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Manuscript ID : EJMP-2108-1648 (R2) Visit : 143 Page: 114 - 128

10.30495/ejmp.2022.1938727.1648

20.1001.1.23223235.1401.10.2.8.4

Article Type: Original Research

Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant properties of Matricaria chamomilla L. essential oil with ultrasound and water distillation

Subject Areas : Phytochemistry

Hassan Rezadoost 1 (Ph.D Student, Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, Iran)
Samad Nejad Ebrahimi 2 (Assistant Professor, Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, Iran)
Seyed Reza Rasouli Rasouli 3 (Associate Professor, Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, Iran)

Received: 2021-08-25 Accepted : 2023-01-16 Published : 2022-08-21

Keywords: Antioxidant, ultrasound, Essential oil, Bisabolol, Chamaezolene, Matricaria chamomile L,

Abstract :

Secondary metabolites in chamomile flower essential oil are widely used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and health industries due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-bacterial effects. In this study, for comparative evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant properties of Matricaria chamomilla L. flower essential oil, plant flowers were harvested from the research farm of Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran and after matching the plant with herbarium samples in the herbarium section of the institute were completely dried. Essential oil extraction was performed by two different methods of distillation with water and ultrasonic method.. The most important effective compounds of essential oils were evaluated using GC and GC / MC devices. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was also evaluated using the DPPH method. The results showed that by simultaneously application of ultrasound (0.1%) and water distillation methods (0.05%), the essential oil of this plant was obtained with higher efficiency. In the water distillation method, the most important secondary components of the essential oil including: alpha-bisabolone 66.08% and camazoline 6.46% were obtained, while in the method coupled with ultrasound, the amount of alpha-bisabolone the amount of alpha-bisaboline increased up to twice and camazoline up to 17.23%. In both methods, the main compounds: camazoline and bisabolol were optimally identified and determined using the proposed method as an efficient application method to separate the most important secondary pharmaceutical compounds of essential oil from chamomile samples.

References:


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  1. Hamdy, M. H . Robyab, A ;  Khaled, S.,  SelimaKhalel, A.H.,  Khalela , I. 2013. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil and extracts of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) and chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Industrial Crops and Products Volume 44, January, Pages 437-445
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    3.
  3. Izadi Z, Modares sanavi AM, Sorooshzadeh A, Esna-Ashari M, Davoodi P. 2013. Antimicrobial activity of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) and feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.). Armaghane Danesh.;18(1):31-43. [In Persian]
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  6. Liu, X.-Y., Ou, Z.-B. Xiang, H. 2019. Gregersen, Optimization, chemical constituents and bioactivity of essential oil from Iberis amara seeds extracted by ultrasound-assisted hydrodistillation compared to conventional techniques, Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 13 ; 100204.
    7.
  7. Liu, T., Linb, P., Bao, T., Ding, Y., Lha, O., Nan, P., Huang, Y., Gu, Zh. and Zhong, Y. 2018. Essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of chammomile L. (Asteraceae) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Industrial Crops and Products, 125: 1-4.
    8.
  8. Mazandarani, M., Makari, S. and Bajian, G.R. 2011. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant activity in different parts of Heracleum gorganicum in Golestan province, North of Iran. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2: 381-388.
    9.
  9. Mazareei, A. and Fahmideh, L. 2019. Evaluation of phenolic compounds, anti-oxidant and anti bacteria function of metanolic extraction of Artemisia annua, Thymus vulgaris L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Salvia officinalis L. and Pistacia atlantica var mutica. Online Journal of Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, January.
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  10. Marjanovic-Balaban . Zeljka R. , Vesna D. Kalaba ; , Jelena S. Stanojevic ;  & Dragan J. Cvetkovic Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Chamomile flowers essential oil (Matricaria chamomilla L.)
    Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants,     Volume 19- Issue 8
    11.
  11. Moghtader, M., Salari, H., Mozafari, H. and Farahmand, A. 2019. Evaluation of phytochemical and antifungal effect of essential oil of Artemisia persica Boiss. in comparion with borneol against of Aspergillus niger. Online Journal of Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, January.
    12.
  12. Mozaffarian, V. 2008. A pictorial dictionary of botanical taxonomy latin-english - french - Germany - Persian. Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books.

