasoumi, M., Lamei, N. and Shamami, M.A. 2013. Determination of metal content in Crocus sativus corms in dormancy and waking stages. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 12: 31-38.
Feli, A., Maleki Farahani, S. and Besharati, H. 2018. The effect of urea fertilizer and different organic and bio-fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative yield and some soil properties in Saffron cultivation. Journal of Crops Improvement, 20: 345-356.
Figueiredo, A.C., Barroso, J.G., Pedro, L.G. and Scheffer, J.J. 2008. Factors affecting secondary metabolite production in plants: volatile components and essential oils. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 23: 213-226.
Ghahremani, A., Ganji-Moghadam, E., Tatari, M. and Khosroyar, S. 2021. Effect of drought stress (polyethylene glycol) on antioxidant and some physiological traits of Paneer-boot (Withania coagulans Dunal). Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, 28: 274-285.
Ghorbani, R. and Koocheki, A. 2017. Sustainable cultivation of Saffron in Iran. in, Sustainable agriculture reviews (Springer).
Gresta, F., Avola, G., Lombardo, G., Siracusa, L. and Ruberto, G. 2009. Analysis of flowering, stigmas yield and qualitative traits of Saffron (Crocus sativus) as affected by environmental conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 119: 320-324.
Haghighi, R., Tabatabaei, B.E.S., Maibody, S.A.M.M., Talebi, M., Molina, R., Nebauer, S.G. and Renau-Morata, B. 2020. A flowering inhibitor of the temperature-dependent pathway in Crocus sativus Molecular Biology Reports, 47: 2171-2179.
Hashim, A.M., Alharbi, B.M., Abdulmajeed, A.M., Elkelish, A., Hozzein, W.N. and Hassan, H.M. 2020. Oxidative stress responses of some endemic plants to high altitudes by intensifying antioxidants and secondary metabolites content. Plants, 9: 869.
Iqbal, M., Hussain, I., Liaqat, H., Ashraf, M.A., Rasheed, R. and Rehman, A.U. 2015. Exogenously applied selenium reduces oxidative stress and induces heat tolerance in spring wheat. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 94: 95-103.
Jang, A., Srinivasan, P., Lee, N.Y., Song, H.P., Lee, J.W., Lee, M. and Jo, C. 2008. Comparison of hypolipidemic activity of synthetic gallic acidlinoleic acid ester with mixture of gallic acid and linoleic acid, gallic acid, and linoleic acid on highfat diet induced obesity in C57BL/6 Cr Slc Mice. Chemico-biological Interactions, 174(2): 109-117.
Jelínek, L., Dolečková, M., Karabin, M., Hudcova, T., Kotlikova, B. and Dostalek, P. 2012. Influence of growing area, plant age, and virus infection on the contents of hop secondary metabolites. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 30: 541-547.
Kafi, M., Kamili, A.N., Husaini, A.M., Ozturk, M. and Altay, V. 2018. An expensive spice Saffron (Crocus sativus): a case study from Kashmir, Iran, and Turkey. in, Global perspectives on underutilized crops (Springer).
Kamyabi, S., Habibi Nokhandan, M. and Rouhi, A. 2014. Effect of climatic factors affecting saffron using analytic hierarchy process (AHP);(Case Study Roshtkhar Region, Iran). Saffron Agronomy and Technology, 2: 75-90.
Lage, M. and Cantrell, C.L. 2009. Quantification of Saffron (Crocus sativus ) metabolites crocins, picrocrocin and safranal for quality determination of the spice grown under different environmental Moroccan conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 121: 366-373.
Liu, J., Dhungana, B. and Cobb, G.P. 2018. Environmental behavior, potential phytotoxicity, and accumulation of copper oxide nanoparticles and arsenic in rice plants. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 37: 11-20.
Maleki, F., Kazemi, H., Siahmarguee, A. and Kamkar, B. 2017. Development of a land use suitability model for Saffron (Crocus sativus) cultivation by multi-criteria evaluation and spatial analysis. Ecological Engineering, 106: 140-153.
Maleki Farahani, S. and Aghighi Shahverdi, M. 2015. Evaluation the effect of nono-iron fertilizer in compare to iron chelate fertilizer on qualitative and quantitative yield of saffron. Journal of Crops Improvement, 17: 155-168.
Moradi, A., Zarinkamar, F., De Domenico, S., Mita, G., Di Sansebastiano, G.P. and Caretto, S. 2020. Salycilic acid induces exudation of crocin and phenolics in saffron suspension-cultured cells. Plants, 9: 949.
