Effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) extract on some heamatological parameters and immune response of rainbow trout fingerlings

محورهای موضوعی : مجله گیاهان دارویی

سید پرویز دادوران ¹ , منصوره قائنی ² , ابوالفضل عسکری ساری ³

1 - گروه شیلات، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، خوزستان، ایران
2 - گروه شیلات، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
3 - گروه شیلات، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران

تاریخ دریافت : 1392/09/29 تاریخ پذیرش : 1392/11/20 تاریخ انتشار : 1392/10/11

کلید واژه: immune system, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Allium sativum,

چکیده مقاله :

Background & Aim: Continuous use of antibiotics leads to drug resistance and thereby to a reduced efficacy of the drugs. Antibiotics accumulate in the environment and fish pose a potential risk to consumers and to the environment.Increased public awareness of the negative effects caused by overexposure to synthetic chemicals has led to the search for ‘‘green drugs’’, such as organic and synthetic chemical-free food products. The main goal this work was effect of Allium sativum on some parameters and immune response of rainbow trout fingerlings. Experimental: A 500 fish with weight 10.47±0.29 g were purchased from a fish farm of Yasoj, Southern Iran. In this study, 15 fiberglass tanks (300 L) were used. Experimental treatments were different levels of A. satinum extract included 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 g/kg that were added to the diet. Control group was no add supplement to the diet. In final, biochemicals and hematologals were analyzed. Results & Discussion: Results indicated that 0.05 g/kg garlic extract no had on some paramteres, including RBC, hematocrite percent, hemoglobin and white blood cell, while other experimental groups had significant effects on the paramters serum. The most of albomin and globulin were obtined from 0.05 g/kg garlic extract trteatment. The highest of lysozyme activity was observed in 0.1 g/kg garlic extract and the lowest lysozyme activity was obtined from control group. Recommended applications/industries: The obtained results indicated that A. sativum extract had immunostimulatory effect on these immunological variables of fingelings of rainbow trout and the best levels of extract effect 0.15 g/kg is recommended.

چکیده انگلیسی:

مقدمه و هدف: استفاده بی رویه و مداوم از آنتی بیوتیک­ها منجر به مقاومت دارویی و بنابراین کاهش اثرات آن­ها می شود. تجمع آنتی بیوتیک ها در محیط آب و بدن ماهی، برای مصرف کننده و محیط زیست خطراتی را به همراه خواهد داشت. افزایش آگاهی عمومی از تأثیرات منفی مواد شیمیایی مصنوعی سبب شد تا تحقیقات به سمت استفاده از گیاهان دارویی مانند مواد طبیعی و بدون مواد شیمیایی سوق پیدا کند. هدف این مطالعه تأثیر گیاه دارویی سیر بر روی برخی پارامترهای ایمنی ماهیان انگشت قد قزل آلا می باشد. روش تحقیق: به منظور بررسی تأثیر عصاره گیاه دارویی سیر (Allium sativum) بر روی شاخص های خونی و ایمنی غیر اختصاصی ماهیان قزل آلای انگشت قد، تعداد 500 عدد ماهی با وزن 29/0±47/10 گرم از مزارع پرورشی ماهی قزل آلا در یاسوج خریداری گردید. مخازن مورد استفاده در آزمایش، شامل 15 عدد تانک فایبرگلاس 300 لیتری دایره ای شکل بود. به منظور بررسی اثر درصدهای مختلف عصاره سیر در جیره، 5 تیمار مختلف از عصاره سیر، با سطوح (05/0، 1/0، 15/0 و 2/0 گرم بر کیلوگرم) به جیره اضافه شد و تیمار شاهد فاقد هرگونه مکمل افزودنی بود. آزمایش در سه تکرار به ازای هر تیمار انجام شد. در پایان فاکتورهای بیوشیمیایی و هماتولوژیک مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. نتایج و بحث: نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که میزان RBC، درصد هماتوکریت، غلظت هموگلوبین و گلبول های سفید خون در گروه 1 اختلاف معنی داری با گروه کنترل نداشت (05/0p ≥ ). از طرفی اگرچه بین گروه 2، 3 و 4 اختلاف معنی داری وجود نداشت (05/0p ≥ )، اما در این گروه ها با گروه کنترل تفاوت معنی دار مشاهده گردید (05/0p ≤). بیشترین میزان آلبومین و گلوبولین نیز در تیمار سوم مشاهده گردید. بیشترین میزان فعالیت لیزوزیم در گروه 2 و کمترین متعلق به گروه کنترل بود. توصیه کاربردی/ صنعتی: با توجه به نتایج حاصل از این آزمایش می توان اظهار داشت که عصاره سیر توانسته بر برخی از شاخص های ایمنی در ماهی قزل آلای رنگین کمان انگشت قد تأثیر مثبتی داشته باشد و بهترین سطح این عصاره جهت بهبود شاخص های ایمنی g/kg 15/0 پیشنهاد می شود.