  13. Morsy, NF.A. 2015. short extraction time of high quality hydrodistilled cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) essential oil using ultrasound as a pre-treatment, Industrial Crops and Products. 65. 287-292.
    14.
  14. Nora, FMD. C.D. Borges, 2017. Ultrasound pre-treatment as an alternative to improve essential oils extraction, Ciência Rural 47(9).
    15.
  15. Perera, C.O. M.A.J. 2021. Alzahrani, Ultrasound as a pre-treatment for extraction of bioactivecompounds and food safety: A review, LWT 142 ; 111114.
    16.
  16. Smigielski, K.B.M. Majewska, A. Kunicka-Styczyñska, R. Gruska, 2014. The effect of ultrasound assisted maceration on the bioactivity, chemical composition and yield of essential oil from waste carrot seeds (Daucus carota), Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 17(6) ; 1075-1086.
    17.
  17. Santos, K.A. J. Klein, C. da Silva, E.A. da Silva, L. Cardozo-Filho, 2019. Extraction of vetiver(Chrysopogon zizanioides) root oil by supercritical CO2, pressurized-liquid, and ultrasound assisted methods and modeling of supercritical extraction kinetics, The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 150 ; 30-39.
    18.
  18. Yang, M.-C. Wei, S.-J. Hong, 2014. Ultrasound-assisted extraction and quantitation of oils from Syzygium aromaticum flower bud (clove) with supercritical carbon dioxide, Journal of Chromatography A 1323 ; 18-27.
    19.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Aboukhalid, K., Al Faiz, C., Douaik, A., Bakha, M., Kursa, K., Agacka-Mołdoch, M., Machon, N., Tomi, F. and Lamiri, A. 2017. Influence of environmental factors on essential oil variability in Origanum compactum growing wild in Morocco. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 14(9): 158-164.
    2.
  2. Alimohammadi, M., Yadegari, M. and Shirmardi, H.A. 2017. Effect of elevation and phonological stages on essential oil composition of Stachys. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry, 42: 647–656.
    3.
  3. Amiri, N., Yadegari, M. and Hamedi, B. 2018. Essential oil composition of Cirsium arvense produced in different climate and soil properties. Records of Natural Products, 12: 251-262.
    4.
  4. Askin H, Tepe B, Sokmen A, Daferera D, Polissiou M. Composition of the essential oils of Tanacetum argyrophyllum and Matricaria chamomile from Turkey. Biochem Syst Ecol 2005; 33: 511-6.
    5.
  5. Arianfar, M., Akbari Nodehi, D., Khodayar, H. and Rostampour, M. 2018. Effect of height and aspect on essential oil yield and some phytochemical properties of medicinal plants. Artemisia aucheri , and Matricaria chamomile .Besser in South Khorasan rangelands. Journal of Rangeland, 11(3): 281-294.
    6.
  6. Chemat, F., Rombaut, N., Sicaire, A.-G. , Meullemiestre, A., Fabiano-Tixier, A.-S. , 2017. Ultrasound assisted extraction of food and natural products. Mechanisms, techniques, combinations, protocols and applications. A review, Ultrasonics sonochemistry 34 ; 540-560.
    7.
  7. Formisanoa, C., Sebastiano, F.O,  Gian Carlo ,. Daniela , R.,   Senatorea, F.   Correlation among environmental factors, chemical composition and antioxidative properties of essential oil and extracts of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) collected in Molise (South-central  Italy).  ,. Volume 63, January, Pages 256-263
    8.
  8. Franze C, Hoelzel J, Voemel A. Preliminary morphological and chemical characterization of some population and varieties of Matricaria chamomila Acta Hortic 2011 2: 379-85.
    9.
  9. Ghasemi Arian, A., Fazeli Kakhki, S.F. and Rohani, H. 2019. Investigation of some ecological characteristics of Artemisia sieberi and estimation of its density by neural networks in Roodab section of Sabzevar. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 7(4): 97-109.
    10.
  10. Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Firoznezhad, M., Craker, L. and Akbarzadeh, M. 2013. Essential oil compositions, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of various populations of Artemisia chamaemelifolia at two phenological stages. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 23: 861-869.‏
    11.
  11. Hiremath, C., Yadav, M. K., Swamy Gowda, M. R., Kumar, A. N. and Srinivas, K.V.N. 2020. Influence of growth stage on essential oil content and major chemical constituents of Artemisia pallens Trends in Phytochemical Research, 4: 85-92.‏
    12.