Mykhailenko, O., Gudžinskas, Z., Kovalyov, V., Desenko, V., Ivanauska, L., Bezruk, I. and Georgiyants, V. 2020. Effect of ecological factors on the accumulation of phenolic compounds in Iris species from Latvia, Lithuania and Ukraine. Phytochemical Analysis, 1: 1-19.
Naghdi Badi, H., Omidi, H., Golzad, A., Torabi, H. and Fotookian, M.H. 2011. Change in crocin, safranal and picrocrocin content and agronomical characters of Saffron (Crocus sativus) under biological and chemical of phosphorous fertilizers. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 10(40): 58-68.
Parizad, S., Dizadji, A., Habibi, M.K., Winter, S., Kalantari, S., Movi, S., Tendero, C.L., Alonso, G.L. and Moratalla-Lopez, N. 2019. The effects of geographical origin and virus infection on the Saffron (Crocus sativus) quality. Food Chemistry, 295: 387-394.
Rahimi, H., Shokrpour, M., Tabrizi Raeini, L. and Esfandiari, E. 2017. A study on the effects of environmental factors on vegetative characteristics and corm yield of Saffron (Crocus sativus). Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 48: 45-52.
Shahid, M., Niazi, N.K., Khalid, S., Murtaza, B., Bibi, I. and Rashid, M.I. 2018. A critical review of selenium biogeochemical behavior in soil-plant system with an inference to human health. Environmental Pollution, 234: 915-934.
Shahverdi, M.A., Omidi, H. and Damalas, C.A. 2020. Foliar fertilization with micronutrients improves Stevia rebaudiana tolerance to salinity stress by improving root characteristics. Brazilian Journal of Botany, 43: 55-65.
Shahverdi, M.A., Omidi, H. and Tabatabaei, S.J. 2018. Plant growth and steviol glycosides as affected by foliar application of selenium, boron, and iron under NaCl stress in Stevia rebaudiana Industrial Crops and Products, 125: 408-415.
Shahzadi, I., Iqbal, M., Rasheed, R., Ashraf, M.A., Perveen, S. and Hussain, M. 2017. Foliar application of selenium increases fertility and grain yield in bread wheat under contrasting water availability regimes. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 39: 173.
Sunohara, Y. and Matsumoto, H. 2004. Oxidative injury induced by the herbicide quinclorac on Echinochloa oryzicola vasing and the involvement of antioxidative ability in its highly selective action in grass species. Plant Science, 167(3): 597-606.
Williams, W.T. and Lambert, J.M. 1959. Multivariate methods in plant ecology: I. Association-analysis in plant communities. The Journal of Ecology, 1: 83-101.
Xu, Z., Jiang, Y. and Zhou, G. 2015. Response and adaptation of photosynthesis, respiration, and antioxidant systems to elevated CO2 with environmental stress in plants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6: 701.
Zargoosh, Z., Ghavam, M., Bacchetta, G. and Tavili, A. 2019. Effects of ecological factors on the antioxidant potential and total phenol content of Scrophularia striata Scientific Reports, 9: 1-15.
_||_
Al Madini, A.M., Sassine, Y.N., El-Ganainy, S.M., Hourani, W. and Sebaaly. Z.E. 2019. Comparative study on phenology, yield and quality of iranian saffron cultivated in Lebanon and Iran. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 28: 9655-9660.
Amirnia, R., Bayat, M. and Tajbakhsh, M. 2014. Effects of nano fertilizer application and maternal corm weight on flowering at some saffron (Crocus sativus) ecotypes. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 19: 158-168.
3. Asishirazi, H., Hosseini, S.A. and Keikhosravi, F. 2017. Hypoglycemic interactional effects of saffron (Crocus sativus) aqueous extract and swimming training in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, 24(4): 273-279.
Baba, S.A., Malik, A.H., Wani, Z.A., Mohiuddin, T., Shah, Z., Abbas, N. and Ashraf, N. 2015. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of different tissue types of Crocus sativus and oxidative stress alleviating potential of saffron extract in plants, bacteria, and yeast. South African Journal of Botany, 99: 80-87.
Baghalian, K., Sheshtamand, M.S. and Jamshidi, A. 2010. Genetic variation and heritability of agro-morphological and phytochemical traits in Iranian Saffron (Crocus sativus) populations. Industrial Crops and Products, 31: 401-406.
Barki Vandi, N., Sobhan Ardakani, S. and Cheraghi, M. 2017. Health risk assessment of heavy metals (As, Al, Zn and Cu) in lemon balm and borage Marketed in Hamedan City. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, 24: 265-271.
