نقوش و نمادهای مذهبی (شیعی) در تعدادی از آثار فلزی عصر صفوی
محورهای موضوعی : باستان شناسی
1 - دانشجوی دکتری گروه باستانشناسی، واحد ابهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ابهر، ایران.
کلید واژه: فلزکاری, صفویه, فرم, نقش, نمادشناسی.,
چکیده مقاله :
آثار هنری سنتی ایران در ادوار مختلف، به ویژه پس از ظهور اسلام، با تأکید این دین بر علمآموزی و سواد، و همچنین رویکرد مثبت آن به هنر خوشنویسی، از تزئینات نوشتاری بهرة فراوانی بردهاند. استفاده از خطنگارهها در این آثار صرفاً جنبة تزئینی نداشته، بلکه بیشتر به منظور انتقال پیام و نشاندادن جایگاه موضوعات به کار رفته است. فلزکاری دورة صفویه از جمله هنرهایی است که دارای ارزشهای هنری و مذهبی قابلتوجهی در ابعاد مادی و معنوی است. هنرمندان این دوره از مضامین دینی، مفاهیم عرفانی و قرآنی در تزئینات آثار خود استفاده کردهاند و جلوههای رمزآلود عرفان اسلامی و مذهب تشیع را در آثار خود منعکس ساختهاند. در این پژوهش، نمونههایی از اشیاء فلزی که حاوی خطنگارههایی با محتوای قرآنی و دعاهای مذهبی هستند، مورد بررسی قرار گرفتهاند. یافتهها نشان میدهد که فلزکاری دورة صفویه علاوه بر جنبههای تزئینی، نقوش و فرمهای خود را از تفکرات مذهبی رایج آن دوره، بهویژه مذهب تشیع، الهام گرفته است. این نقوش بهصورت نمادین خلق شدهاند و بازتابدهندة باورها، آیینها و اعتقادات دورة صفوی هستند. در اشیاء فلزی که آیات قرآنی بهکار رفتهاند، این آیات معمولاً با اهداف آیینی و مذهبی استفاده شدهاند و محتوای آیات، کاربرد و اهمیت آنها را تعیین کرده است. هنرمندان این دوره بیشتر از سورههای کوچک جزء سیام قرآن، آیهالکرسی و آیات کوتاه با پیامهای معنوی استفاده کردهاند. روش گردآوری اطلاعات در این پژوهش، روش کتابخانهای بوده و تنظیم مقاله با تکیه بر اسناد و به شیوة توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و مقایسهای انجام شده است.
Extended Abstract
Traditional Iranian art, especially after the advent of Islam, has greatly benefited from decorative inscriptions due to the religion's emphasis on knowledge and literacy, as well as its positive stance toward calligraphy. These artworks used calligraphy not only as decoration but also as a medium for transmitting messages and indicating the importance of the subjects depicted. Safavid metalwork, as an art form, carries significant artistic and religious values in both material and spiritual dimensions. Artists of this period incorporated religious themes, mystical concepts, and Quranic references in their designs, reflecting the mysticism of Islamic Sufism and the Shi'a faith. This study examines examples of metal objects bearing calligraphy with Quranic and religious prayers. The findings show that, in addition to their ornamental function, Safavid metalworks drew inspiration from the prevalent religious thoughts of the time, particularly Shi'a Islam. These designs were created symbolically, reflecting the beliefs, rituals, and convictions of the Safavid era. Quranic verses in these metalworks were used primarily for ritualistic and religious purposes, and the content of these verses determined their application and significance. The study relies on library-based research and employs descriptive-analytical and comparative methodologies.