 

  1. Hamdy, M. H . Robyab, A ;  Khaled, S.,  SelimaKhalel, A.H.,  Khalela , I. 2013. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil and extracts of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) and chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Industrial Crops and Products Volume 44, January, Pages 437-445
    2.
  2. Hashemi, S.M.B., Khaneghah, A.M., Koubaa, M., F.J. Barba, E. Abedi, M. Niakousari, J. Tavakoli, 2018. Extraction of essential oil from Aloysia citriodora Palau leaves using continuous and pulsed ultrasound: Kinetics, antioxidant activity  and antimicrobial properties, Process Biochemistry 65 , 197-204.
    3.
  3. Izadi Z, Modares sanavi AM, Sorooshzadeh A, Esna-Ashari M, Davoodi P. 2013. Antimicrobial activity of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) and feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.). Armaghane Danesh.;18(1):31-43. [In Persian]
    4.
  4. Kaufmann, B.., Christen, P. ,   Recent extraction techniques for natural products: microwave assisted extraction and pressurised solvent extraction, Phytochemical Analysis: An International Journal of Plant Chemical and Biochemical Techniques 13(2) ; 105-113.
    5.
  5. Kowalski, R., M. Gagoś, G. Kowalska, U. Pankiewicz, M. Sujka, A. Mazurek, A. Nawrocka, 2019. Effects of ultrasound technique on the composition of different essential oils, Journal of analytical methods in chemistry .
    6.
  6. Liu, X.-Y., Ou, Z.-B. Xiang, H. 2019. Gregersen, Optimization, chemical constituents and bioactivity of essential oil from Iberis amara seeds extracted by ultrasound-assisted hydrodistillation compared to conventional techniques, Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 13 ; 100204.
    7.
  7. Liu, T., Linb, P., Bao, T., Ding, Y., Lha, O., Nan, P., Huang, Y., Gu, Zh. and Zhong, Y. 2018. Essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of chammomile L. (Asteraceae) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Industrial Crops and Products, 125: 1-4.
    8.
  8. Mazandarani, M., Makari, S. and Bajian, G.R. 2011. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant activity in different parts of Heracleum gorganicum in Golestan province, North of Iran. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2: 381-388.
    9.
  9. Mazareei, A. and Fahmideh, L. 2019. Evaluation of phenolic compounds, anti-oxidant and anti bacteria function of metanolic extraction of Artemisia annua, Thymus vulgaris L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Salvia officinalis L. and Pistacia atlantica var mutica. Online Journal of Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, January.
    10.
  10. Marjanovic-Balaban . Zeljka R. , Vesna D. Kalaba ; , Jelena S. Stanojevic ;  & Dragan J. Cvetkovic Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Chamomile flowers essential oil (Matricaria chamomilla L.)
    Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants,     Volume 19- Issue 8
    11.
  11. Moghtader, M., Salari, H., Mozafari, H. and Farahmand, A. 2019. Evaluation of phytochemical and antifungal effect of essential oil of Artemisia persica Boiss. in comparion with borneol against of Aspergillus niger. Online Journal of Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, January.
    12.
  12. Mozaffarian, V. 2008. A pictorial dictionary of botanical taxonomy latin-english - french - Germany - Persian. Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books.