Cardone, L., Castronuovo, D., Perniola, M., Cicco, N. and Candido, V. 2019. Evaluation of corm origin and climatic conditions on Saffron (Crocus sativus) yield and quality. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 99: 5858-5869.
Cardone, L., Castronuovo, D., Perniola, M., Cicco, N. and Candido, V. 2020. Saffron (Crocus sativus), the king of spices: An overview. Scientia Horticulturae, 272: 109560.
Caser, M., Victorino, Í.M.M., Demasi, S., Berruti, A., Donno, D., Lumini, E., Bianciotto, V. and Scariot. V. 2019. Saffron cultivation in marginal alpine environments: how AMF inoculation modulates yield and bioactive compounds. Agronomy, 9: 12-18.
Esfanjani, A.F., Jafari, S.M. and Assadpour, E. 2017. Preparation of a multiple emulsion based on pectin-whey protein complex for encapsulation of saffron extract nanodroplets. Food Chemistry, 221: 1962-1969.
Esmaeelian, M., Jahani, M., Feizy, J. and Einafshar, S. 2020. Effects of ultrasound-assisted and direct solvent extraction methods on the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Saffron (Crocus sativus) corm extract. Food Analytical Methods, 15: 1-14.
Esmaeili, N., Ebrahimzadeh, H., Abdi, K., Mirmasoumi, M., Lamei, N. and Shamami, M.A. 2013. Determination of metal content in Crocus sativus corms in dormancy and waking stages. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 12: 31-38.
Feli, A., Maleki Farahani, S. and Besharati, H. 2018. The effect of urea fertilizer and different organic and bio-fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative yield and some soil properties in Saffron cultivation. Journal of Crops Improvement, 20: 345-356.
Figueiredo, A.C., Barroso, J.G., Pedro, L.G. and Scheffer, J.J. 2008. Factors affecting secondary metabolite production in plants: volatile components and essential oils. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 23: 213-226.
Ghahremani, A., Ganji-Moghadam, E., Tatari, M. and Khosroyar, S. 2021. Effect of drought stress (polyethylene glycol) on antioxidant and some physiological traits of Paneer-boot (Withania coagulans Dunal). Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, 28: 274-285.
Ghorbani, R. and Koocheki, A. 2017. Sustainable cultivation of Saffron in Iran. in, Sustainable agriculture reviews (Springer).
Gresta, F., Avola, G., Lombardo, G., Siracusa, L. and Ruberto, G. 2009. Analysis of flowering, stigmas yield and qualitative traits of Saffron (Crocus sativus) as affected by environmental conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 119: 320-324.
Haghighi, R., Tabatabaei, B.E.S., Maibody, S.A.M.M., Talebi, M., Molina, R., Nebauer, S.G. and Renau-Morata, B. 2020. A flowering inhibitor of the temperature-dependent pathway in Crocus sativus Molecular Biology Reports, 47: 2171-2179.
Hashim, A.M., Alharbi, B.M., Abdulmajeed, A.M., Elkelish, A., Hozzein, W.N. and Hassan, H.M. 2020. Oxidative stress responses of some endemic plants to high altitudes by intensifying antioxidants and secondary metabolites content. Plants, 9: 869.
Iqbal, M., Hussain, I., Liaqat, H., Ashraf, M.A., Rasheed, R. and Rehman, A.U. 2015. Exogenously applied selenium reduces oxidative stress and induces heat tolerance in spring wheat. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 94: 95-103.
Jang, A., Srinivasan, P., Lee, N.Y., Song, H.P., Lee, J.W., Lee, M. and Jo, C. 2008. Comparison of hypolipidemic activity of synthetic gallic acidlinoleic acid ester with mixture of gallic acid and linoleic acid, gallic acid, and linoleic acid on highfat diet induced obesity in C57BL/6 Cr Slc Mice. Chemico-biological Interactions, 174(2): 109-117.
Jelínek, L., Dolečková, M., Karabin, M., Hudcova, T., Kotlikova, B. and Dostalek, P. 2012. Influence of growing area, plant age, and virus infection on the contents of hop secondary metabolites. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 30: 541-547.
Kafi, M., Kamili, A.N., Husaini, A.M., Ozturk, M. and Altay, V. 2018. An expensive spice Saffron (Crocus sativus): a case study from Kashmir, Iran, and Turkey. in, Global perspectives on underutilized crops (Springer).
