Garlic: An Alternative to Antibiotics in Poultry Production, A Review
محورهای موضوعی : Camel
ب. نویدشاد
1
(Department of Animal Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran)
ب. دارابی قانع
2
(Department of Animal Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran)
م. ملکی
3
(Department of Animal Science, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran)
کلید واژه: broilers, layer hens, Garlic, immunological responses, serum lipids,
چکیده مقاله :
In last decade, the uncontrolled use of antibiotics as growth promoter for livestock has led to the appearance of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and increased risk of infectious diseases. This situation has triggered intensive research efforts to find safe alternative strategies. Certainly, the plants and vegetables and their derivatives as natural safe substances could be good candidates in this respect. There is huge information on the immunostimulatory properties of herbal plans in human, and may contribute considerably to the improvement of the health and immune response and prevention of certain diseases in animals including poultry. Garlic (Allium sativum) is an herbal plant that has traditionally been used for the healing a number of human diseases and has in recent years been revealed to have immunostimulatory, anticardiovascular disease, antitumour, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The scientific evidences suggest that allicin and other active components of garlic have also some positive effects for livestock, including hypocholesterolemic, growth promoting, antimicrobial and antioxidant effects.
Abdullah A.Y., Mahmoud K.Z., Nusairat B.M. and Qudsieh R.I. (2010). Small intestinal histology, production parameters, and meat quality as influenced by dietary supplementation of garlic (Allium sativum) in broiler chicks. Italian J. Anim. Sci. 9, 414-419.
Adibmoradi M., Navidshad B., Seifdavati J. and Royan M. (2006). Effect of dietary garlic meal on histological structure of small intestine in broiler chickens. J. Poult. Sci. 43, 378-383.
Aji S.B., Ignatuius K., Ado A.Y., Nuhu J.B. and Abdulkarim A. (2011). Effect of feeding onion (Allium cepa) and garlic (Allium sativum) on some performance characteristics of broiler chickens. Res. J. Poult. Sci. 4, 22-27.
Amagase H., Petesch B.L., Matsuura H., Kasuga S. and Itakura Y. (2001). Intake of garlic and its bioactive components. J. Nutr. 131, 955-962.
Ankri S. and Mirelman D. (1999). Antimicrobial properties of allicin from garlic. Microb. Infect. 1, 125-129.
Ao X., Yoo J.S., Zhou T.X., Wang J.P., Meng Q.W., Yen L., Cho J.H. and Kim I.H. (2011). Effects of fermented garlic powder supplementation on growth performance, blood profiles and breast meat quality in broilers. Livest. Sci. 141, 85-89.
Ayaz E., Turel I., Gul A. and Yilmaz O. (2008). Evaluation of the anthelmentic activity of garlic (Allium sativum) in mice naturally infected with Aspiculuris tetraptera. Rec. Pat. Antiinfect. Drug Discov. 3, 149-152.
Berthold H.K., Sudhop T. and Von Bergmann K. (1998). Effect of a garlic oil preparation on serum lipoproteins and cholesterol metabolism: A randomized controlled trial. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 279, 1900-1902.
Birrenkott G., Brockenfelt G.E., Owens M. and Halpin E. (2000). Yolk and blood cholesterol levels and organoleptic assessment of eggs from hens fed a garlic-supplemented diet. Poult. Sci. 79(1), 75-82.
Bordia A., Bansal H.C., Arora S.K. and Singal S.V. (1975). Effect of the essential oils of garlic and onion on alimentary hyperlipemia. Atherosclerosis. 21, 15-18.
Calvo-Gómeza O., Morales-López J. and López M. (2004). Solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric analysis of garlic oil obtained by hydrodistillation. J. Chromatograph A. 1036, 91-93.
Choi H., Park W.Y. and Kim Y.J. (2010). Effects of dietary garlic powder and α-tocopherol supplementation on performance, serum cholesterol levels, and meat quality of chicken. Poult. Sci. 89, 1724-1731.