  13. Morsy, NF.A. 2015. short extraction time of high quality hydrodistilled cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) essential oil using ultrasound as a pre-treatment, Industrial Crops and Products. 65. 287-292.
    14.
  14. Nora, FMD. C.D. Borges, 2017. Ultrasound pre-treatment as an alternative to improve essential oils extraction, Ciência Rural 47(9).
    15.
  15. Perera, C.O. M.A.J. 2021. Alzahrani, Ultrasound as a pre-treatment for extraction of bioactivecompounds and food safety: A review, LWT 142 ; 111114.
    16.
  16. Smigielski, K.B.M. Majewska, A. Kunicka-Styczyñska, R. Gruska, 2014. The effect of ultrasound assisted maceration on the bioactivity, chemical composition and yield of essential oil from waste carrot seeds (Daucus carota), Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 17(6) ; 1075-1086.
    17.
  17. Santos, K.A. J. Klein, C. da Silva, E.A. da Silva, L. Cardozo-Filho, 2019. Extraction of vetiver(Chrysopogon zizanioides) root oil by supercritical CO2, pressurized-liquid, and ultrasound assisted methods and modeling of supercritical extraction kinetics, The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 150 ; 30-39.
    18.
  18. Yang, M.-C. Wei, S.-J. Hong, 2014. Ultrasound-assisted extraction and quantitation of oils from Syzygium aromaticum flower bud (clove) with supercritical carbon dioxide, Journal of Chromatography A 1323 ; 18-27.
    19.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Aboukhalid, K., Al Faiz, C., Douaik, A., Bakha, M., Kursa, K., Agacka-Mołdoch, M., Machon, N., Tomi, F. and Lamiri, A. 2017. Influence of environmental factors on essential oil variability in Origanum compactum growing wild in Morocco. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 14(9): 158-164.
    2.
  2. Alimohammadi, M., Yadegari, M. and Shirmardi, H.A. 2017. Effect of elevation and phonological stages on essential oil composition of Stachys. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry, 42: 647–656.
    3.
  3. Amiri, N., Yadegari, M. and Hamedi, B. 2018. Essential oil composition of Cirsium arvense produced in different climate and soil properties. Records of Natural Products, 12: 251-262.
    4.
  4. Askin H, Tepe B, Sokmen A, Daferera D, Polissiou M. Composition of the essential oils of Tanacetum argyrophyllum and Matricaria chamomile from Turkey. Biochem Syst Ecol 2005; 33: 511-6.
    5.
  5. Arianfar, M., Akbari Nodehi, D., Khodayar, H. and Rostampour, M. 2018. Effect of height and aspect on essential oil yield and some phytochemical properties of medicinal plants. Artemisia aucheri , and Matricaria chamomile .Besser in South Khorasan rangelands. Journal of Rangeland, 11(3): 281-294.
    6.
  6. Chemat, F., Rombaut, N., Sicaire, A.-G. , Meullemiestre, A., Fabiano-Tixier, A.-S. , 2017. Ultrasound assisted extraction of food and natural products. Mechanisms, techniques, combinations, protocols and applications. A review, Ultrasonics sonochemistry 34 ; 540-560.
    7.
  7. Formisanoa, C., Sebastiano, F.O,  Gian Carlo ,. Daniela , R.,   Senatorea, F.   Correlation among environmental factors, chemical composition and antioxidative properties of essential oil and extracts of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) collected in Molise (South-central  Italy).  ,. Volume 63, January, Pages 256-263
    8.
  8. Franze C, Hoelzel J, Voemel A. Preliminary morphological and chemical characterization of some population and varieties of Matricaria chamomila Acta Hortic 2011 2: 379-85.
    9.
  9. Ghasemi Arian, A., Fazeli Kakhki, S.F. and Rohani, H. 2019. Investigation of some ecological characteristics of Artemisia sieberi and estimation of its density by neural networks in Roodab section of Sabzevar. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 7(4): 97-109.
    10.
  10. Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Firoznezhad, M., Craker, L. and Akbarzadeh, M. 2013. Essential oil compositions, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of various populations of Artemisia chamaemelifolia at two phenological stages. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 23: 861-869.‏
    11.
  11. Hiremath, C., Yadav, M. K., Swamy Gowda, M. R., Kumar, A. N. and Srinivas, K.V.N. 2020. Influence of growth stage on essential oil content and major chemical constituents of Artemisia pallens Trends in Phytochemical Research, 4: 85-92.‏
    12.

 

  1. Hamdy, M. H . Robyab, A ;  Khaled, S.,  SelimaKhalel, A.H.,  Khalela , I. 2013. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil and extracts of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) and chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Industrial Crops and Products Volume 44, January, Pages 437-445
    2.
  2. Hashemi, S.M.B., Khaneghah, A.M., Koubaa, M., F.J. Barba, E. Abedi, M. Niakousari, J. Tavakoli, 2018. Extraction of essential oil from Aloysia citriodora Palau leaves using continuous and pulsed ultrasound: Kinetics, antioxidant activity  and antimicrobial properties, Process Biochemistry 65 , 197-204.
    3.
  3. Izadi Z, Modares sanavi AM, Sorooshzadeh A, Esna-Ashari M, Davoodi P. 2013. Antimicrobial activity of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) and feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.). Armaghane Danesh.;18(1):31-43. [In Persian]
    4.
  4. Kaufmann, B.., Christen, P. ,   Recent extraction techniques for natural products: microwave assisted extraction and pressurised solvent extraction, Phytochemical Analysis: An International Journal of Plant Chemical and Biochemical Techniques 13(2) ; 105-113.
    5.
  5. Kowalski, R., M. Gagoś, G. Kowalska, U. Pankiewicz, M. Sujka, A. Mazurek, A. Nawrocka, 2019. Effects of ultrasound technique on the composition of different essential oils, Journal of analytical methods in chemistry .
    6.
  6. Liu, X.-Y., Ou, Z.-B. Xiang, H. 2019. Gregersen, Optimization, chemical constituents and bioactivity of essential oil from Iberis amara seeds extracted by ultrasound-assisted hydrodistillation compared to conventional techniques, Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 13 ; 100204.
    7.
  7. Liu, T., Linb, P., Bao, T., Ding, Y., Lha, O., Nan, P., Huang, Y., Gu, Zh. and Zhong, Y. 2018. Essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of chammomile L. (Asteraceae) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Industrial Crops and Products, 125: 1-4.
    8.
  8. Mazandarani, M., Makari, S. and Bajian, G.R. 2011. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant activity in different parts of Heracleum gorganicum in Golestan province, North of Iran. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2: 381-388.
    9.
  9. Mazareei, A. and Fahmideh, L. 2019. Evaluation of phenolic compounds, anti-oxidant and anti bacteria function of metanolic extraction of Artemisia annua, Thymus vulgaris L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Salvia officinalis L. and Pistacia atlantica var mutica. Online Journal of Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, January.
    10.
  10. Marjanovic-Balaban . Zeljka R. , Vesna D. Kalaba ; , Jelena S. Stanojevic ;  & Dragan J. Cvetkovic Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Chamomile flowers essential oil (Matricaria chamomilla L.)
    Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants,     Volume 19- Issue 8
    11.
  11. Moghtader, M., Salari, H., Mozafari, H. and Farahmand, A. 2019. Evaluation of phytochemical and antifungal effect of essential oil of Artemisia persica Boiss. in comparion with borneol against of Aspergillus niger. Online Journal of Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, January.
    12.
  12. Mozaffarian, V. 2008. A pictorial dictionary of botanical taxonomy latin-english - french - Germany - Persian. Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books.