Kamyabi, S., Habibi Nokhandan, M. and Rouhi, A. 2014. Effect of climatic factors affecting saffron using analytic hierarchy process (AHP);(Case Study Roshtkhar Region, Iran). Saffron Agronomy and Technology, 2: 75-90.
Lage, M. and Cantrell, C.L. 2009. Quantification of Saffron (Crocus sativus ) metabolites crocins, picrocrocin and safranal for quality determination of the spice grown under different environmental Moroccan conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 121: 366-373.
Liu, J., Dhungana, B. and Cobb, G.P. 2018. Environmental behavior, potential phytotoxicity, and accumulation of copper oxide nanoparticles and arsenic in rice plants. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 37: 11-20.
Maleki, F., Kazemi, H., Siahmarguee, A. and Kamkar, B. 2017. Development of a land use suitability model for Saffron (Crocus sativus) cultivation by multi-criteria evaluation and spatial analysis. Ecological Engineering, 106: 140-153.
Maleki Farahani, S. and Aghighi Shahverdi, M. 2015. Evaluation the effect of nono-iron fertilizer in compare to iron chelate fertilizer on qualitative and quantitative yield of saffron. Journal of Crops Improvement, 17: 155-168.
Moradi, A., Zarinkamar, F., De Domenico, S., Mita, G., Di Sansebastiano, G.P. and Caretto, S. 2020. Salycilic acid induces exudation of crocin and phenolics in saffron suspension-cultured cells. Plants, 9: 949.
Mykhailenko, O., Gudžinskas, Z., Kovalyov, V., Desenko, V., Ivanauska, L., Bezruk, I. and Georgiyants, V. 2020. Effect of ecological factors on the accumulation of phenolic compounds in Iris species from Latvia, Lithuania and Ukraine. Phytochemical Analysis, 1: 1-19.
Naghdi Badi, H., Omidi, H., Golzad, A., Torabi, H. and Fotookian, M.H. 2011. Change in crocin, safranal and picrocrocin content and agronomical characters of Saffron (Crocus sativus) under biological and chemical of phosphorous fertilizers. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 10(40): 58-68.
Parizad, S., Dizadji, A., Habibi, M.K., Winter, S., Kalantari, S., Movi, S., Tendero, C.L., Alonso, G.L. and Moratalla-Lopez, N. 2019. The effects of geographical origin and virus infection on the Saffron (Crocus sativus) quality. Food Chemistry, 295: 387-394.
Rahimi, H., Shokrpour, M., Tabrizi Raeini, L. and Esfandiari, E. 2017. A study on the effects of environmental factors on vegetative characteristics and corm yield of Saffron (Crocus sativus). Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 48: 45-52.
Shahid, M., Niazi, N.K., Khalid, S., Murtaza, B., Bibi, I. and Rashid, M.I. 2018. A critical review of selenium biogeochemical behavior in soil-plant system with an inference to human health. Environmental Pollution, 234: 915-934.
Shahverdi, M.A., Omidi, H. and Damalas, C.A. 2020. Foliar fertilization with micronutrients improves Stevia rebaudiana tolerance to salinity stress by improving root characteristics. Brazilian Journal of Botany, 43: 55-65.
Shahverdi, M.A., Omidi, H. and Tabatabaei, S.J. 2018. Plant growth and steviol glycosides as affected by foliar application of selenium, boron, and iron under NaCl stress in Stevia rebaudiana Industrial Crops and Products, 125: 408-415.
Shahzadi, I., Iqbal, M., Rasheed, R., Ashraf, M.A., Perveen, S. and Hussain, M. 2017. Foliar application of selenium increases fertility and grain yield in bread wheat under contrasting water availability regimes. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 39: 173.
Sunohara, Y. and Matsumoto, H. 2004. Oxidative injury induced by the herbicide quinclorac on Echinochloa oryzicola vasing and the involvement of antioxidative ability in its highly selective action in grass species. Plant Science, 167(3): 597-606.
Williams, W.T. and Lambert, J.M. 1959. Multivariate methods in plant ecology: I. Association-analysis in plant communities. The Journal of Ecology, 1: 83-101.
Xu, Z., Jiang, Y. and Zhou, G. 2015. Response and adaptation of photosynthesis, respiration, and antioxidant systems to elevated CO2 with environmental stress in plants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6: 701.
Zargoosh, Z., Ghavam, M., Bacchetta, G. and Tavili, A. 2019. Effects of ecological factors on the antioxidant potential and total phenol content of Scrophularia striata Scientific Reports, 9: 1-15.