Chowdhury S.R., Chowdhury S.D. and Smith T.K. (2002). Effects of dietary garlic on cholesterol metabolism in laying hens. Poult. Sci. 81, 1856-1862.
Costantini D. and Møller A. (2009). Does immune response cause oxidative stress in birds? A meta-analysis. Comp Biochem. Physiol. 153, 339-344.
Cross D.E., Acamovic T., Deans S.G. and Mcdevitt R.M. (2002). The effect of dietary inclusions of herbs and their volatile oils on the performance of growing chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 43, 33-35.
Cummings J.H. (1985). Diet and short chain fatty acids in the gut. Pp. 78-93 in Food and the Gut. J.O. Hunter and V.A. Jones, EDs. Bailliere Tindall, London, United Kingdom.
Cummings J.H. and Macfarlane G.T. (1991). The control and consequences of bacterial fermentation in the human colon. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 70, 443-459.
Dehkordi S., Zamani Moghadam A., Maghsoudi N., Aali E., Gerami R. and Dehsade Ghi E. (2010). The effects of fresh garlic on the serum concentration of total cholesterol, total triglyceride and adipose tissues of broilers. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 19, 363-365.
Dkhil M.A., Abdel-Baki A.S., Wunderlich F., Sies H. and Al-Quraishy S. (2011). Anticoccidial and antiinflammatory activity of garlic in murine Eimeria papillata infections. Vet. Parasitol. 175, 66-72.
Dorhoi A., Dobrean V., Zahan M. and Virag P. (2006). Modulatory effects of several herbal extracts on avian peripheral blood cell immune responses. Phytother. Res. 20, 352-358.
Essman E.J. (1984). The medical uses of herbs. Fitoterapia. 55, 279-289.
Feng Z., Zhang G., Hao T., Zhou B., Zhang H. and Jiang Z. (1994). Effect of diallyl trisulfide on the activation of T cell and macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity. J. Tongj Med. Univ. 14, 142-147.
Ghazanfari T., Hassan Z., Ebtekar M., Ahamdiani A., Naderi G. and Azar A. (2000). Garlic induces a shift in cytokine pattern in Leishmania major-infected Balb/c mice. Scandinavian J. Immunol. 52, 491-496.
Grajek W., Olejnik A. and Sip A. (2005). Probiotics, prebiotics and antioxidants as functional foods. Acta. Biochim. Pol. 52, 665-671.
Halliwell B., Zhao K. and Whiteman M. (2000). The gastrointestinal tract: A major site of antioxidant action? Free Radic. Res. 33, 819-830.
Han C.K. and Lee N.H. (1992). Yolk cholesterol content in eggs from the major domestic strains of breeding hen. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 5, 461-464.
Hanieh H., Narabara K., Piao M., Gerile C., Abe A. and Kondo Y. (2010). Modulatory effects of two levels of dietary Alliums on immune response and certain immunological variables, following immunization, in White Leghorn chicken. Anim. Sci. J. 81, 673-680.
Hanieh H., Narabara K., Tanaka Y., Gu Z., Abe A. and Kondo Y. (2012). Immunomodulatory effects of Alliums and Ipomoea batata extracts on lymphocytes and macrophages functions in White Leghorn chickens: In vitro study. Anim. Sci. J. 83, 68-76.
Horton G.M.J., Fennell M.J. and Prasad B.M. (1991). Effects of dietary garlic (Allium sativum) on performance, carcass composition and blood chemistry changes in broiler chickens. Canadian J. Anim. Sci. 71, 939-942.
Iciek M., Kwiecien I. and Wlodek L. (2009). Biological properties of garlic and garlic-derived organosulfur compounds. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 50, 247-265.
Jafari R., Razi M., Ghorbanpoor M. and Marashian S. (2008). Effect of dietary garlic on immune response of broiler chicks to live Newcastle disease vaccine. Pakistan J. Biol. Sci. 14, 1848-1851.
Jagdish P. and Pandey R.C. (1994). Effect of different levels of garlic inclusion in the ration of cockerels in their growth rate and feed conservation ratio. Poult. Adv. 27, 39-41.