  13. Morsy, NF.A. 2015. short extraction time of high quality hydrodistilled cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) essential oil using ultrasound as a pre-treatment, Industrial Crops and Products. 65. 287-292.
    14.
  14. Nora, FMD. C.D. Borges, 2017. Ultrasound pre-treatment as an alternative to improve essential oils extraction, Ciência Rural 47(9).
    15.
  15. Perera, C.O. M.A.J. 2021. Alzahrani, Ultrasound as a pre-treatment for extraction of bioactivecompounds and food safety: A review, LWT 142 ; 111114.
    16.
  16. Smigielski, K.B.M. Majewska, A. Kunicka-Styczyñska, R. Gruska, 2014. The effect of ultrasound assisted maceration on the bioactivity, chemical composition and yield of essential oil from waste carrot seeds (Daucus carota), Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 17(6) ; 1075-1086.
    17.
  17. Santos, K.A. J. Klein, C. da Silva, E.A. da Silva, L. Cardozo-Filho, 2019. Extraction of vetiver(Chrysopogon zizanioides) root oil by supercritical CO2, pressurized-liquid, and ultrasound assisted methods and modeling of supercritical extraction kinetics, The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 150 ; 30-39.
    18.
  18. Yang, M.-C. Wei, S.-J. Hong, 2014. Ultrasound-assisted extraction and quantitation of oils from Syzygium aromaticum flower bud (clove) with supercritical carbon dioxide, Journal of Chromatography A 1323 ; 18-27.
    19.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Aboukhalid, K., Al Faiz, C., Douaik, A., Bakha, M., Kursa, K., Agacka-Mołdoch, M., Machon, N., Tomi, F. and Lamiri, A. 2017. Influence of environmental factors on essential oil variability in Origanum compactum growing wild in Morocco. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 14(9): 158-164.
    2.
  2. Alimohammadi, M., Yadegari, M. and Shirmardi, H.A. 2017. Effect of elevation and phonological stages on essential oil composition of Stachys. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry, 42: 647–656.
    3.
  3. Amiri, N., Yadegari, M. and Hamedi, B. 2018. Essential oil composition of Cirsium arvense produced in different climate and soil properties. Records of Natural Products, 12: 251-262.
    4.
  4. Askin H, Tepe B, Sokmen A, Daferera D, Polissiou M. Composition of the essential oils of Tanacetum argyrophyllum and Matricaria chamomile from Turkey. Biochem Syst Ecol 2005; 33: 511-6.
    5.
  5. Arianfar, M., Akbari Nodehi, D., Khodayar, H. and Rostampour, M. 2018. Effect of height and aspect on essential oil yield and some phytochemical properties of medicinal plants. Artemisia aucheri , and Matricaria chamomile .Besser in South Khorasan rangelands. Journal of Rangeland, 11(3): 281-294.
    6.
  6. Chemat, F., Rombaut, N., Sicaire, A.-G. , Meullemiestre, A., Fabiano-Tixier, A.-S. , 2017. Ultrasound assisted extraction of food and natural products. Mechanisms, techniques, combinations, protocols and applications. A review, Ultrasonics sonochemistry 34 ; 540-560.
    7.
  7. Formisanoa, C., Sebastiano, F.O,  Gian Carlo ,. Daniela , R.,   Senatorea, F.   Correlation among environmental factors, chemical composition and antioxidative properties of essential oil and extracts of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) collected in Molise (South-central  Italy).  ,. Volume 63, January, Pages 256-263
    8.
  8. Franze C, Hoelzel J, Voemel A. Preliminary morphological and chemical characterization of some population and varieties of Matricaria chamomila Acta Hortic 2011 2: 379-85.
    9.
  9. Ghasemi Arian, A., Fazeli Kakhki, S.F. and Rohani, H. 2019. Investigation of some ecological characteristics of Artemisia sieberi and estimation of its density by neural networks in Roodab section of Sabzevar. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 7(4): 97-109.
    10.
  10. Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Firoznezhad, M., Craker, L. and Akbarzadeh, M. 2013. Essential oil compositions, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of various populations of Artemisia chamaemelifolia at two phenological stages. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 23: 861-869.‏
    11.
  11. Hiremath, C., Yadav, M. K., Swamy Gowda, M. R., Kumar, A. N. and Srinivas, K.V.N. 2020. Influence of growth stage on essential oil content and major chemical constituents of Artemisia pallens Trends in Phytochemical Research, 4: 85-92.‏
    12.