Introduction
The Safavid era represents one of the most brilliant periods in Iranian history and art after the advent of Islam. The innovations and techniques used in the design of metal objects have made them some of the most unique creations in Iranian history. During this period, artists, using their innate genius and artistic tastes, transformed metals into works of art with intricate engravings and carvings. The presence of beautiful Islimi and Khatayi motifs, medallions, and elegant Nastaliq inscriptions in metal artworks was symbolic, expressing the social conditions of the time and reflecting the religious beliefs, society, and the art’s characteristics. Safavid metalwork, as one of the most significant art forms of the period, offers valuable insights into the culture and art of the time. Moreover, in Safavid metalwork, religious beliefs, especially those of Shi'a Islam, are not merely ornamental; they hold deeper meanings. The Safavid era saw the height of Islamic mysticism's influence on metalwork, where symbolic designs and motifs were grounded in the prevalent philosophical and theological ideas of the time. Although Safavid metalworking has roots in earlier traditions, particularly those of the Mongol and Timurid periods, artists of this era refined these traditions and presented them in new forms, fusing artistic innovation with religious and mystical expression. As the Shi'a faith became state religion during the Safavid period, its symbols and beliefs profoundly impacted the art and culture of the time.
Discussion
The Safavid period is often seen as the golden age of Iranian art, particularly in the domain of metalworking. The intricate designs, especially the use of calligraphy, played a pivotal role in Safavid art. The flourishing of Persian calligraphy, especially Nastaliq script, marked a defining feature of the period's metalwork. These inscriptions were not merely decorative but served as carriers of deeper meanings tied to religious, mystical, and cultural themes, reflecting the prominence of Shi'a Islam. The use of Quranic verses, especially those with spiritual and ritualistic content, was pervasive in metal objects from the Safavid era. These verses were often chosen for their spiritual messages, and their presence on metal objects such as cups, candlesticks, and vases elevated the religious significance of these items beyond their functional use. The influence of Islamic mysticism, particularly the philosophical and mystical ideas of Shi'ism, infused these works with a sense of deeper meaning and reverence. The careful integration of sacred text and symbolic ornamentation reflected the spiritual and artistic aspirations of the Safavid era. In this context, Safavid metalworking not only preserved traditional artistic practices but also became a medium for expressing the profound religious and cultural identity of the period, blending material beauty with spiritual significance.
In the Safavid era, the form and decoration of metal vessels were closely intertwined, creating a distinct harmony between the design and the functional aspects of these objects. The bowls often exhibited a two-part form with a slanted body, where the continuous lines divided the surface into sections with distinct forms. The use of calligraphy, especially in the form of inscriptions, was a key feature. The placement of inscriptions on the edges and their association with intricate floral patterns emphasized symmetry and balance. The calligraphy often featured prayers for the Fourteen Infallibles, such as the following: "O Allah, send blessings upon the Prophet Muhammad, the Commander of the Faithful Ali..." alongside beautiful and delicate spiraling designs of arabesque and Khatai motifs.
The bowls' form and decoration were intended to create a sense of harmony between the physical and spiritual realms. The inscriptions, in particular, emphasized the religious and mystical significance of the object, underscoring the sacred nature of the text and the artist's devotion to the divine. The symmetry of the designs, whether on bowls or candlesticks, reflected the mystical and philosophical ideas of the time, particularly Sufism and Shi'a Islam. The aesthetic choices made by the artists were not just for visual appeal, but also served as a medium for expressing deeper spiritual truths, with every curve, line, and inscription contributing to the unity of the object as a symbol of divine presence.
Conclusion
The relationship between form and decoration in Safavid metal vessels reveals a deep connection between art and spirituality. The form often dictated the placement and structure of the decoration, particularly the inscriptions, which were prominently displayed along the edges or on the body of the vessels. These inscriptions, combined with intricate floral patterns, conveyed religious themes that aligned with the spiritual beliefs of the time, especially the influence of Shi'a Islam and Sufism. The decorative motifs and inscriptions were not only visually pleasing but also functioned as symbolic representations of the divine, creating a profound connection between the physical object and the higher spiritual realm. Thus, the vessels of the Safavid era exemplify how art, form, and content came together to express the religious and mystical values of the time. The unity between the form and decoration reflects a shared worldview rooted in spirituality and a quest for the divine.
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