Assessment of Renewable and Non Renewable Energy Use in Dairy Farms with Different Herd Sizes in Iran

محورهای موضوعی : Camel

د. زحمتکش ¹ (دانشگاه زنجان گروه علوم دامی)
م. زینالی ² (Department of Animal Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran)
ح. میرزایی الموتی ³ (Department of Animal Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran)
ا. محجوبی ⁴ (Department of Animal Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran)
پ. سفیدپری ⁵ (Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran)

تاریخ دریافت : 1397/07/01 تاریخ پذیرش : 1397/08/24 تاریخ انتشار : 1398/06/10

کلید واژه: energy, dairy farms, energy productivity, herd size, non renewable energy,

چکیده مقاله :

The aim of this study was to compare energy consumption in dairy farms with different sizes. Sources of energy include non renewable sources such as fossil fuel, and electricity and renewable sources such as forage, concentrate, machinery, labor, and water. The required data were collected from 42 dairy farms in Tehran province, Iran and were analyzed to assess energy consumption based on different herd sizes. In this study, the average consumption of non-renewable energy in small, medium, and large dairy farms per kg fat and protein corrected milk were respectively 5.95 MJ kg-1, 3.39 MJ kg-1 and 1.71 MJ kg-1 (P<0.0002). The largest share of energy consumption in all dairy farms was related to feed; 81.49%, 84.37% and 88.62% for small, medium, and large dairy farms, respectively (P<0.0002). Also, energy ratio for small, medium, and large dairy farms were calculated as 0.11, 0.16 and 0.23, respectively (P<0.0001). Likewise, energy productivity in small, medium, and large dairy farms was 0.033 kg MJ-1, 0.047 kg MJ-1 and 0.068 kg MJ-1, respectively (P<0.0001). The less non-renewable energy use per kg fat and protein corrected milk in large dairy farms would lead to reduce pollution and protect the environment which in turn cause to a sustainable and more efficient production system.

چکیده انگلیسی:

هدف از این مطالعه، مقایسه مصرف انرژی در واحدهای پرورش گاو شیری با اندازه­های متفاوت بود. منابع انرژی عبارتند از منابع تجدید‌ناپذیر مانند سوخت فسیلی و برق و منابع تجدید‌پذیر مانند علوفه، کنسانتره، ماشین آلات، نیروی انسانی و آب. داده‌های مورد نیاز از 43 واحد پرورش گاو شیری در استان تهران جمع­آوری شد و برای ارزیابی مصرف انرژی بر اساس اندازه گله­های متفاوت مورد تجزیه ­و تحلیل قرار گرفت. در این مطالعه، متوسط مصرف ​​انرژی تجدید‌ناپذیر در واحدهای پرورش گاو شیری کوچک، متوسط ​​و بزرگ برحسب کیلوگرم شیر چربی و پروتئین تصحیح شده به ترتیب 95/5، 39/3 و 71/1 مگاژول در کیلوگرم بود (0002/0P<). بزرگترین سهم انرژی مصرفی در تمام واحدهای پرورش گاو شیری مربوط به خوراک بود؛ 49/81، 37/84 و 62/88 درصد برای واحدهای پرورش گاو شیری کوچک، متوسط ​​و بزرگ بود (0002/0P<). همچنین، نسبت انرژی برای واحدهای کوچک، متوسط ​​و بزرگ به ترتیب به ترتیب 11/0، 61/0 و 23/0 محاسبه شد (0001/0P<). به همین ترتیب، بهره­وری انرژی در واحدهای کوچک، متوسط ​​و بزرگ به ترتیب 033/0، 047/0 و 068/0 کیلوگرم به ازای مگاژول بود (0001/0P<). استفاده کمتر از انرژی تجدید‌ناپذیر به ازای هر کیلوگرم شیر چربی و پروتئین تصحیح شده در واحدهای بزرگ منجر به کاهش آلودگی و حفاظت از محیط زیست می­شود که به ­نوبه خود سبب ایجاد یک سیستم تولید پایدار و کارآمد می­گردد.

منابع و مأخذ:

Abasi A., Fazaeli H., Zahedifar M., Mirhadi A., Gerami A., Teymournejhad N. and Alavi M. (2015). Iran's Chemical Composition Tables of Livestock and Poultry. Tehran, Iran.

Anonymous. (2010). Annual agricultural statistics. Avaulable at: http://www.maj.ir.  

Bishop R.C. (1993). Economic efficiency, sustainability, and biodiversity. Ambio. 22(2), 69-73.

Capper J.L., Cady R. and Bauman D. (2009). The environmental impact of dairy production: 1944 compared with 2007. J. Anim. Sci. 87, 2160-2167.

Clark J., Beede D., Erdman R., Goff J., Grummer R., Linn J., Pell A., Schwab C., Tomkins T. and Varga G. (2001). Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle: National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., USA.

De D., Singh R. and Chandra H. (2001). Technological impact on energy consumption in rainfed soybean cultivation in Madhya Pradesh. Appl. Energy. 70, 193-213.

Divya P., Prabu M., Pandian A.S.S., Senthilkumar G. and Varathan B.J. (2012). Energy use efficiency in dairy farming of Tamilnadu. Indian J. Energy. 1, 50-55.