Javandel F., Navidshad B., Seifdavati J., Pourrahimi G.H. and Baniyaghoub S. (2008). The favorite dosage of garlic meal as a feed additive in broiler chickens ration. Pakistan J. Biol. Sci. 11, 1746-1749.
Javed M., Durrani F., Hafeez A., Khan R.U. and Ahmad I. (2009). Effect of aqueous extract of plant mixture on carcass quality of broiler chicks. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 4, 37-40.
Jayaprakasha G., Negi P. and Jena B. (2006). Antioxidative and antimutagenic activities of the extracts from the rinds of Garcinia pedunculata. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 7, 246-250.
Jimoh A.A., Ibitoye E.B., Dabai Y.U. and Garba S. (2013). In vivo antimicrobial potentials of garlic against Clostridium perfringens and its promotant effects on performance of broiler chickens. Pakistan J. Biol. Sci. 16, 1978-1984.
Kim B.C., Ryu Y.C., Cho Y.J. and Rhee M.S. (2006). Influence of dietary α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation on cholesterol oxidation in retail packed chicken meat during refrigerated storage. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 70, 808-814.
Kim Y.J., Jin S.K. and Yang H.S. (2009). Effect of dietary garlic bulb and husk on the physicochemical properties of chicken meat. Poult. Sci. 88, 398-405.
Kim D.K., Lillehoj H.S., Lee S.H., Lillehoj E.P. and Bravo D. (2013). Improved resistance to Eimeria acervulina infection in chickens due to dietary supplementation with garlic metabolites. Br. J. Nutr. 109, 76-88.
Kirkpinar F., Ünlü H.B., Serdaroğlu M. and Turp G.Y. (2014). Effects of dietary oregano and garlic essential oils on carcass characteristics, meat composition, colour, pH and sensory quality of broiler meat. British Poult. Sci. 55(2), 157-166.
Konjufca V.H., Pesti G.M. and Bakalli R.I. (1997). Modulation of cholesterol levels in broiler meat by dietary garlic and copper. Poult. Sci. 76, 1264-1271.
Kumar M. and Berwal J. (1998). Sensitivity of food pathogens to garlic (Allium sativum). J. Appl. Microbiol. 84, 213-215.
Kyo E., Uda N., Ushijima M., Kasuga S. and Itakura Y. (1999). Prevention of psychological stress-induced immune suppression by aged garlic extract. Phytomedicine. 5, 325-330.
Lanzotti V. (2006). The analysis of onion and garlic. J. Chromatograph. A. 1112, 3-22.
Lawson L.D. (1998). Garlic: A review of its medicinal effects and indicated active compounds. Pp. 176-209 in Phytomedicines of Europe: Chemistry and Biological Activity. L.D. Lawson and R. Bauer, Eds. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., USA.
Lawson L.D. and Wang Z.J. (2001). Low allicin release from garlic supplements: A major problem due to the sensitivities of alliinase activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49, 2592-2599.
Lim K.S., You S.J., An H.K. and Kang C.W. (2006). Effects of dietary garlic powder and copper on cholesterol content and quality characteristics of chicken eggs. Asian-australasian J. Anim. Sci. 19, 582-586.
Lien Y., Lee J., Su H., Tsai H., Tsai M., Hsieh C. and Tsai S. (2007). Phylogenetic characterization of Newcastle disease viruses isolated in Taiwan during 2003-2006. Vet. Microbiol. 123, 194-202.
Lowenthal J.W., O’Neil T.E., David A., Strom G. and Andrew M.E. (1999). Cytokine therapy: a natural alternative for disease control. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 72, 183-188.
Masihi K. (2002). Immunomodulators in infectious diseases: Panoply of possibilities. Int. Immunopharmacol. 22, 1083-1091.
Munday R., Munday J. and Munday C. (2003). Comparative effects of mono-. di-, tri-, and tetrasulfides derived from plants of the Allium family: Redox cycling in vitro and hemolytic activity and phase 2 enzyme induction in vivo. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 34, 1200-1211.
