Effects of Thyme Essential Oil and Disodium Fumarate Alone or in Combination on Performance, Blood Metabolites, Ruminal Fermentation and Microbial Communities in Holstein Dairy Cows
محورهای موضوعی : CamelH. Baraz 1 , H. Jahani-Azizabadi 2 , O. Azizi 3
1 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
2 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
3 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
کلید واژه: Essential oil, glucogenic precursor, bacterial population, chewing activities, serum urea nitrogen,
چکیده مقاله :
Nine Holstein dairy cows (630±50 kg) were used in a completely randomized design with repeated measures (two 21 d periods) to investigate the effects of disodium fumarate (DSF, 160 g/d), thyme essential oil (TEO, 9 mL/d) and simultaneous use of TEO and DSF (SIMTF, 160 g/d DSF and 9 mL/d TEO) on performance, apparent digestibility, blood metabolites, rumen microbial communities and fermentation characteristics. Dry matter intake and apparent digestibility (except for TEO), milk production and composition were not affected by the treatments. Relative to the control (CON, no additive), organic matter apparent digestibility tended to decrease by TEO supplementation (578 vs. 599 g/kg). Serum urea nitrogen concentration was lower in TEO than CON (9.8 vs. 10.9 mg/dL). Also, DSF supplementation significantly increased the molar proportion of propionate and the glucogenic: non-glucogenic ratio of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and decreased the molar proportion of butyrate. Supplementation of DSF and SIMTF resulted in a significantly decrease in the acetate: propionate ratio. Relative to the CON, DSF and SIMTF supplementation significantly increased serum glucose concentration. TEO supplementation decreased rumen fluid ammonia nitrogen and increased large peptides and small peptides plus amino acid nitrogen concentration. Rumen total and cellulolytic bacteria and protozoa abundance were not affected by treatments (except for total bacteria that decreased by TEO). Results of the present study demonstrated that the simultaneous use of DSF and TEO relative to DSF alone could not have synergistic effects on performance, ruminal fermentation and serum metabolites of dairy cow. DSF can be used as a ruminal glucogenic precursor and resulted in an increase in the serum concentration of glucose in dairy cows.
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