Dovers S.R. and Handmer J.W. (1993). Contradictions in sustainability. Environ. Conserv. 20, 217-222.

Dovì V.G., Friedler F., Huisingh D. and Klemeš J.J. (2009). Cleaner energy for sustainable future. J. Clean. Prod. 17, 889-895.

Frorip J., Kokin E., Praks J., Poikalainen V., Ruus A., Veermäe I., Lepasalu L., Schäfer W., Mikkola H. and Ahokas J. (2012). Energy consumption in animal production-case farm study. Agron. Res. Biosys. Engin. Special. 1, 39-48.

Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha H., Safarzadeh D., Ahmadi E. and Nabavi-Pelesaraei A. (2018). Optimization of energy consumption of dairy farms using data envelopment analysis–A case study: Qazvin city of Iran. J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci. 17, 217-228.

Hosseinzadeh Bandbafha H., Nabavi Pelesaraei A. and Shamshirband S. (2017). Investigations of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of fattening farms using artificial intelligence methods. Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy. 36, 1546-1559.

IDF. (2010). Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation, the World Dairy Situation. International Dairy Federation, Brussels, Belgium.

Kitani O. (1999). CIGR Handbook of Agricultural Engineering: Energy and Biomass Engineering. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Michigan, USA.

Kizilaslan H. (2009). Input–output energy analysis of cherries production in Tokat Province of Turkey. Appl. Energy. 86, 1354-1358.

Koesling M., Hansen S. and Schueler M. (2017). Variations of energy intensities and potential for improvements in energy utilisation on conventional and organic Norwegian dairy farms. J. Clean. Prod. 164, 301-314.

Kraatz S. (2012). Energy intensity in livestock operations–Modeling of dairy farming systems in Germany. Agric. Syst.110, 90-106.

Kraatz S., Berg W. and Brunsch R. (2009). Factors influencing energy demand in dairy farming. South African J. Anim. Sci. 39, 132-140.

Liang Q.M., Fan Y. and Wei Y.M. (2007). Multi-regional input–output model for regional energy requirements and CO₂ emissions in China. Energy Policy. 35, 1685-1700.

Mandal K., Saha K., Ghosh P., Hati K. and Bandyopadhyay K. (2002). Bioenergy and economic analysis of soybean-based crop production systems in central India. Biomass Bioenerg. 23, 337-345.

Meul M., Nevens F., Reheul D. and Hofman G. (2007). Energy use efficiency of specialised dairy, arable and pig farms in Flanders. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 119, 135-144.

Mohammadi A., Rafiee S., Mohtasebi S.S. and Rafiee H. (2010). Energy inputs–yield relationship and cost analysis of kiwifruit production in Iran. Renew. Energy. 35, 1071-1075.

Moitzi G., Damm D., Weingartmann H. and Boxberger J. (2010). Analysis of energy intensity in selected Austrian dairy farms with focus on concentrate level in feeding. Bull.Univ. Agric. Sci. Vet. Med. Cluj-Napoca. Agric. 67, 194-197.

Nacer T., Hamidat A. and Nadjemi O. (2016). A comprehensive method to assess the feasibility of renewable energy on Algerian dairy farms. J. Clean. Prod. 112, 3631-3642.

Ozkan B., Kurklu A. and Akcaoz H. (2004). An input–output energy analysis in greenhouse vegetable production: a case study for Antalya region of Turkey. Biomass Bioenerg. 26, 89-95.

Pagani M., Vittuari M., Johnson T.G. and De Menna F. (2016). An assessment of the energy footprint of dairy farms in Missouri and Emilia-Romagna. Agric. Syst. 145, 116-126.

SAS Institute. (2015). SAS^®/STAT Software, Release 9.4. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.

Sefeedpari P. (2012). Assessment and optimization of energy consumption in dairy farm: energy efficiency. Iranica J. Energy Environ. 3, 213-224.

Sefeedpari P., Rafiee S. and Akram A. (2012). The functional relationship between non-renewable energy use and milk yield in Iran. J. Livest. Sci. 3, 45-51.

Singh S. and Mittal J. (1992). Energy in Production Agriculture. Mittal Publications, New Delhi, India.

Soltanali H., Emadi B., Rouhani A. and Khojastepour M. (2015). Energy consumption modeling and greenhouse gas emissions in dairy farms (case study: Guilan province, Iran). J. Rumin. Res. 4, 175-193.

Todde G., Murgia L., Caria M. and Pazzona A. (2018). A Comprehensive Energy Analysis and Related Carbon Footprint of Dairy Farms, Part 2: Investigation and Modeling of Indirect Energy Requirements. Energies. 11(2), 463.

Uhlin H.E. (1998). Why energy productivity is increasing: An IO analysis of Swedish agriculture. Agric. Syst. 56, 443-465.

Upton J., Humphreys J., Koerkamp P.G., French P., Dillon P. and De Boer I. (2013). Energy demand on dairy farms in Ireland. J. Dairy Sci. 96, 6489-6498.

Upton J., Murphy M., French P. and Dillon P. (2010). Dairy farm energy consumption. Pp. 87-97 in Natl. Dairy Conf., Teagasc, Ireland.

Uzal S. (2013). Comparison of the energy efficiency of dairy production farms using different housing systems. Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy. 32, 1202-1208.