Newall C.A., Anderson L.A. and Phillipson J.D. (1996). Herbal Medicines: A Guide for Health-Care Professionals. Pharmaceutical Press, London, United Kingdom.
Nuutila A.M., Puupponen-Pimia R., Aarmi M. and Oksman-Caldentey K.M. (2003). Comparison of antioxidant activities of onion and garlic extracts by inhibition of lipid peroxidation and radical scavenging activity. Food Chem. 81, 485-493.
Okamura M., Lillehoj H., Raybourne R., Baru U. and Hechert R. (2004). Cell-mediated immune responses to a killed Salmonella enteritidis vaccine: Lymphocyte proliferation, T-cell changes and interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1, IL-2, and IFN-g production. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 27, 255-572.
Olukosi O.A. and Dono N.D. (2014). Modification of digesta pH and intestinal morphology with the use of benzoic acid or phytobiotics and the effects on broiler chicken growth performance and energy and nutrient utilization. J. Anim. Sci. 92, 3945-3953.
Petrolli T.G., Albino L.F.T., Rostagno H.S., Gomes P.C., Tavernari F.C. and Balbino E.M. (2012). Herbal extract in diets for broilers. Rev. Brasileira Zootec. 41(7), 1683-1690.
Pourali M., Mirghelenj S.A. and Kermanshahi H. (2010). Effects of garlic powder on productive performance and immune response of broiler chickens challenged with Newcastle disease virus. Glob. Vet. 4, 616-621.
Pryor W. (1991). The antioxidant nutrients and disease prevention-what, do we know and what, do we need to find out? Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 53(1), 391-393.
Puvača N., Kostadinović L., Ljubojević D., Lukač D., Lević J., Popović S., Novakov N., Vidović B. and Đuragić O. (2015). Effect of garlic, black pepper and hot red pepper on productive performances and blood lipid profile of broiler chickens. Europian Poult. Sci. 79, 1-13.
Qureshi A.A., Abuimeileh N., Din Z.Z., Elson C.E. and Burger W.C. (1983a). Inhibition of cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis in liver enzymes and chicken hepatocytes by polar fractions of garlic. Lipids. 18, 343-348.
Qureshi A.A., Din Z.Z., Abuirmeileh N., Burger W.C., Ahmad Y. and Elson C.E. (1983b). Suppression of avian hepatic lipid metabolism by solvent extracts of garlic: Impact on serum lipids. J. Nutr. 113, 1746-1755.
Rae H. (1999). Onion toxicosis in a herd of beef cows. Canadian Vet. J. 40, 55-57.
Raeesi M., Hoseini-Aliabad S.A., Roofchaee A., Zare Shahneh A. and Pirali S. (2010). Effect of periodically use of Garlic (Allium sativum) powder on performance and carcass characteristics in broiler chickens. World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol. 4, 8-21.
Rahimi S., Teymouri Zadeh Z., Karimi Torshizi M.A., Omidbaigi R. and Rokni H. (2011). Effect of the three herbal extracts on growth performance, immune system, blood factors and intestinal selected bacterial population in broiler chickens. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 13, 527-539.
Reddy R.V., Lightsey S.F. and Maurice D.V. (1991). Effect of feeding garlic oil on performance and egg yolk cholesterol concentration. Poult. Sci. 70, 2006-2009.
Rybak M.E., Calvet E.M. and Harnly J.M. (2004). Quantitative determination of Allicin in Garlic: Supercritical fluid extraction and standard addition of Alliin. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52, 682-687.
Sallam K.I., Ishioroshi M. and Samejima K. (2004). Antioxidant and antimicrobial effect of garlic in chicken sausage. Lebensm. Wiss. Technol. 37, 849-855.
Sampedro M., Artola R., Murature M., Murature D., Ditamo Y. and Roth G. (2004). Mannan from Aloe saponaria inhibits tumoral cell activation and proliferation. Int. Immunopharmacol. 4, 411-418.