 

  1. Hamdy, M. H . Robyab, A ;  Khaled, S.,  SelimaKhalel, A.H.,  Khalela , I. 2013. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil and extracts of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) and chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Industrial Crops and Products Volume 44, January, Pages 437-445
    2.
  2. Hashemi, S.M.B., Khaneghah, A.M., Koubaa, M., F.J. Barba, E. Abedi, M. Niakousari, J. Tavakoli, 2018. Extraction of essential oil from Aloysia citriodora Palau leaves using continuous and pulsed ultrasound: Kinetics, antioxidant activity  and antimicrobial properties, Process Biochemistry 65 , 197-204.
    3.
  3. Izadi Z, Modares sanavi AM, Sorooshzadeh A, Esna-Ashari M, Davoodi P. 2013. Antimicrobial activity of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) and feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.). Armaghane Danesh.;18(1):31-43. [In Persian]
    4.
  4. Kaufmann, B.., Christen, P. ,   Recent extraction techniques for natural products: microwave assisted extraction and pressurised solvent extraction, Phytochemical Analysis: An International Journal of Plant Chemical and Biochemical Techniques 13(2) ; 105-113.
    5.
  5. Kowalski, R., M. Gagoś, G. Kowalska, U. Pankiewicz, M. Sujka, A. Mazurek, A. Nawrocka, 2019. Effects of ultrasound technique on the composition of different essential oils, Journal of analytical methods in chemistry .
    6.
  6. Liu, X.-Y., Ou, Z.-B. Xiang, H. 2019. Gregersen, Optimization, chemical constituents and bioactivity of essential oil from Iberis amara seeds extracted by ultrasound-assisted hydrodistillation compared to conventional techniques, Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 13 ; 100204.
    7.
  7. Liu, T., Linb, P., Bao, T., Ding, Y., Lha, O., Nan, P., Huang, Y., Gu, Zh. and Zhong, Y. 2018. Essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of chammomile L. (Asteraceae) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Industrial Crops and Products, 125: 1-4.
    8.
  8. Mazandarani, M., Makari, S. and Bajian, G.R. 2011. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant activity in different parts of Heracleum gorganicum in Golestan province, North of Iran. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2: 381-388.
    9.
  9. Mazareei, A. and Fahmideh, L. 2019. Evaluation of phenolic compounds, anti-oxidant and anti bacteria function of metanolic extraction of Artemisia annua, Thymus vulgaris L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Salvia officinalis L. and Pistacia atlantica var mutica. Online Journal of Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, January.
    10.
  10. Marjanovic-Balaban . Zeljka R. , Vesna D. Kalaba ; , Jelena S. Stanojevic ;  & Dragan J. Cvetkovic Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Chamomile flowers essential oil (Matricaria chamomilla L.)
    Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants,     Volume 19- Issue 8
    11.
  11. Moghtader, M., Salari, H., Mozafari, H. and Farahmand, A. 2019. Evaluation of phytochemical and antifungal effect of essential oil of Artemisia persica Boiss. in comparion with borneol against of Aspergillus niger. Online Journal of Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, January.
    12.
  12. Mozaffarian, V. 2008. A pictorial dictionary of botanical taxonomy latin-english - french - Germany - Persian. Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books.