منابع و مأخذ:

Alishahi, A., Mirvaghefi, A., Tehrani, M.R., Farahmand, H., Koshio, S., Dorkoosh, F.A. and Elsabee, M.Z. 2011. Chitosan nanoparticle to carry vitamin C through the gastrointestinal tract and induce the non-specific immunity system of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Carbohydrate Polymers., 86: 142– 146.

Amagase, H., Petesch, B.L., Matsuura, H., Kasuga, S. and Itakura, Y. 2001. Recent advances on the nutritional effects associated with the use of garlic as a supplement intake of garlic and its bioactive components. Journal of Nutrition., 131: 955–962.

Asadi, T. 2012. Effects extract of Zingiber officinalis antimicrobial and additive immune on Barbus sharpeyi. Thesis of M.Sc. University of Science and Technology of Khorramshahr. 79 pp.

Asadi, M.S., Mirvaghefei, A.R., Nematollahi, M.A., Banaee, M. and Ahmadi, K. 2012. Effects of watercress extract on selected immunological parameters of rainbow trout. Journal of Opan Veterinary., 2: 32-39. 

Ayoola, S.O. and Uzoamaka, O.O. 2013. Effect of Allium sativum on growth, feed utilization and haematological parameters of Clarias gariepinus juvenile. African Journal of Livestock Extension., 12(1): 1-7.

Banaee, M., Mirvagefei, A. R. Rafei, G. R. and Sureda Gomila, A. 2011. Effects of oral administration of silymarin on biochemical parameters of blood in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Fisheries, Iranian Journal of Natural Research., 63(4):  271-286.

Basu, N., Nakano, T., Grau, E.G. and Iwama, G.L. 2001. The effect of cortisol on heat stock protein 70 levels in two fish species. General and Comparative Endocrinology., 124: 97-105.

Dügenci, S.K., Arda, N. and Candan, A. 2003. Some medicinal plants as immunostimulant for fish. Journal of Ethnopharmacology., 88: 99–106.

Farahi, A., Kasiri, M., Sudagar, M., Iraei, M.S. and Shahkolaei, M.D. 2010. Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on growth factors, some hematological parameters and body compositions in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). International Journal of the Bioflux Society., 3 (4): 317-323.

Feldman, B. F., Zinkl, J. G. and Jain, N.C. 2000. Schalm's Veterinary Hematology. 5^th ed. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, pp. 1120-1124.

Forghandost Haghighi, K., Hedayati Fard, M. and Mahdavi, A. 2010. Presentation and appropriate model of cost for trout culture. Journal of Fisheries Islamic Azad University, Azadshahr Branch., 4(3): 27-39.

Frederic, T., Barrows, F.T., Gaylord, T.G., Sealey, W.M., Porter, L. and Smith, C.E. 2008. The effect of vitamin premix in extruded plant-based and fish meal based diets on growth efficiency and health of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture., 283: 148–155.

Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Pishkar, G., Pirali E., Jalali, S. M., Reyesi, M., Jafarian Dehkordi, M. and Hamedi, B.  2011. The essential oils of some medicinal plants on the immune system and growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Herbal Drugs., 2: 149-155.

Hernandez, L. H. H, Teshima, S. i, Koshio, S, Ishikawa, M. and Tanaka, Y, M.S. 2007. Alam Effects of vitamin A on growth, serum anti-bacterial activity and transaminase activities in the juvenile Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Journal of Aquaculture., 262: 444–450.

Jha, A. K., Pal, A. K., Sahu, N. P., Kumar, S. and Mukherjee, S.C. 2007. Haematoimmunological responses to dietary yeast RNA, n-3 fatty acid and b carotene in Catla catla juveniles. Journal of Fish and Shellfish Immunology., 23: 917–927.

Jian, J. and Wu, Z. 2004. Influences of traditional Chinese medicine on nonspecific immunity of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Journal of Fish and Shellfish Immunology., 16: 185-191.

Johnson, A. M, Rohlfs, E. M. and Silvrman, L. M. 1999. Proteins. In: Burtis CA, Ashwood ER. Editors. Tiets textbook of clinical chemistry. 3^rd ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company. 477-540 pp.

Knowles, S.T.C., Hrubec, S.A. and Bakal, R.S. 2006. Hematology and plasma chemistry reference intervals for cultured shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum). Journal of  Veterinary Clinical Pathology., 35: 434-440.

Kumar, S., Sahu, N. P., Pal, A. K., Choudhury, D., Yengkokpam, S. and Mukherjee, S. C. 2005. Effect of dietary carbohydrate on haematology, respiratory burst activity and histological changes in Labeo rohita juveniles. Journal of Fish and Shellfish Immunology., 19: 331-344.

Kumolu- Jonhnson, C.A., Ndimele, P.E. and Olasehinde, F.I. 2013. Preliminary study on the antioxidative and antimicrobial effects of fresh garlic (Allium sativum) on the shelf life of hot-smiked Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic science., 1: 253-256.

Lanzotti, V. 2006. The analysis of onion and garlic. Review Article. Journal of Chromatography A., 1112: 3-22.