Sarica S., Ciftci A., Demir E., Kilinc K. and Yildirim Y. (2005).Use of an antibiotic growth promoter and two herbal natural feed additives with and without exogenous enzymes in wheat based broiler diets. South African J. Anim. Sci. 35, 61-72.
Shams Shargh M., Dastar B., Zerehdaran S., Khomeiri M. and Moradi M. (2012). Effects of using plant extracts and a probiotic on performance, intestinal morphology, and microflora population in broilers. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 21, 201-208.
Sharma R.K., Singh R.A., Pal R.N. and Aggarwal C.K. (1979). Cholesterol contents of chicken eggs as affected by feeding garlic, sarpagandha and nicotinic acid. Haryana Agric. Univ. J. Res. 9, 263-265.
Shi X.H., Li S.Z., Liu Z.P., Shi X.H., Li S.Z. and Liu Z.P. (1999). Atrial on the use of garlic as a feed additive for meat chickens. Poult. Husb. Dis. Control. 10, 19-20.
Shoetan A., Augusti K.T. and Joseph P.K. (1984). Hypolipidemic effects of garlic oil in rats fed ethanol and a high lipid diet. Experimental. 40, 261-263.
Silagy C. and Neil A. (1994). Garlic as a lipid-lowering agent. Pp. 39-45 in A Meta-Analysis, J.R. Coll, Ed. Physicians, London, United Kingdom.
Sivam G.P. (2001). Protection against Helicobacter pylori and other bacterial infections by garlic. J. Nutr. 131, 1106-1108.
Stevens H. (1984). Suspected wild garlic poisoning in sheep. Vet. Record. 115, 363-371.
Szigeti G., Pálfi V., Nagy B., Iné É., Nagy G., Szmolény G., Bagó G. and Radványi S. (1998). New type of immune stimulant to increase antibody production generated by viral and bacterial vaccines. Mag. Allatorv. Lap. 120, 719-721.
Toghyani M., Toghyani M. and Gheisari A. (2011). Evaluation of cinnamon and garlic as antibiotic growth promoter substitutions on performance, immune responses, serum biochemical and haematological parameters in broiler chicks. Livest. Sci. 138, 167-173.
Van Der Kolk J. (2000). Onion poisoning in a herd of dairy cattle. Vet. Record. 147, 517-518.
Varmaghany S., Torshizi M.A.K., Rahimi S., Lotfollahian H. and Hassanzadeh M. (2015). The effects of increasing levels of dietary garlic bulb on growth performance, systolic blood pressure, hematology, and ascites syndrome in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 94, 1812-1820.
Warshafsky S., Kamer R.S. and Sivak S.L. (1993). Effect of garlic on total serum cholesterol. A meta-analysis. Ann. Int. Med. 119, 599-605.
Windisch W., Schedle K., Plitzner C. and Kroismayr A. (2008). Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. J. Anim. Sci. 86, 140-148.
Wu C., Gan J., Jin Q., Chen C., Liang P., Wu Y., Liu X., Ma L. and Davison F. (2008). Revaccination with Marek’s disease vaccines induces productive infection and superior immunity. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 16, 184-193.
Yalcin S., Onbaşilar Ĺ., Reisli Z. and Yalcin S. (2006). Effects of garlic powder on the performance, egg traits and blood parameters of laying hens. J. Sci. Food Agric. 86, 1336-1339.
Yalcin S., Onbaşilar Ĺ., Şehu A. and Yalcin S. (2007). The effects of dietary garlic powder on the performance, egg traits and blood serum cholesterol of laying quails. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 20, 944-947.
Yang Y., Iji P.A. and Choct M. (2009). Dietary modulation of gut microflora in broiler chickens: A review of the role of six kinds of alternatives to in-feed antibiotics. Worlds Poult. Sci. J. 65, 97-114.
Zekić V., Puvača N., Milić D., Beuković M., Glamočić D., Vukelić N., Lukač D. and Zekić S. (2014). Effect of garlic powder in broiler chicken nutrition: Emphasis on production economic efficiency costs and chicken meat quality. Custos e Agronegocio. 10, 2-10.