  13. Morsy, NF.A. 2015. short extraction time of high quality hydrodistilled cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) essential oil using ultrasound as a pre-treatment, Industrial Crops and Products. 65. 287-292.
    14.
  14. Nora, FMD. C.D. Borges, 2017. Ultrasound pre-treatment as an alternative to improve essential oils extraction, Ciência Rural 47(9).
    15.
  15. Perera, C.O. M.A.J. 2021. Alzahrani, Ultrasound as a pre-treatment for extraction of bioactivecompounds and food safety: A review, LWT 142 ; 111114.
    16.
  16. Smigielski, K.B.M. Majewska, A. Kunicka-Styczyñska, R. Gruska, 2014. The effect of ultrasound assisted maceration on the bioactivity, chemical composition and yield of essential oil from waste carrot seeds (Daucus carota), Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 17(6) ; 1075-1086.
    17.
  17. Santos, K.A. J. Klein, C. da Silva, E.A. da Silva, L. Cardozo-Filho, 2019. Extraction of vetiver(Chrysopogon zizanioides) root oil by supercritical CO2, pressurized-liquid, and ultrasound assisted methods and modeling of supercritical extraction kinetics, The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 150 ; 30-39.
    18.
  18. Yang, M.-C. Wei, S.-J. Hong, 2014. Ultrasound-assisted extraction and quantitation of oils from Syzygium aromaticum flower bud (clove) with supercritical carbon dioxide, Journal of Chromatography A 1323 ; 18-27.
    19.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

_||_

  1. Aboukhalid, K., Al Faiz, C., Douaik, A., Bakha, M., Kursa, K., Agacka-Mołdoch, M., Machon, N., Tomi, F. and Lamiri, A. 2017. Influence of environmental factors on essential oil variability in Origanum compactum growing wild in Morocco. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 14(9): 158-164.
    2.
  2. Alimohammadi, M., Yadegari, M. and Shirmardi, H.A. 2017. Effect of elevation and phonological stages on essential oil composition of Stachys. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry, 42: 647–656.
    3.
  3. Amiri, N., Yadegari, M. and Hamedi, B. 2018. Essential oil composition of Cirsium arvense produced in different climate and soil properties. Records of Natural Products, 12: 251-262.
    4.
  4. Askin H, Tepe B, Sokmen A, Daferera D, Polissiou M. Composition of the essential oils of Tanacetum argyrophyllum and Matricaria chamomile from Turkey. Biochem Syst Ecol 2005; 33: 511-6.
    5.
  5. Arianfar, M., Akbari Nodehi, D., Khodayar, H. and Rostampour, M. 2018. Effect of height and aspect on essential oil yield and some phytochemical properties of medicinal plants. Artemisia aucheri , and Matricaria chamomile .Besser in South Khorasan rangelands. Journal of Rangeland, 11(3): 281-294.
    6.
  6. Chemat, F., Rombaut, N., Sicaire, A.-G. , Meullemiestre, A., Fabiano-Tixier, A.-S. , 2017. Ultrasound assisted extraction of food and natural products. Mechanisms, techniques, combinations, protocols and applications. A review, Ultrasonics sonochemistry 34 ; 540-560.
    7.
  7. Formisanoa, C., Sebastiano, F.O,  Gian Carlo ,. Daniela , R.,   Senatorea, F.   Correlation among environmental factors, chemical composition and antioxidative properties of essential oil and extracts of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) collected in Molise (South-central  Italy).  ,. Volume 63, January, Pages 256-263
    8.
  8. Franze C, Hoelzel J, Voemel A. Preliminary morphological and chemical characterization of some population and varieties of Matricaria chamomila Acta Hortic 2011 2: 379-85.
    9.
  9. Ghasemi Arian, A., Fazeli Kakhki, S.F. and Rohani, H. 2019. Investigation of some ecological characteristics of Artemisia sieberi and estimation of its density by neural networks in Roodab section of Sabzevar. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 7(4): 97-109.
    10.
  10. Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Firoznezhad, M., Craker, L. and Akbarzadeh, M. 2013. Essential oil compositions, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of various populations of Artemisia chamaemelifolia at two phenological stages. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 23: 861-869.‏
    11.
  11. Hiremath, C., Yadav, M. K., Swamy Gowda, M. R., Kumar, A. N. and Srinivas, K.V.N. 2020. Influence of growth stage on essential oil content and major chemical constituents of Artemisia pallens Trends in Phytochemical Research, 4: 85-92.‏
    12.