Mc Donald, D.G. and Milligan, C. L. 1992. Chemical properties of the blood. In: W. S. Hoar, D. J. Randall and A. P. Farrell, (eds). Fish physiology, san Diego, CA: Academic press Inc, 12 B: 55-133.

Miar, A., Matinfar, A. and Roomiani, L. 2013. Effects of different dietary vitamin c and e levels on growth performance and hematological parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences., 5(2): 220-226.

Misra, C. K. B. K., Das, S. C., Mukherjee, P. K. and  Meher. 2009. The immunomodulatory effects of tuftsin on the non-specific immunesystem of Indian Major carp, Labeo rohita. Journal of Fish and Shellfish Immunology., 20: 728-738.

Newman, S.G. and Deupree, R.H. 1994. The impact of biotechnology on aquaculture. Aquaculture towards the 21^st century. In: Proceedings of Infofish-Aquatech-94, International Conference on Aquaculture. Colombo, Sri Lanka, InfoFish, Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), 58–147 pp.

Nya, E.J. and Austin, B. 2011. Development of immunity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) to Aeromonas hydrophila after the dietary application of garlic.  Journal of Fish and Shellfish Immunology. 30(3): 845-850.

Rajasekar, T., Usharani, J., Sakthivel, M. and Deivasigamani, B. 2011. Immunostimulatory effects of Cardiospermum halicacubum against Vibrio parahaemolyticus on tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. 3: 501-513.

Rehulka, J. 2000. Influence of astaxanthin on growth rate, condition, and some blood indices of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Aquaculture., 190: 27-47.

Sahoo, P.K., Mohanty, J. and Mukherjee, S.C. 1999. The three imuunomodulators on haemotological parameters and immunity level in rohu (Labeorohita) fingerlings. Journal of Aquaculture in the Tropics., 14: 127–135.

Samadi, L. 2012. Effects of Allium sativum extract on growth and haemolymph parameters of Litopenaeus vannamei. Thesis of M.Sc. University of Science and Technology of Khorramshahr., 79 pp. 

Shahverdi, A.R., Monsef-Esfahani, H.R., Tavasoli, F. and Mirjani, A. 2007. Trans-cinnamaldehyde from Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark essential oil reduces the clindamycin resistance of Clostridium difficile in vitro. Journal of Food Science., 72(1): 55-58.

Soltani, M., Sheikhzadeh, N., Ebrahimzadeh-Mousavi, H.A. and Zargar, A. 2010. Effects of zataria multiflora essential oil on innate immune responses of common carp. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic science., 5: 191-199. 

Soltani, M., Zorriehzahra, S.J. and Zarifmanesh, T. 2013. Effect of Zataria multiflora essential on rainbow trout complement compounent activity and lyzosyme. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal., 21 (4): 13-22.

Swain, P. S., Dash, P. K., Sahoo, P.,Routray, S.K., Sahoo, S.D., Gupta, P.K., Meher, N. and Sarangi. A., 2006. Non-specific immune parameters of  brood Indian major carp Labeo rohita and their seosonal variation. Journal of Fish and Shellfish Immunology., 22: 38-43.

Talpur, A.D. and Ikhwanuddin, M. 2012. Dietary effects of garlic (Allium sativum) on haemato-immunological parameters, survival, growth, and disease resistance against Vibrio harveyi infection in Asian sea bass, Latescalcarifer (Bloch). Journal of Aquaculture., 6–12.

Thanikachalam, K., Kasi, M. and Rathinam, X. 2010. Effect of garlic peel on growth, hematological parameters and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophilain African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Bloch) fingerlings. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine., 614- 618.

Thomas, L. 1998. Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics. L^sl ed. Frankfort: TH-Books Verlagsgesellschaft; P. 652-6.

Trenzado, C.E., Morales, A.E., Palma, J.M. and Higuera, M.D.L. 2009. Blood antioxidant defenses and hematological adjustments in crowded/ uncrowded rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed on diets with different levels of antioxidant vitamins and HUFA. Journal of Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology., Part C. 149:  440–447 pp.

Yin, G., Ardo, L., Thompson, K.D., Adams, A., Jeney, Z. and Jeney, G. 2009. Chinese herbs (Astragalus radix and Ganoderma lucidum) enhance immune response of carp, Cyprinus carpio, and protection against Aeromonas hydrophila.  Journal of Fish and Shellfish Immunol., 26: 5-140.

Yuan, C., Li, D., Chen, W. and Sun, F. 2007. Administration of a herbal immunoregulation mixture enhance some immune parameters in carp (Cyprinus carpio). Journal of Fish Physiology and Biochemistery., 10: 1007-1120.

Yousefian, M., Sheikholeslami, M. and Kor, D. 2010. Serum biochemical parameter of male, immature and female Persian sturgeon (Acipencer persicus). Australian Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 5(5).

Zargari, A. 1996. Medicinal plants. Vol. 4. Edition 6. University of Tehran Publication. 620 pp.