 

  1. Hamdy, M. H . Robyab, A ;  Khaled, S.,  SelimaKhalel, A.H.,  Khalela , I. 2013. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil and extracts of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) and chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Industrial Crops and Products Volume 44, January, Pages 437-445
    2.
  2. Hashemi, S.M.B., Khaneghah, A.M., Koubaa, M., F.J. Barba, E. Abedi, M. Niakousari, J. Tavakoli, 2018. Extraction of essential oil from Aloysia citriodora Palau leaves using continuous and pulsed ultrasound: Kinetics, antioxidant activity  and antimicrobial properties, Process Biochemistry 65 , 197-204.
    3.
  3. Izadi Z, Modares sanavi AM, Sorooshzadeh A, Esna-Ashari M, Davoodi P. 2013. Antimicrobial activity of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) and feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.). Armaghane Danesh.;18(1):31-43. [In Persian]
    4.
  4. Kaufmann, B.., Christen, P. ,   Recent extraction techniques for natural products: microwave assisted extraction and pressurised solvent extraction, Phytochemical Analysis: An International Journal of Plant Chemical and Biochemical Techniques 13(2) ; 105-113.
    5.
  5. Kowalski, R., M. Gagoś, G. Kowalska, U. Pankiewicz, M. Sujka, A. Mazurek, A. Nawrocka, 2019. Effects of ultrasound technique on the composition of different essential oils, Journal of analytical methods in chemistry .
    6.
  6. Liu, X.-Y., Ou, Z.-B. Xiang, H. 2019. Gregersen, Optimization, chemical constituents and bioactivity of essential oil from Iberis amara seeds extracted by ultrasound-assisted hydrodistillation compared to conventional techniques, Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 13 ; 100204.
    7.
  7. Liu, T., Linb, P., Bao, T., Ding, Y., Lha, O., Nan, P., Huang, Y., Gu, Zh. and Zhong, Y. 2018. Essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of chammomile L. (Asteraceae) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Industrial Crops and Products, 125: 1-4.
    8.
  8. Mazandarani, M., Makari, S. and Bajian, G.R. 2011. Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant activity in different parts of Heracleum gorganicum in Golestan province, North of Iran. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2: 381-388.
    9.
  9. Mazareei, A. and Fahmideh, L. 2019. Evaluation of phenolic compounds, anti-oxidant and anti bacteria function of metanolic extraction of Artemisia annua, Thymus vulgaris L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Salvia officinalis L. and Pistacia atlantica var mutica. Online Journal of Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, January.
    10.
  10. Marjanovic-Balaban . Zeljka R. , Vesna D. Kalaba ; , Jelena S. Stanojevic ;  & Dragan J. Cvetkovic Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Chamomile flowers essential oil (Matricaria chamomilla L.)
    Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants,     Volume 19- Issue 8
    11.
  11. Moghtader, M., Salari, H., Mozafari, H. and Farahmand, A. 2019. Evaluation of phytochemical and antifungal effect of essential oil of Artemisia persica Boiss. in comparion with borneol against of Aspergillus niger. Online Journal of Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, January.
    12.
  12. Mozaffarian, V. 2008. A pictorial dictionary of botanical taxonomy latin-english - french - Germany - Persian. Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books.

  13. Morsy, NF.A. 2015. short extraction time of high quality hydrodistilled cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) essential oil using ultrasound as a pre-treatment, Industrial Crops and Products. 65. 287-292.
    14.
  14. Nora, FMD. C.D. Borges, 2017. Ultrasound pre-treatment as an alternative to improve essential oils extraction, Ciência Rural 47(9).
    15.
  15. Perera, C.O. M.A.J. 2021. Alzahrani, Ultrasound as a pre-treatment for extraction of bioactivecompounds and food safety: A review, LWT 142 ; 111114.
    16.
  16. Smigielski, K.B.M. Majewska, A. Kunicka-Styczyñska, R. Gruska, 2014. The effect of ultrasound assisted maceration on the bioactivity, chemical composition and yield of essential oil from waste carrot seeds (Daucus carota), Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 17(6) ; 1075-1086.
    17.
  17. Santos, K.A. J. Klein, C. da Silva, E.A. da Silva, L. Cardozo-Filho, 2019. Extraction of vetiver(Chrysopogon zizanioides) root oil by supercritical CO2, pressurized-liquid, and ultrasound assisted methods and modeling of supercritical extraction kinetics, The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 150 ; 30-39.
    18.
  18. Yang, M.-C. Wei, S.-J. Hong, 2014. Ultrasound-assisted extraction and quantitation of oils from Syzygium aromaticum flower bud (clove) with supercritical carbon dioxide, Journal of Chromatography A 1323 ; 18-27.
    19.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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